Critical Power Protection Supervisor

1. Critical Power Protection Supervisor Assuring Delivery of Power for Critical Applications AiNET® 11710 Montgomery Road Beltsville, MD 20705 USA www.ai.net

2. Executive SummaryAiNET Critical Power Protection Supervisor AiNET’s patented* Critical Power Protection Supervisor (CPPS) is applied in environments where the uninterrupted delivery of power is an absolute requirement. Example environments include hospitals, transportation management systems, and Internet data centers. As an overlay management system for the power delivery elements employed today in such environments, the CPPS addresses vulnerabilities in all current critical power settings. Benefits of the CPPS include ensuring critical power delivery uptime, returning power system problem resolution to a workable timeframe, and offering a more cost-effective approach to ensuring uptime than expensive system element upgrades that only chisel at the underlying problem. Presently being deployed in Internet data centers, the AiNET Critical Power Protection Supervisor will be licensed for application in diverse, critical power delivery environments worldwide. * U.S. Patent 7,962,772; International Patents Pending

3. Demands Increasing for Power Certainty: 100% Power Availability • Public safety • Medical care • Transportation systems • Financial systems • Manufacturing processing • Data centers – the Internet “Cloud”

4. Typical Elements in a Critical Power Environment Secondary Power Source Stored Energy Element (Generator) (Batteries) Recharge Transfer Switch UPS (Converter) Main Power Load Control/Data Signals Power Flow

5. Definition of Times/Events in Failure Modes

6. Hard Failure and Restoration of Main Power Full power provided by Main Power Partial power provided by UPS/Batteries Main Power Switching In Main Power Available time tMF tH tS tMR tHR tSWR Full power provided by Generator Full power provided by UPS/Batteries Generator Switching In/Out

7. Brief Outages in Main Power time tMF tH tMF tH tMF tH A Series of Brief Outages in Main Power Diminish Energy Stored in the Batteries time tMF tH tMF tH tMF tH A Series of Brief Outages in Main Power Exhaust the Batteries and an Outage Occurs

8. Failure Conditions in Main Power All critical power installations at risk of failure from routinely-occurring shortcomings in Main Power... • Power transients • Lightning strikes • Loss of a phase(s) • Loss of synchronization between phases • Voltage drops in one or more phases

9. Undetected Shortcoming in Main Power UPS detects problem, supplements power delivered to Load with energy from batteries Batteries exhaust, resulting in power outage time tSF Undetected (by Transfer Switch) Shortcoming in Main Power

10. AiNET Critical Power Protection Supervisor (CPPS) Creates a Unified, Critical Power System External Monitor/Control System(s) Secondary Power Source Stored Energy Element AiNET CPPS Recharge Transfer Switch UPS (Converter) Main Power Load Power Flow Control/Data Signals

11. Stored Energy Levels E1 and E2 Are Critical System Thresholds time tMF tH tS tMR tHR tSWR tSWR E1 tH + tS = T1 E1: Stored energy required in system to avoid an outage upon switchover to Secondary Power. T1 + tSWR = T2 E2 E2: Stored energy reflecting the point at which Main Power can be used to recharge the Energy Storage Element.

12. Undetected Shortcoming in Main Power with AiNET CPPS time tSF Undetected failure condition without AiNET CPPS E max E2 0 Stored Energy time tSF E max E2 Stored Energy • AiNET CPPS intervenes when stored energy reaches E2 threshold

13. Additional Failure Conditions Addressed by AiNET CPPS • Loss or diminution of energy storage capabilities. • Detected by monitoring of E2 • Offsets in thresholds between power delivery elements (usually TX and UPS). • Detected by monitoring of E2 • Loss or diminution of UPS functionality. • Detected by monitoring of UPS alarm

14. Essential Duties of the AiNET Critical Power Protection Supervisor • Monitor system’s stored energy. • If stored energy falls below E2, order the system to engage Secondary Power (if not already engaged). • Order is given regardless of whether Main Power is available and in service because a loss of Main Power would result in an outage. • Notify systems’ operators of the condition. • Operators can analyze situation and the take action without dealing with the repercussions of an outage at the Load.

15. Applications • CPPS in service in AiNET’s TIA-942 Tier IV Data Center in the Washington, DC area. • In a typical application as previously shown. • Potential future application incorporating renewable energy: External Monitor/Control System(s) Intermittent Power (e.g. Wind, Solar) Secondary Power Source Stored Energy Element Primary Recharge Power Grid AiNET CPPS Secondary Recharge Transfer Switch UPS (Converter) Main Power Load Power Flow Control/Data Signals

16. Future Residential Application • Potential future application incorporating renewable energy in which utility power is designated as Secondary Power: External Monitor/Control System(s) Secondary Power Source (Utility Power) Stored Energy Element AiNET CPPS Recharge Transfer Switch UPS (Converter) Load (Home) Intermittent Primary Power (e.g. Wind, Solar) Power Flow Power Grid Control/Data Signals

17. Key Benefits of AiNET Critical Power Protection Supervisor • Preemptive actions ensure critical power delivery uptime. • Returns problem resolution timeframe to human scale. • More cost-effective approach to ensuring uptime than expensive upgrades to system elements. Presently deployed in Internet data centers, the AiNET CPPS will be licensed and will be applied in diverse, critical power delivery environments worldwide. Please visit www.ai.net for more information.