Colorado’s Mercury Program The Mercury-Free Colorado Campaign __________________________ Mark McMillan Colorado Departme

1. Colorado’s Mercury Program The Mercury-Free Colorado Campaign __________________________ Mark McMillan Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Presented at the WESTAR Fall Business Meeting September 2006

2. What Is To Be Covered Today Mercury Issue Assessing Mercury Sources Solutions to Addressing Mercury - Regulatory - Pollution Prevention Closing Comments

3. Mercury Toxicity • Natural Element, Accumulative Toxin • Primary Exposure Through Fish Consumption • Fish Often Measured at Levels above What is Considered Protective of Health • States have Non-Compliant Waterbodies • Pregnant Women and esp. Fetuses Most at Risk NAS – 60,000 children born annually with symptoms EPA – Over 600,000 born with Hg levels above what is deemed “Safe” • Many Sources of Mercury, Both Manmade and Natural

5. Minimata, Japan Iraq

6. Colorado Mercury Advisories

7. Fish Consumption Advisories for Mercury Source: National Listing of Fish and Wildlife Advisories; map courtesy of U.S. EPA

8. Assessing Mercury Impacts Public Health Data Historical Mining Releases Water Quality Monitoring Env’l Pollution Permits Fish Consumption Data Hg Air Quality Monitoring Computer Modeling Demographics Data

9. Question: How Target Important Issues?

10. Question: How Target Important Issues? Answer: Environmental Problem Solving • Immediate, urgent, or significant human health risk? • Potential for environmental harm or significant benefit? • Is there a well-defined set of impacts? • Is the problem recurring or a cluster of occurrences? • Is it within the agency’s role and jurisdiction? • Is it conceivable that success could be measured? • What are the public expectations? • Is the problem important to the public? • Would staff and stakeholders be willing to work on it?

11. Assessing Mercury Sources Mercury Monitoring (Air) Mercury Inventories

12. Include MDN map of Hg deposition

13. General Mercury Deposition Observations • Deposition Values Can Be Highly Variable • (e.g., Mesa Verde, Colorado) • Variability May Imply Importance of Local and • Regional Mercury Sources • “Hot Spots” for Mercury Are a Real Possibility • Local Water Bodies With High Mercury in Fish • Core Sampling Indicates Hg Increases Align with • When Power Plants Came Online • Dry Deposition of Mercury Is A Critical Issue • – Needs Further Understanding

14. Mercury Inventory Efforts Sources http://www.epa.gov/mercury/control_emissions/emissions.htm

15. Colorado Mercury Sources (Air) • Of Large Mercury Sources, Only Crematoria Remain Unaddressed

16. Addressing Mercury Non- Regulatory (Pollution Prevention) Regulatory (CAMR)

17. Addressing Mercury Non- Regulatory (Pollution Prevention) Regulatory (CAMR)

18. Mercury Emissions from Power Plants • Power Plants are Largest Man-Made Air Source in U.S. • Mercury is Natural Component of Coal • For Fate and Transport, Chemistry is Key • - Hg0 versus Hg2 • - Chlorine Content • - Not All Coal Created Equally • Emissions Contribute to “Global Pool” But… • Are Likely Local Contributors as Well • Emissions From Plants Being Addressed by • Clean Air Mercury Rule

19. “Clean Air Mercury Rule” • EPA Rule to Control Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Electric Utilities • National Cap Distributed by EPA to States • States Distribute Mercury Allowances to Facilities • Some States with Excess Allowances (CO), Some • With “Deficits” (AZ) • States to Develop Plan of Action for Allowances by November 2006 • Working with Numerous Stakeholders to • Develop Plan; • Plans May Include Mercury Control From Facilities

20. Controlling Mercury From Power Plants • “Not All Coal Created Equal” Means “Not One • Size Fits All” for Controls • “Co-Control” of Pollutants Important • (PM Control and Hg) • Technological Advances Leading to • Increased Hg Control (Pilot Projects) • Coal Cleaning, Coal Blending, Fuel Switching

21. Addressing Mercury Non- Regulatory (Pollution Prevention) Regulatory

22. Assessing Mercury Impacts Public Health Data Historical Mining Releases Water Quality Monitoring Env’l Pollution Permits Fish Consumption Data Hg Air Quality Monitoring Computer Modeling Demographics Data

23. Mercury-Free Colorado Campaign Initiatives • Problem Characterization • Industry (Automotive Switch) • Dental • Consumer • Public Education and Outreach • Crematoria 2005 Champion Environmental Achievement Award

