Lecturer’s desk

1. Screen Cabinet Cabinet Lecturer’s desk Table Computer Storage Cabinet Row A 3 4 5 19 6 18 7 17 16 8 15 9 10 11 14 13 12 Row B 1 2 3 4 23 5 6 22 21 7 20 8 9 10 19 11 18 16 15 13 12 17 14 Row C 1 2 3 24 4 23 5 6 22 21 7 20 8 9 10 19 11 18 16 15 13 12 17 14 Row D 1 2 25 3 24 4 23 5 6 22 21 7 20 8 9 10 19 11 18 16 15 13 12 17 14 Row E 1 26 2 25 3 24 4 23 5 6 22 21 7 20 8 9 10 19 11 18 16 15 13 12 17 14 Row F 27 1 26 2 25 3 24 4 23 5 6 22 21 7 20 8 9 10 19 11 18 16 15 13 12 17 14 28 Row G 27 1 26 2 25 3 24 4 23 5 6 22 21 7 20 8 9 29 10 19 11 18 16 15 13 12 17 14 28 Row H 27 1 26 2 25 3 24 4 23 5 6 22 21 7 20 8 9 10 19 11 18 16 15 13 12 17 14 Row I 1 26 2 25 3 24 4 23 5 6 22 21 7 20 8 9 10 19 11 18 16 15 13 12 17 14 1 Row J 26 2 25 3 24 4 23 5 6 22 21 7 20 8 9 10 19 11 18 16 15 13 12 17 14 28 27 1 Row K 26 2 25 3 24 4 23 5 6 22 21 7 20 8 9 10 19 11 18 16 15 13 12 17 14 Row L 20 1 19 2 18 3 17 4 16 5 15 6 7 14 13 INTEGRATED LEARNING CENTER ILC 120 9 8 10 12 11 broken desk

2. Please click in My last name starts with a letter somewhere between A. A – D B. E – L C. M – R D. S – Z Remember to hold onto homework until we have a chance to cover it

3. Introduction to Statistics for the Social SciencesSBS200, COMM200, GEOG200, PA200, POL200, SOC200Lecture Section 001, Spring, 2012Room 120 Integrated Learning Center (ILC)9:00 - 9:50 Mondays, Wednesdays & Fridays+ Lab Session. Welcome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSQJP40PcGI

4. Use this as your study guide By the end of lecture today1/25/12 Surveys and questionnaire design Field observation/naturalistic research Questionnaire design and evaluation Surveys and questionnaire design Simple versus systematic random sampling Sample frame and randomization Stratified sampling, cluster sampling, judgment sampling Snowball sampling, convenience sampling Time series design vs. Cross sectional design

5. Schedule of readings Before next exam (February 10th): Please read chapters 1 - 4 & Appendix D, E & F online Please read Chapters 1, 5, 6 and 13 in Plous Chapter 1: Selective Perception Chapter 5: Plasticity Chapter 6: Effects of Question Wording and Framing Chapter 13: Anchoring and Adjustment

6. Lab sessions Everyone will want to be enrolled in one of the lab sessions Labs start up this week Lab C Lab G Lab A Lab I Lab F Lab D There is no Lab H Lab B Lab E

7. Two Homework assignments due at same time – Friday (January 27th) On class website: please print the worksheetthat describes homework assignments 3 & 4 Please double check – Allcell phones other electronic devices are turned off and stowed away

8. What are the four “levels of measurement”? Categorical data • Nominal data - classification, differences in kind, names of categories • Ordinal data - order, rankings, differences in degree Numerical data • Interval data - measurable differences in amount, equal intervals • Ratio data - measurable differences in amount with a “true zero” Age Hair color Telephone number Ethnic group Breed of dog Temperature Yearly salary

9. Please note : There is a similar table on page 20 in text

11. What are the four “levels of measurement”? Categorical data • Nominal data - classification, differences in kind, names of categories • Ordinal data - order, rankings, differences in degree Numerical data • Interval data - measurable differences in amount, equal intervals • Ratio data - measurable differences in amount with a “true zero” Look at your examples of qualitative and quantitative data. Which levels of measurement are they?

