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Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis. The Big Picture. Transcription. Translation. DNA. What is DNA? Why is it important to you? DNA is your genetic information that codes for your traits What does DNA code for? Proteins which determine traits. DNA. What does DNA look like?

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis

  2. The Big Picture

  3. Transcription Translation

  4. DNA • What is DNA? Why is it important to you? • DNA is your genetic information that codes for your traits • What does DNA code for? • Proteins which determine traits

  5. DNA • What does DNA look like? • A twisting ladder or double helix • What are the three main parts of DNA? • Sugar (deoxyribose) • Phosphate • nitrogen base NB + sugar + Phosphate= nucleotide

  6. Draw DNA first labeling the 3 parts of DNA and then circle the nucleotides.

  7. DNA The 3 main parts of DNA make a nucleotide. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA.

  8. Draw DNA and point to where the nitrogen bases are located.

  9. DNA • How do these bases in DNA code for proteins? • The order of the bases tell your cells to make certain proteins. • In the end, what does DNA code for? • Proteins

  10. Central Dogma

  11. DNA • What step did we add? • mRNA

  12. mRNA vs. DNA mRNA is very similar to DNA… But there are differences.

  13. mRNA vs. DNA • How many strands does DNA have? • 2, it is called double stranded • mRNA has only 1 strand • It is called single stranded

  14. mRNA vs. DNA • What kind of sugar is found in DNA? • Deoxyribose (D for DNA) • mRNA has a different sugar • Ribose (R for RNA)

  15. mRNA vs. DNA • What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA? • A- Adenine • T- Thymine • G- Guanine • C- Cytosine • What do each pair up with? • A with T • G with C

  16. mRNA vs. DNA • mRNA does not have a “T” (Thymine) and instead has a “U” for Uracil. Therefore, what are the 4 nitrogen bases for mRNA? • DNAmRNA • A  U • T  A • G  C • C  G

  17. mRNA vs. DNA • What is DNA’s job/function? • It is your genetic information that codes for mRNA • mRNA’s job is to code for specific proteins. What does the proteins eventually make? • Traits • Where is DNA always located? • Nucleus

  18. mRNA vs. DNA • Can DNA ever leave the nucleus? • No** • Because DNA cannot ever leave the nucleus, it must code for another form to leave the nucleus.

  19. Transcription Draw the Central Dogma again and determine what DNA codes for next:

  20. Transcription • Transcription= • The process of making mRNA from DNA • If DNA cannot leave the nucleus, then where must transcription occur? • In the nucleus.

  21. Transcription

  22. Transcription • Similar: • Both have nucleotides

  23. Different: DNAmRNA Double stranded Single Stranded Deoxyribose sugar Ribose Sugar A with T DNA mRNA T with A A  U G with C T  A C with G G  C C  G 4. Job= codes for mRNA Job=code for proteins 5. Located in the nucleus Located in nucleus during transcription

  24. Complete Venn Diagram on your own!

  25. Translation

  26. Translation Remember the Central Dogma:

  27. Translation Translation= The process where mRNA codes for proteins by using tRNA How mRNA codes for proteins using tRNA:

  28. Translation Key players in Translation: Codon: 3 mRNA bases Protein: A chain of amino acids made at a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

  29. Translation Draw the process of Translation:

  30. Translation • Other key Players in Translation: • These are RNA molecules used during translation • tRNA- • Shape- is like a clover leaf • Anti-codon- 3 RNA bases that match the mRNA sequence • Amino Acid- attached to the other end of tRNA • Job- Carries amino acids during translation

  31. Translation mRNA- The blueprint that takes the DNA message to the ribosomes for translation.

  32. tRNA

  33. mRNA

  34. Overview

  35. Mutations

  36. Mutations • What is a mutation? • a change in DNA • Mutation during DNA replication: • What happens during DNA replication? • A copy of DNA is made • Sometimes DNA copies itself incorrectly, therefore, when mRNA is made, it is also incorrect.

  37. Substitution • If a codon ACA changes to AUA will the codon change? • If a codon ACA changes to AUA will the amino acid change? • If a codon ACA changes to ACU, will the amino acid change? • If a codon ACA changes to ACU. What will happen to the protein? • Will a change in mRNA change the codon? • Will a change in mRNA always change the amino acid? • Will a change in amino acid change the protein? YES YES NO Nothing will happen to the protein b/c both codons code for the same amino acid YES NO YES

  38. 2. Insertion: Example: THE CAT ATE THE RAT Insert an A in front of the sentence and divide the letters into codons. What will it read now? TH ECA TAT ETH ERA T A

  39. Deletions: Example: AUG ACA GGU UGU UGA Amino Acids: MET THR GLY CYS Stop If C is deleted and you keep this sentence in sets of 3 (just as in an mRNA codon), what will it read now? Order? AUG AAG GGU GUU GA__ AA? MET LYS VAL VAL ?

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