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The Life Cycle

The Life Cycle. P. Neuroptera Coleoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Mecoptera Siphonoptera Strepsiptera Diptera. ~250 Mya. Nematocera Brachycera Muscomorpha Cyclorrhapha Schizophora Calyptrata Acalyptrata. Camillidae Steganinae Cladocheata etc Zaprionus etc

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The Life Cycle

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  1. The Life Cycle P

  2. Neuroptera Coleoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Mecoptera Siphonoptera Strepsiptera Diptera ~250 Mya

  3. Nematocera Brachycera Muscomorpha Cyclorrhapha Schizophora Calyptrata Acalyptrata

  4. Camillidae Steganinae Cladocheata etc Zaprionus etc s.g. Drosophila Chymomyza etc s.g. Sophopora

  5. Drosophila melanogaster subgroup Drosophila melanogaster - cosmopolitan - 1830 Drosophila simulans - cosmopolitan - 1919 Drosophila mauritiana - Mauritius - 1974 Drosophilasechellia - Seychelles -1981 Drosophila yakuba - Equatorial Africa - 1954 Drosophilasantomea - Sao Tome - 2000 Drosophilateissieri - Equatorial Africa - 1979 Drosophila erecta - Central West Africa - 1974 Drosophila orena - Cameroons - 1978

  6. mel f x sim m sim f x mel m Viable, sterile f Viable, sterile m Larval lethal m Embryo lethal f aabb AAbb x aaBB AaBb Hmr allele of melanogaster (transcription factor) Lhr allele of simulans (chromatin binding protein)

  7. “Eventually, the story of the chromosomal mechanisms and itsevolution will have to be entirely rewritten in molecular terms.”Michael White, 1973, Animal Cytology & Evolution, 2nd edition.

  8. Paracentric inversions are the most common rearrangement • Segregating in 106 out 183 species. - 57% - (Powell 1997). • 22000-56000 inversions have become fixed during the evolution of the genus (Clayton & Guest 1986).

  9. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t a b j i h g f e d c k l m n o p q r s t a b j l o n m l k c d e f h i p q r s t a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t a b c d e f g h i o n m l k j p q r s t a b k l m n o i h g f e d c j p q r s t

  10. 12 genomes have been sequenced in the genus Drosophila

  11. Ectopic recombination between homologous fragments of DNA 1. 2. 3. ( Cáceres et al. Science 1999 )

  12. ~450 Kb ~280 Kb BACs BACR16N15 BACR42I20 BACR08K01 BACR07M14 BACR45A07 3R of D. melanogaster centromere telomere 84F1 93F6-7 centromere telomere 3R of D. simulans

  13. G J F H I K 5' 3' 5' 5' 3' 5' 3' 5' 5' Inversion-mediated duplications can result from staggered isochromatid breaks & repair. C A B D E 5' 3' 3' 5' 3' 5' 5' 3' 3' 5' 5' 3' 5' 3' 3' 5' A B C D I H G F E D C B I J K 5' 3' 5' 3' 3' 5' 3' 3' 5' 5'

  14. Lemeunier & Ashburner, 1976

  15. BLAST-N of D. mel 3R transcripts against D. yak 3R J. Ranz, C. Bergman & M. Ashburner

  16. Flanking duplications are a common by-product of the genome reorganization between D. melanogaster and D. yakuba. 20 9 with without

  17. Most inversions occurred in the D. yakuba lineage 1 ( 3.4 %) 28 ( 96.6 % ) D. melanogaster D. yakuba outgroup species A-B A]-----[B A-B 1: A]-----[B A-B A-B 2:

  18. Large-scale comparison of the gene order between D. melanogaster and D. yakuba. + 55 breakpoints = 12 22 9 12 + + 29 inversions Breakpoints Mb Myr

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