24. Problem Characterization • TRI Captures Some Mercury Releases • - Significant Amounts not Inventoried Including • Computers, Auto Switches, Thermostats, • Fluorescent Bulbs, Dental Amalgam, Crematories, • Thermometers, Etc. • CDPHE Prepared More Comprehensive Inventory • ~ 7800 Pounds of Mercury Released Annually* • - Includes Natural and Man Made Sources • Important Areas for Targeting Identified * Circa 2004 Estimate

25. Industry Mercury Project • Goal: Reduce mercury pollution via implementation of automotive • switch removal program designed to ultimately reduce air emissions at steel mill; • Environmental Metrics/ Measurable Results • Cooperative effort between CDPHE and the Colorado Automotive Recyclers • Identification of four dozen participating automotive recycling entities • Implementation of switch removal program at numerous automotive sites • Tens of thousands of switches removed to date • Over 130 pounds of mercury diverted from area steel mill in first two years • Citizen group providing input on how to expand program to neighboring states • CAR assisting with design of new ideas, programs

26. Dental P2 Project Goal: Reduce mercury releases to wastewater from dental offices by implementing P2 pilot program at Colorado dental offices Also, reduce mercury released to other media (air - incineration, land – disposal) • Environmental Metrics/ Measurable Results • Partner with the City of Pueblo, Pueblo City-County Health • Department, and Colorado Mental Health Institute • Established a baseline of the information, resources, and equipment • used by or available to dentists • Identified barriers to implementing best management practices • and best available technologies for mercury recovery • Conducted trainings with area dentists • Pueblo Area Dentists Implementing BMPs, looking statewide

27. Consumer Mercury Project Goal: 1) Prevent disposal of mercury-containing thermostats to landfills through promotion of thermostat collection and recycling, and; 2) Raise public awareness to this mercury source • Environmental Metrics/ Measurable Results • Education Materials Developed for Heating, Ventilation • and Air Conditioning Contractors • To Date, Nearly 1,300 Thermostats Diverted • Local HDs Working to Collect Additional • Hg-Containing Materials

28. Public Education and Outreach Goal: Raise Awareness to Mercury Issues and Inform Citizens of Options Available to Them • Environmental Metrics/ Measurable Results • Survey Developed for Citizens and Local Agencies Throughout State – Allowing • For their Involvement and Feedback • Outreach Strategy Developed • Website Active and Popular • Email Service Effective – Many pounds of Mercury Diverted • Numerous Presentations Made (Community Groups, Universities, etc.) • Press Releases, Newsletters (Colo. EH Assoc.), etc. • Traditional Household Hazardous Waste Program Partnerships, Local HD • Thermometer Exchange - over 10,000 Households Reached • Fish Consumption Advisories, Eventual Consumer Surveys

29. Crematory Initiative • Dental Amalgam Known Mercury Source • Mercury Released When Dental Fillings Are Volatilized • During Cremation • Mercury Inventory Identifies Crematoria as Significant Source • Up to 100 Pounds Released Annually from Colorado Sources • Prefer Pollution Prevention “Carrot” over Regulatory “Stick” • Effort to Work with Colorado Crematoria, Funeral Homes and • Trade Associations to Identify Best Management Practices • Possibly Work Through Organ Donor Alliances • CDPHE Success with Approach When Applied to Other Industries • Some Obvious Challenges - Social and Ethical Mainly

30. Lessons Learned with Mercury • Protection of Public Health First Priority (FCAs) • Data Continue to Come In (1999 ICR and Others), Drive • Decisions and Next Steps • Fate and Transport of Emissions Are Challenging • Improved/ Expanded Monitoring (Air and Water) May • Be Necessary • Solutions Can be Multi-Faceted and Cross Media in Nature

31. Closing Comments • Mercury Issue/Problem to be Here for Long Time • e.g., CDC Report on Environmental Exposures • For Power Plants, Full Benefit and Timeliness of • EPA Rule Unknown • Other Areas of Opportunity (Pollution Prevention) • Voluntary Reductions With Some Success • Metrics Imply Reductions in Environmental Impacts • May Need to Do More in Reducing Mercury to Meet • Public Health Mandates

32. Contact Information Mark McMillan, MS CDPHE Mercury and Environmental Problem Solving Programs 303-692-3140 mark.mcmillan@state.co.us

33. Supplemental Slides

34. Fish Tissue Sampling Activities • Fish Consumption Most Significant Pathway of Exposure • CDPHE with 5-Year Game Plan to Monitor Waterbodies • To Date, Several Waterbodies Contain Fish with Mercury • Concs. Above Levels of Concern • CDPHE Water Quality Working with Div. Of Wildlife and • DCEED to Post Consumption Advisories • CDPHE also Working to Identify Sources of Mercury • and Eventually Secure Reductions, As Feasible • First Phase TMDL Developed for Two Waterbodies • Many Other Colo. Waterbodies Well Below Levels • of Concern