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Adverbs/Adverbial (or Adverb) Phrase

Adverbs/Adverbial (or Adverb) Phrase. Forms of adverbs. Simple : e.g. then, here, there, far, near, soon , as, such, pretty, quite, rather, else, well, even, ever, ago Derived : e.g. badly , happily , fairly , freely, slowly, proudly, honestly, cheerfully, sadly, warmly

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Adverbs/Adverbial (or Adverb) Phrase

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  1. Adverbs/Adverbial (or Adverb) Phrase

  2. Forms of adverbs • Simple: e.g. then, here, there, far, near, soon, as, such, pretty, quite, rather, else, well, even, ever, ago • Derived: e.g. badly, happily, fairly, freely, slowly, proudly, honestly, cheerfully, sadly, warmly • Compound: e.g. downhill, indoors, inside, outside, downstairs, overhead, overall, overnight • Phrasal adverbs: e.g. of course; at all; kind of, sort of; in fact; as well

  3. Adjectives and adverbs with the same form • E.g. a kindly man vs. act kindly; a loud noise vs. talk loud; a wrongguess vs. answer wrong; the pastweek vs. walk past; a throughtrain vs. go through

  4. Pairs of adverbs with different meanings • She worked really hard and passed her exams. VS. The telephone line was so bad, I could hardly (= only just) hear what he was saying. • He kicked the ball high over the goal. VS. Everyone thinks highly of her teaching. (= they praise her for it) • See the full list of such adverbs on: http://ffuis.edu.ba/faculty/teacher/144/

  5. Some types of meaning expressed by adverbs/AdvPhr (1) • Circumstantial adverbs: where, when and how things happen • Space Position: Put the chairs here/outside/upstairs. An away match. Direction: Push it inwards/down/through/away. The trip back. Distance: Don’t go too far/near/close. • Time Moment: They will be coming tomorrow/sometime/then/soon/later. Frequency: The doctor came once/daily/frequently/now and again. Duration: We didn’t stay long. We spoke briefly. Relation: The train will arrive soon. It hasn’t arrived yet. Sequence: first, second, next, then, last, finally. • Manner Hold it carefully.

  6. Some types of meaning expressed by adverbs/AdvPhr (2) • Stance: expressing a personal angle Certainty, doubt: You are certainly right. Perhaps I’m wrong. Judgement: The Minister has wisely resigned. Attitude: Thankfully, it didn’t rain. Hopefully, it will be fine tomorrow. • Degree adverbs: comparing, intensifying Comparison: This is the most/the least efficient scanner we’ve had so far. Intensification: He lives all alone but seems quite/fairly/pretty happy. Attenuation: It was kind of strange to see her again. Sufficiency: Is the water hot enough?

  7. Adverbial Phrase: General Structure • Three structural forms: a head, a modifier, and a post-head element, which may be a post-modifier or a complement E.g. Head: yesterday, early Head + modification: early in the morning Modification+ head: very early Modification + head+ complementation: far away from civilisation

  8. Modification • Post-modification by: • AdjPhr: e.g. somewhere more exotic • PrepPhr: e.g. everywhere in the world • Non-fin. cl: e.g. nowhere to sleep - The adverb else: e.g. where else (= in what other place), when else (= at what other time), how else (= in what other way), why else (= for what other reason), somewhere else, anywhere else, etc.

  9. Complementation (1) • Almost exclusively of one type: grading E.g. Our coach left earlier than it should have done. Bill speaks Spanish more fluently than his sister. (discontinuous complementation) I don’t translate as accurately as a professional. (discontinuous complementation)

  10. Complementation (2) • Only a few prepositions complementing adjectives are also found with an adverb • E.g. mad about music, safe to drink, but not *madly about music or *safelyto drink. • Adverbs that allow this type of complementation include: similarly to, independently of, separately from and differently from

  11. AdvPhr: some functions within phrases Modifier in AdjPhr: all wet; quite nice; too long; completely new. Modifier in AdvPhr: nearly there; more easily; very often. Modifier in NP: the then Minister of Health; a nearbyhotel Modifier of determiners: about double; roughly half; almostall Modifier in PPs: right out of sight; just down the road. Post-modifier in AdjPhr: quick enough; very beautiful indeed. Post-modifier in AdvPhr: quickly enough; beautifully indeed. Post-modifier in NP: the journey back; the way ahead. Complement in PPs: over here; through there; from inside; till now.

  12. AdvPhr: some functions in clauses Adjunct: I knew her pretty well. Subject Complement: That’s quite all right.

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