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Social processes are the ways in which individuals and groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish relationships and pattern of behaviour which are again modified through social interactions. ... Interaction between individuals and groups occurs in the form of social process.
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Social processes are thewaysin whichindividuals andgroups interact, adjust andreadjust andestablishrelationships and pattern of behaviourwhichare againmodified throughsocial interactions. As Ginsbergsays,“Social processesmean the variousmodes of interaction betweenindividualsor groups including cooperationand conflict, socialdifferentiationand integration,development, arrest and decay”. Accordingto HortonandHunt, “The termsocial process refers totherepetitive formof behaviourwhichare commonlyfound in social life”.
Associativeprocessesarealsocalledtheintegrativeor conjunctive socialprocesseswhichareessentialfor theintegrationand progressof thesociety. are the following. The major types of associative processes 1. Co-operation 2. Accommodation 3. Assimilation
Dissociativesocialprocesses are also calledthedisintegrative or disjunctive social processes.Although theseprocesses hinderthegrowth anddevelopment of society,theirabsence resultsin stagnationof society. Few important types or dissociativeprocesses are: 1) Competition 2) Conflict
Cooperation: Cooperation is one of fundamental processes of social life. It is a form of social process in which two or more individuals or groups work together jointly to achieve common goals. Cooperation is the form of social interaction in which all participants benefit by attaining their goals.
The impossibility of solving many of our personal problems alone cause to work with others. Cooperation also results from necessity. It would be impossible to operate a modern factory, a large department store, or an educational system if the divisions and branches in each do not work together.
Accommodation Definition: Some of theimportant definitionsof accommodation are given below. (1)Maclverand Pagedefinethat, “Accommodation refers particularlytotheprocessinwhichman attains a sense of harmony withhis environment.” (3) AccordingtoGillinandGillin,“Accommodation is theprocess by whichcompeting andconflictingindividuals andgroupsadjust theirrelationshiptoeach otherin orderto overcomethe difficulties whichariseincompetition,contraventionor conflict.” (5) IntheopinionofBiesanz,“Inone sense, accommodation is the basis of all formalsocial organization” It is evidentfromtheabovedefinitionsthat itisthebasis of all formalsocialorganizations.
It is a process through which individuals or groups make adjustment to the changed situation to overcome difficulties faced by them. Sometimes new conditions and circumstances arise in the society. Individuals have learned to make adjustment to the new situation. Thus, accommodation means adjusting oneself to the new environment.
Assimilation 1) OgburnandNimkoff defines assimilation,“As theprocess wherebyindividualsor groups oncedissimilarbecome similar,that is,become identifiedin theirinterestand outlook.” 2) Inthe words of ParkandBurgess, “Assimilationis a processof interpenetration and fusionin whichpersons andgroupsacquirethememories,sentimentsandattitudes ofotherpersonsor groupsand, by sharingtheirexperienceand history,are incorporated intoa commonculturallife.”
Assimilation in social relationships means that the cultural differences between divergent groupings of people disappear. Thus, they come to feel; think and act similarly as they absorb new common traditions, attitudes and consequently take on a new cultural identity. We see the process operating among ethnic groups which enter a society with their own society’s culture.
Competition DefinitionTherearemany definitions of competition given by differentscholars.Some of theimportant definitions given below: Parkand BurgessdefineCompetitionas “aninteraction withoutsocial contact.” Fromtheabove definitions it may beconcludedthat competitionisa processin whichindividualsor groups try to obtainthingor thingswhichhavelimited supply and whichtheycannotachieveor share collectively.” are Hortonand Huntopine that,“competitionis the struggle for possessionof rewardswhichare limited in supply, goods,status,andpower, loveanything.” H.P. Fairchildstatesthat, “Competitionisthestrugglefor the useor possessionof limited goods.”
In any society, for example, there are normally more people who want jobs than there are jobs available; hence there is competition for them. Among those who are already employed, there is likewise competition for better jobs. There is thus competition not only for bread but for luxuries, power, social, position, mates, fame and all other things not available for one’s asking.
Conflict Definitions: Some of theimportant definitionsgiven by thesociologists arestated below: KingsleyDavisdefines Conflict, “as a modified formof struggle.” A.W. Greensays,“Conflict isthedeliberateattempt to oppose,resistor coercethewillof anotheror others.” llin andGillin statethat, “Conflict isthesocial process in whichindividuals or groupsseek theirendsby directly challengingtheantagonistby violenceor threatof violence.”
As a process, it is the anti-thesis of cooperation. It is a process of seeking to obtain rewards by eliminating or weakening the competitors. It is a deliberate attempt to oppose, resist or coerce the will of another or others. Conflict is a competition in its occasional, personal and hostile forms.
