Chapter 23 – Capitalism Culture

1. Chapter 23 – Capitalism Culture A New Phase of Global Interaction since 1945

2. Barbie and Ken • What do Barbie and Ken represent? • Do you think different cultures view from differently than Americans? • How so?

3. Sara and Dara What are the similarities or differences between the two pictures? How could Sara and Dara illustrate resistance? How does Barbie represent global commerce?

4. Globalization • Globalization – the process of accelerating engagement among distant people • EASTERN HEMISPHERE (examples): • The Arab, Mongol, Russian, Chinese and Ottoman Empire • Silk Road, Indian Ocean and trans-Saharan trade routes • The spread of Buddhism, Christianity and Islam • Brought new rulers, religions, products, diseases and technologies to many of its people

5. Globalization • WESTERN HEMISPHERE (examples): • European maritime voyages and colonizing efforts launched the Colombian Exchange • Industrial Revolution – new round of empire building

6. Global Interaction Quickened After WWII • 1) transformation of the world economy • 2) the emergence of global feminism • 3) the confrontation of the world religions with modernity • 4) Growing awareness of humankind’s enormous impact on the environment

7. The Transformation of the World Economy • Time period between WWI & WWII saw a sharp decline in global interaction as WWI and the Great Depression wreaked havoc on the world economy • After WWII the capitalist victors led by the US wanted to avoid returning to Depression-like era • At a conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire (1944), they forged a set of agreements and institutions that laid the foundation for post war globalization • World Bank & International Monetary Fund (IMF) • Promoted free trade

8. Technology • Contributed to economic globalization • EXAMPLES: • Container shipping, oil tankers, air express = lower transport costs • Fiber-optic cables and Internet allows for communication • Population growth in growing economies as new nations enter the world economy

9. Neoliberalism (1970s) • Major capitalism countries (US & GB) abandoned many earlier political controls on economic activity as their leaders & business people viewed the world as a single market • Reduced tariffs, created a temp workforce, privatization of state-run enterprises and curtailing of government efforts to regulate the economy and both tax and spending cuts

10. Reglobalization • After WWII, world trade exploded from $57 billion in 1947 to $16 trillion in 2009 • Department stores and supermarkets around the world stocked their shelves with goods from around the globe • EXAMPLES: • Twinings of London marketed 120 blends of tea in over 100 countries • Australian-based Kiwi shoe polish was sold in 180 countries • In 2006 Toyota replaced GM as the world’s largest automaker

11. Money in Motion • 1) “Foreign Direct Investment” – a rich country opens a factory in a developing nation for cheap labor, tax breaks and looser environmental regulations • 2) Short-term movement in capital – investors annually spend trillions purchasing foreign currencies or stocks which will increase in value and then sell them quickly • 3) Personal Funds of Individuals – International credit cards allow for easy transfer of money across national borders • Mastercard is accepted at 33 million businesses in 220 countries

12. Transnational Corps (TNC) • TNC produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries • i.e. Mattel Corporation  American Doll with factories in Indonesia, Malaysia and China • Molds from US • Plastic & hair from Taiwan & Japan • Cotton cloth from China • Factories can move from place to place in search of the lowest labor costs or least restrictive environment regulations • Nike closed 20 factories and opened 35 others

13. Human Migration • Driven by war, revolution, poverty and the end of an empire • Movement of people from a developing nations to industrialized world – “labor migrants” • Most move, often illegally and with few skills, to escape poverty in their own lands, and drawn to western prosperity and a better future • DISCRIMINATION

14. Growth, Instability & Inequality • GROWTH  total world output went from $7 trillion in 1950 to $73 trillion in ‘09 • This represents an immense, rapid and unprecedented creation of wealth and an impact on human life • Life expectancy increased, infant mortality rate declined and literacy increased

15. Growth, Instability & Inequality • INSTABILITY, for example, • soaring oil prices contributed to a severe stock market crash in 1973-74 and great hardship for many developing nations • Many countries couldn’t repay debts and therefore can’t develop • Many countries experienced severe economic turnovers including the US (2008), Iceland, Sierra Leone, China, etc.

16. Growth, Instability & Inequality • INEQUALITY – gap between rich and poor keep getting wider • Gap is evident in great disparities in incomes, medical care, availability of clean drinking water, educational and employment ops, access to the Internet and dozens of other ways • Economic globalization may have brought people together as never before, but it also divided them sharply

17. Globalization & an American Empire – ‘informal empire’ • How is the US viewed? • Frequent use of force around the world? • Is it a “soft power”? Do people follow American way of life voluntarily? • WHICH ONE? • HOW SO? • Should we be involved?

