REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 8 TEST

1. REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 8 TEST Gunpowder Empires Qing China Feudal Japan

2. REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 8 TEST INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question

3. The Safavid Empire (today: Iran) The Ottoman Empire (today: Turkey) The Mughal Empire (today: India) From 1300 to 1700, three “Gunpowder Empires” dominated parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia

4. All three empires were able to conquer neighboring people by forming strong armies that used rifles and artillery; this gave them the nickname “Gunpowder Empires”

5. All three empires were Islamic and ruled by Muslim leaders

6. By the late 1500s, the Ottomans expanded a great deal, controlling much of Arabia and the Middle East, some of Northern Africa, and a large part of EasternEurope

7. The heart of the Safavid Empire was the country Persia; today, Persia is known as the country Iran The Safavid Empire

8. Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent’s greatest accomplishment was establishing a stable government for the Ottoman Empire through the law code he created Suleyman’s law code was just as influential as the law code of the Byzantine Empire

9. The Ottoman army included 30,000 elite soldiers called janissaries; these fierce soldier-slaves were trained to be completely loyal to their Ottoman Turk rulers and helped the Ottomans create a large empire

10. SULEYMAN ABBAS AKBAR Suleyman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire, Shah Abbas of the Safavid Empire, and Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire were the greatest rulers of their respective empires; all three were tolerant of the people they ruled, which helped their empires

11. Art and architecture flourished in the Safavid Empire, especially carpets that blended Persian and European designs; these became luxury items highly desired by Europeans

12. The greatest Ottoman sultan was Suleyman the Magnificent, who came to power in 1520 By the mid-1500s, Suleyman was the most powerful king in the world; similar to kings such as Louis XIV, he ruled with absolute power

13. The greatest example of the Mughal Empire’s architecture is the TajMahal, which was built in 1631

14. Babur began the Mughal Empire in what is now India and Pakistan; his grandson Akbar became the Mughals’ greatest ruler; Akbar was a Muslim ruling over an empire made up mostly of Hindus

15. The best example of Akbar’s tolerance was his creation of a new religion called the Divine Faith The Divine Faith was an example of syncretism because it blended ideas from Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism

16. Art, literature, and architecture flourished under Suleyman as the Ottomans experienced a cultural “golden age”, just as the Mughal Empire experienced a “golden age” under Akbar Ottoman miniature painting Mosque of Suleyman by architect, Sinan

17. In China, ruling dynasties could be justifiably overthrown if it was decided that they had grown weak and lost the Mandate of Heaven

18. The religion of Buddhism was introduced and spread from India to China during the Han Dynasty

19. Yuan Dynasty (1271 CE to 1368 CE) The Mongols invaded China in and took it over; the Mongols created their own ruling dynasty in China called the Yuan Dynasty

20. Qing Dynasty (1644 CE to 1911 CE) In 1644, northern invaderscalled the Manchus conquered China and created the second foreign dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing Dynasty

21. Kangxiearned respect of the Chinese people he ruled over by being the first emperor to tour China and personally visit peasant villages The Manchurian emperor of China, Kangxi, also earned Chinese respect by keeping Confucian beliefs, lowering taxes, and restoring peace and prosperity to China

22. The introduction of new American crops like corn and sweet potatoes led to a dramatic increase in the Chinese population The sharp rise in the number of Chinese peasants would lead to intense competition for land and violent rebellions when poverty grew

23. The second challenge to Qing China was the arrival of European missionaries and merchants in Asia who were eager to gain access into China Europeans arrived with superior military technology, demanded that China trade with them, and refused to accept Chinese customs

24. Similar to Greece, Japan was divided by mountains, which made it difficult to unify their people

25. Geography of Japan …but Japan was close enough to borrow cultural ideas from China Japan’s island location provided protection from potential Chinese and Mongol invasions…

26. Much like African animism, Shinto focuses on the worship of spirits in nature Shinto worshippers believe in divine spirits called kami that live in nature; they build shrines devoted to nature called “torii”