12. Interviews Interview often a survey is read to a participant either over the phone or in person Which is better: on phone or in person? Pros: Cons: Unstructured interview Structured interview Which is better: structured or unstructured? Pros: Cons: Focus group

13. Questionnaires use self-report items for measuring constructs. Constructs are operationally defined by content of items. Wording “Would you say our president is a great president or the greatest president?” The Colbert Report How might we word a question about the Iraq war if we wanted it to reflect support / not? How might we word a question about the gay marriage if we wanted it to reflect support / not? Order How satisfied are you with your relationships with your family? How satisfied are you with your relationship with your romantic partner? spouse?

14. 5 Principles of questionnaire construction 1. Make sure items match research objectives & Identify what constructs you are trying to understand (Be explicit in identifying your constructs) • 2. Responders have the answers to our questions • We are tapping into their attitudes/beliefs/ knowledge • Understand your research participants • “think like” the responders / consider their sensibilities • use appropriate, natural and familiar language (for them) 3. Use appropriate, natural and familiar language

15. 5 Principles of questionnaire construction • 3. Assessment should feel easy and clear, unthreatening • Be clear, precise and concise (short questions) • Minimize use of contingency questions • Start with most friendly (least threatening) questions first • then at the end “now a couple questions about you” (foot in the door phenomenon) • Avoid double negatives • For example: • Agree or disagree? • Teachers shouldn’t have less contact with parents • 4. Avoid ambiguity and bias in your items • Avoid “double-barreled” questions - Difficult to interpret answers • Avoid leading or loaded questions - Can introduce bias • Consider problem of acquiescence – Ask question in different ways • (careful with coding)

16. 5 Principles of questionnaire construction 5. Consider lots of different formats for responses • Consider open-ended vsclosed-ended questions - pros and cons of each - can often modify a question into a closed question • Consider complementing your questionnaire with other forms of data collection (focus group or direct observation) • Pilot – feedback – fix - pilot – analyze – fix - pilot – etc Respect process of empirical approach

17. Types of questions

18. Likert Rating scales: measure that allows for rating the level of agreement with a statement. The score reflects the sum of responses on a series of items. Rating scales: a continuum of response choices Anchored rating scales: a written description somewhere on the scale I prefer rap music to classical music Agree 1---2---3---4---5 Disagree Fully anchored rating scales: a written description for each point on the scale I prefer rap music to classical music 1---------2---------3---------4---------5 StronglyDisagree StronglyAgree Agree Disagree Neutral

19. Summated scales - miniquiz (like Cosmo - ask several questions then sum responses) - For example, several questions on political views (coded so that larger numbers mean “more liberal”) 1. The rights of the community are more important than rights of any one individual agree 1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5 disagree 2. Marriage should be between one man and one woman agree 1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5 disagree 3. Evolution has no place in public education agree 1 --- 2 --- 3 --- 4 --- 5 disagree

20. Ranking scales Rank options in ascending or descending order An apartment / house should have ___ lots of square feet ___ access to bus route ___ pleasant neighbors ___ workshop / workout area ___ big rooms ___ close to work / school Note: Options can come from open-ended questions or surveys

21. Semantic differential Create a profile of your opinion An apartment / house should be (place checkmarks) Cozy and small___ _______________roomy and large Quiet ___ _______________Active community Larger communal rooms ___ _______________Larger bedrooms Note: Options can come from open-ended questions or surveys

22. Checklist An apartment / house should have ___ lots of square feet ___ access to bus route ___ pleasant neighbors ___ workshop / workout area ___ big rooms ___ close to work / school Note: Options can come from open-ended questions or surveys

23. Questionnaires use self-report items for measuring constructs. Constructs are operationally defined by content of items. Questionnaire is a set of fixed-format, self-report items completed without supervision or time-constraint Response rate and power of random sampling Number of responders versus percentage of responders Really important regarding bias! Wording, order, balance can all affect results

24. Questionnaires use self-report items for measuring constructs. Constructs are operationally defined by content of items. As “consumers” of questionnaire data – what should we ask? Number of responders versus percentage of responders Methodology of sampling Operational definitions of constructs Wording As “composers” of questionnaire data – how should we ask? - pilot – fix - pilot – analyze – fix - pilot – all the way through your design

25. Questionnaire Homework

26. Questionnaire Homework

27. Questionnaire Homework

28. Questionnaire Homework Variable label and scale values Variable label and scale values

29. Questionnaire Homework What might you graph?

30. Thank you! See you next time!!