18. After Cold War • The US found itself in another global struggle, an effort to contain or eliminate Islamic “terrorists” • 9/11 – attack on US soil by Islamic militants • 2001 – US attacked Afghanistan which sheltered Al-Qaeda • 2003 – US attacked Iraq, where Saddam Hussein “developed” WMD • Forces defeated quickly, but establishing a lasting peace and rebuilding badly damaged Muslim countries have been proven difficult tasks

19. Liberation and Feminism • 1960s protest movements in the US • Civil rights, women, workers, Hispanic Americans, Doves & Vietnam • Counterculture = sex, drugs and rock and roll • Communist World was rocked by protest too • 1968, a new communist party leadership in Czechoslovakia, led by Alexander Dubcek initiated new reforms as censorship ended and victims of repression were rehabbed • “Third-World” – Che Guevara; Argentine-born revolutionary who had embraced the Cuban Revolution

20. Feminism in the West • Simone de Beauvior (‘49) published The Second Sex, a book arguing that women had been historically defined as “other” • Betty Friedan’s (‘63) The Feminine Mystique disclosed the identity crisis of educated women, unfulfilled by marriage and motherhood • Many women wanted to take direct action instead of political lobbying • i.e. Miss America • White v. Black

21. Feminism in the Global South (Asia, Africa, Latin America) • Many resented western feminism • Women’s movement took shape in a wide range of issues, not all were solely gender based • Morocco and the Family Law Code • Chile under Pinochet regime

22. International Feminism – “women’s rights are human rights” • UN Sponsored a series of world conferences on Women • By 2006, 183 nations (not the US) had ratified a UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against women • Promotes women’s legal equality, to end discrimination to actively encourage women’s development and to protect women’s human rights • Not all nations seek equality – which groups do you think? Why?

23. Religion and Global Modernity • Everyone thought that religion would be on the decline, however it plays a powerful role in today’s society • Buddhism, Christianity and Islam are transregional religions

24. Fundamentalism on a Global Scale • Fundamentalism is the scientific and secular focus of global modernity that challenges the core beliefs of religion with its focus on an unseen realm of reality • The social upheavals connected with capitalism, industrialization and globalization thoroughly upset customary class, family and gender relationships that have been sanctified by religious tradition • Calls for the return of “fundamentals” of the faith • Literal truths of the scriptures • The virgin birth • Physical resurrection of Jesus • Belief in miracles • At first wanted separate schools and churches, then decided on setting people on the right “godly” path • i.e. India

25. Creating Islamic Societies • Islamic renewal movements arose after so many disappointments that accumulated in the Muslim World • 1) 1967- Israel inflicted a devastating defeat on Arab forces in a Six-Day War & seized various Arab territories, including Jerusalem • 2) Western Culture – secular schools, alcohol, Barbies, movies and scantily clad women • Islamic alternative deemed necessary based on the Quran & sharia (law) • Do you think modernity was embraced in the Islamic culture? Why or why not?

26. Islamic Revolutionaries take aim at hostile foreign powers • Targeted Israel with uprisings, suicide bombings and rocket attacks b/c of Israeli occupation of Arab lands • USSR invasion of Afghanistan in ‘79 prompted widespread opposition aimed at liberating Afghanistan from communism • Osama Bin Laden, a wealthy Saudi Arab, who created Al-Qaeda to funnel fighters and funds to the Afghan resistance • Originally on the same side as the US (Both against USSR) • Upset when Saudi Arabia let the US station “infidel” troops in Islam’s Hoy Land in 1991 • Found safe-haven in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan

27. Age of Man • Anthropocene – the lasting impact of human activity on the planet

28. The Global Environment Transformed • BASED ON • 1)population boom – 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 7 billion in 2012 • Medical & sanitation advanced lowered death rates • Green Revolution technologies increased food supplies • 2) Fossil Fuels – coal & oil • New sources found/developed: hydro, natural gas, nuclear power, etc • 3) economic growth – increase in the production of goods and services

29. Transformation • Croplands doubled, reduced forests and grasslands, high rate of erosion • Diminished habitats – forced many species to move or become extinct • Human remaking of the ecosystem has increased the presence of plants and animals • Modern industry has caused massive pollution

30. Global Warming • Increased burning of fossil fuels, which emit heat-trapping green house gases such as CO2 and the loss of trees that would remove it • INCREASES TEMPS

31. Green and Global • US National Parks • Environmental Organizations • Pollution, wilderness issues, opposed logging, road building, etc • In the East, more locally based with the help of poor people