27. Japanese emperors often did not have ultimate power over the various clan leaders; Japan often had an emperor figurehead who served as a symbol of power and clan rulers with true power

28. Japan adopted Confucianism and blended Chinese styles of writing, architecture, and art

29. Which is Chinese and which is Japanese? Japanese architecture Chinese architecture

30. The feudal system in Japan and the feudal system in Europe were very similar, both of them powerful land owners who exchanged land for military service

31. Japanese Feudalism Farmers traded land to strong warlords called daimyo, who offered protection in exchange for land Daimyo were served by loyal warriors called samurai The emperor held the highest rank, but had little real power

32. Japanese Feudalism Samurai warriors served their daimyos; the most powerful daimyo in Japan held the title of “shogun”, who controlled the Japanese military Samurai were highly skilled swordsmen, but also used horses and guns (after the arrival of Europeans in Japan)

33. Tokugawa Shogunate Tokugawa enjoyed trade with Europeans and was fascinated to learn about their military, new technologies, and ideas European firearms would help powerful shoguns unify Japan

34. From 1560 to 1600, three powerful shogun, known as the “Three Unifiers”,began to restore order and unifyJapan Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu In 1568, a brutal daimyo named Oda Nobunaga conquered the Japanese capital of Kyoto and began unifying Japan

35. During the time of Tokugawa’s rule, the actual power was held by the shogun, not the emperor Tokugawa was the shogun who completed the unification of Japan; he moved the capital city to Edo and created a line of successors who would rule for another 250 years Tokugawa Ieyasu

36. Tokugawa Shogunate Between 1549 and 1600, European missionaries had converted 300,000 Japanese to Christianity This upset Tokugawa because the missionaries ignored Japanese traditions In 1612, Tokugawa banned Christianity and began ruthlessly persecuting Christians All Japanese were forced to be faithful to Buddhism Execution of Christians

37. Nagasaki Bay Deshima Japan Dutch ships Japan’s policy with foreigners was one of isolationism: the Japanese port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay remained open, but ONLY to Dutch and Chinese merchants

38. NEXT, REVIEW SOME MATERIAL FROM THE PREVIOUS FOUR UNITS TO REFRESH YOUR MEMORIES

39. From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He explored areas along the Indian Ocean, Arabia, and East Africa, expanded trade, made contact with other cultures, and collected tribute from foreigners

40. CHINESE INNOVATIONS DURING THE TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES

41. The way that people got protection from outside invaders was by turning to local lords and noblemen instead of the nation’s king This began a new political and social system called feudalism Feudalism is a system in which land is exchanged for military service and loyalty

42. How did physical geography impact the Byzantine capital of Constantinople? • Text • Constantinople was a crossroads for trade and business between Europe, Asia, and Africa because of its location; this trade made the Byzantine Empire very wealthy

43. The Sunni-Shi’a Split Before the Umayyads, caliphs were elected members of Muhammad’s family Sunni Muslims accepted the rule of the Umayyads Shi’a Muslims rejected the rule of the Umayyads The Shi’a believe that caliphs must come directly from Muhammad’s bloodline The Sunni believe that caliphs should follow Muhammad’s example, but do not have to be relatives

44. PERSIA’S ORGANIZED EMPIRE When ruling their empire, the Persians were tolerant of conquered people’s cultures, built an extensive road system, and used standardized coins to promote business and trade

45. LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS In Han China, the teachings of the philosopher Confucius had great influence on their society Confucianism focused on filial piety (respect for elders) For a bureaucrat to get a government job, he would have to pass a civil service exam based on Confucius’ teachings

46. China was protected and isolated from outsiders by deserts and the Himalayan Mountains

47. IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY ANSWERED ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ON YOUR REVIEW PACKET, YOU WILL BE READY FOR THE UNIT 8 TEST

48.  Originally created by Christopher Jaskowiak