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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. A. The vowel [ a ] became [æ] The word-final [ ə] was lost B. The final [ k ] was lost The [ s ] became [ š] C. the long vowel [ u: ] became [ aw ] D. The long vowel [ a: ] became [ 0 ] E. the long vowel [ æ ] : became [ I ]

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 • A. The vowel [a ] became [æ] • The word-final [ə] was lost • B. The final [ k ] was lost • The [ s] became [š] • C. the long vowel [ u:] became [ aw] • D. The long vowel [ a: ] became [ 0] • E. the long vowel [æ ] : became [ I] • F. the long vowel [ e: became [ i]

  2. Chapter 11 • Great Vowel Shift. (a) Sample answers: [i]/[ε] [aj]/[I] [e]/[æ] i. clean/cleanse deride/derision vain/vanity ii. thief/ theft rhyme/rhythm sate/satisfy iii. feel/felt crime/criminal flame/flammable iv. keep/kept precise/precision nation/national v. please/pleasure line/linear page/paginate

  3. (b) The Modern English “sneezing sound” can be transcribed [aČu:]. Many [u:]s in Morden English derived from Middle English [o:]s, for instance [gu:s] “goes” derived from [go:s]. The cartoon suggest humorously that perhaps [aČu:] derived from [aČo:] similarly.

  4. 8. • Etymology詞源學

  5. size: From Old French assiser(“assize”), which has as one of its meanings “a statute for regulating weights and measures.” • royal: From Middle French from Latin regalis (“kingly”). • aquatic: From Middle French from Latin aqua (“water”) + -aticus.

  6. d. heavenly: From Old English heofenlic; akin to Old Norse himinn; Goth himins; German Himmel. Old Norse: the North Germanic language of the Scandinavian peoples prior to about 1350 e. skill: From Old Norse skil (“distinction, difference”). f. ranch: From Spanish rancho (“camp”). g. blouse: From French vetement de laine blouse (“garment of short wool”).

  7. h. robot: From Czech, coined by Karel Čapek in the play R.U.R. (1920) from the base robot-, as in robota (“compulsory labor”), robotnik (“peasant owing such labor”). i. check: From Old French eschec, var. of eschac from Arabic shah (“check”) (in chess); from Persian: lit., king (an exclamation: i.e., “look out, your king is threatened.”)

  8. j. banana: From Portuguese (perhaps via Spanish); akin to various words for banana or plantain in West African languages (e.g. Wolof, Malinke banana Vai bana), but ultimate source and direction of borrowing uncertain. k. keel: From Old English ceol, from Gothic kiel (“ship”). Goth/a/: a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era

  9. l. fact: From Latin factum (“something done, deed”). m. potato: From Spanish patata (“white potato”), var. for batata (“sweet potato”), from Taino. n. muskrat: Alteration by folk etymology of musquash, Massachusett cognate of Western Abenaki moskwas.

  10. o. skunk: From the Massachusett reflex of Proto-Algonquian * šeka-kwa, deriv. of *šek- (“urinate”) + -a-kw (“fox”). p. catfish: From English cat + fish (fish resembling a cat). q. hoodlum: American English, probably from dialectal German; cf. Swabian derivatives of Hudel (“rag”), e.g. hudelum (“disorderly”), hudellam (“weak,”“slack,” etc.)

  11. r. filibuster: From Spanish filibustero from Middle French flibustier, var. of fribustier; see FREEBOOTER. s. astronaut: From French astronautique ASTRO + -naute from Greek naútes (“sailor”), on the model of aéronaute (“aeronaut”).

  12. t. emerald: From Old French esmeraude, esmeralde, esmeragde, from Latin smaragdus, from Greek smaragdos; probably ultimately from Semitic b-r-q (“shine”) Sanskrit marak(a)la (“emerald”). u. sugar: From Middle English and Middle French sucre, from Middle Latin succarum, Italian zucchero, Arabic sukkar; obscurely akin to Persian shakar, Greek sakcharon.

  13. v. pagoda: From Portuguese pagode (“temple”), from Persian butkada—but (“idol”) + kada (“temple, dwelling”). w. khaki: From Urdu, from Persian khaki (“dusty”), equivalent to khak (“dust”) + i (suffix of appurtenance). x. shampoo: Earlier champo (“to massage”), from an inflected from of Hindi (campna) (lit., “to press”).

  14. y. kangaroo: From Guugu Yimidhirr (Australian Aboriginal language spoken around Cooktown, N. Queensland), large black or gray species of kangaroo. z. bulldoze: American English, origin uncertain; the notion that it represents a verbal use of bull dose, i.e., “a dose fit for a bull,” is probably specious.

  15. #11 proto-Polynesian • Correspondence sets • 1. p-p-p-b • 2 0-0-0-0 • 3.u-u-u-u • 4.t-k-t-t- • 5.a-a-a-a • 6. –n- • 7.i-i-i-i- • 8.k-?-?-k • 9.e-e-e-e • 10.r-l-l-l

  16. 11.h-h-f-v • 12. n-n-n-n • 13.m-m-m-m • 14.h-h-s-s

  17. B. p-p-p-b p • o-o-o-o 0 • u-u-u-u u • t-k-t-t t • a-a-a-a a • ……………..and so on.

  18. C. reconstructed words in Proto-Polynesian. These proto forms are the same as in Samoan.

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