Martin Visbeck GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel a nd Kiel University, Germany

1. Sustained (ocean) Observations in the Context of Global Sustainability Martin Visbeck GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and Kiel University, Germany

2. ArcticOceanObservations EberhardFahrbach 21. April 2013

4. An (ocean) observing system must be created and sustainedin the Arctic. The system should be tailored to provide distinct services to society, with attention to the needs of specific user-groups.

5. Arctic Societies

6. Arctic Societies

9. Where are the sustainable development solutions? Opportunities? Arctic Futures? How do we measure progress?

10. Science and Technology Alliance for Global Sustainability WMO as observer

11. Future Earth: building from the GEC programmes Global Environmental Change Programmes and Projects FUTURE EARTH 1991 2001 2013 1980 1986 1996 and their partnership

12. To provide the knowledge required for societies in the world to face risks posed by global environmental change and to seize opportunities in a transition to global sustainability

13. Criteria for Future Earth Research • From fundamental to actionable Earth system research for global sustainability • Answer complex questions that require international collaboration • Co-design and co-production of knowledge • Integrates natural, economic, engineering, arts, humanities and social sciences • Regional to global scale

14. Global sustainability within earth system boundaries - Cross scale interactions from local to regional and global scales

15. Co-designing Information

16. Research Themes

17. Dynamic Planet projecting environment • Approaches and Models drivers societal system observing • States and Trends thresholds explaining understanding • Critical Zones coasts tropical forests polar regions

18. Global Development clean air • stewardship of resources mining biodiversity materials • ecosystem services climate change Trade-offs fisheries • equitable access water availability food security healthy environment

19. Transformation toward Sustainability decision making • transformation process mega-cities economy development options • Innovation and ideas emerging technology trade-offs assessment of policies • global and regional governance incentives International law regional enforcement

20. Cross Cutting Capabilities To facilitate integration across research themes, science will be supported by a set of cross-cutting capabilities in science and outreach (many delivered through partnerships).

22. A Framework for Ocean Observing:best practices for the Global Ocean Observing System • OceanObs’09 identified tremendous opportunities, significant challenges • Called for a framework for planning and moving forward with an enhanced global sustained ocean observing system over the next decade, integrating new physical, biogeochemical, biological observations while sustaining present observations

23. ”Measuring what we must manage”Jacqueline McGladeEuropean Environment Agency

24. Framework for Ocean ObservingA simple system Input (Requirements) Output (Data & Products) Process (Observations)

25. Framework for Ocean Observing

26. Driven by requirements, negotiated with feasibilityEssential Ocean Variables • We cannot measure everything, nor do we need to • basis for including new elements of the system, for expressing requirements at a high level • Driven by requirements, negotiated with feasibility • Allows for innovation in the observing system over time

27. Towards sustained system: requirements, observations, data managementReadiness

28. Framework for Ocean ObservingSocietal drivers next decade Albert Fischer

29. Observing Arctic Sea Ice and its Changes AWI Sea-IcePhysics

30. Physical Properties of Sea Ice • SeaIceThickness • Airborne Surveys • First- & Multi-Year SeaIce • High Resolution Ice Station Data • Spectral Radiation • Transectswith ROV • 7-week station • Albedo transects • Continuousirradiance • SUIT Transects • Lab Experiments • IceTexture • Ice Cores • SeaIcesurface • 3D-Images • Aerial photography • Laser scanning • International ArcticBuoy Program • Seasonal IMB • Icedrifters (SVP‘s) • IceMass Balance Buyos (IMB‘s) PAMARCMIP since 2009

31. Discovery: Seaice - Ecosystem • changes in sea ice productivity and export impact benthic ecosystems (Melosira arctica released from thawing ice feeds holothurians at the deep-sea floor) Boetius et al. Science 339 (2013)

32. Chair: Lynne Talley North Atlantic SST Significant Warming The sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic Ocean has warmed over the last 100 years by more than 0.5°C. However, significant multidecadal variability is visible and one of the foci of ocean research. Some aspects are understood, other are not. (70oW - 0, 0 - 60oN)

33. Regional Warming of the Oceans (Wu et al 2012) Regional difference are quite apparent even when averaging over 100 years. The combined model-data analysis suggests that the main boundary currents might have shifted poleward. Sea Surface Temperature trends 1900-2008 Warming rates in °C pro century after removing the global average of 0.62.

34. Robotics

35. Argo – a global network of profiling floats

36. ARGO profiling float network

37. Global Heat Contend Changes Deep Ocean Warming The upper layers of the ocean have stored ~90% of the excess heat trapped in the Earth System due to ‘global warming’.

38. FramStraitObservtory (Hausgarten): availablecomponentsandfuturevision

39. FramStraitObservtory (Hausgarten): Ecosystemobservationand experimental work

41. The MyOcean choice … in the service to users • One single service desk • One entry point to the MyOcean pan-european information • Connected to all production units in Europe • Open and free data policy • Open access, Free access • Commitments through Service Level Agreements (SLA)

42. The field of knowledge is the common property of all mankind, and any discoveries we can make in it will be for the benefit . . . of every other nation, as well as our own. • Thomas Jefferson 1807 UNECE Aarhus Convention

43. Essential Arctic Variables? www.mosaicobservatory.org