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FINAL EXAM

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  1. Please print out in HANDOUT format—saves paper and is easier to study from FINAL EXAM Test Review

  2. End of the Middle Ages • Europe suffered through both war and plague • The Black Death (bubonic plague) killed 1/3rd of the population in Europe [1300-1350]

  3. Renaissance Italy • Italy underwent dramatic changes: • Social: Increased city living, • Economic: Increased Trade • Cultural: New focus on art & literature • Religious: “less focus on afterlife” • Political: merchant class gained power

  4. The Reformation Begins • The 95 Theses unleashed a revolution • Luther did not want to split with the church • He only wanted to start a debate • He was VERY surprised by the revolution

  5. End Result of Reformation • Protestant Churches flourish • Religion no longer united Europe • Monarchs and States gained power • Paved way for the Nation-State

  6. 1500’s Challenge to Authority • Printing press helps to spread challenging ideas • People are interested in the material world • Age of Exploration: • navigators needed better instruments • discovered “new” truths

  7. The Start of the Enlightenment • 1600’s marks the beginning of Enlightenment • Reached peak mid-1700’s • Had a VERY POWERFUL influence on the formation of governments and society!

  8. The Philosophes • French word for Philosopher • Reached height in France during 1700’s • They were social critics who applied reason and logic to life….

  9. The Old Regime • Remained from the system of feudalism(Middle Ages) • People of France were divided into estates. • The estates were known as: • 1st, 2nd & 3rd Estates

  10. The Three Estates of France

  11. Platform for Revolution • Enlightenment Ideas • Unfair Estate System • Economic Woes of France • Weak Leadership of Louis XVI

  12. Reign of Terror • 1-Year in Length • July 1793-July 1794 • 3,000 executed in Paris • Marie Antoinette executed • Up to 40,000 total

  13. The Directory • July 1794 Robespierre executed • People are tired of the Terror • National Assembly forms a new body called The Directory • This body puts Napoleon in charge of the Army

  14. 3 Mistakes of Napoleon • The Continental System • 1806 • The Peninsular War • 1808 • The Invasion of Russia • 1812

  15. Congress of Vienna • Leaders of Austria, Prussia, Russia & Great Britain • Europewanted long lasting peace • feared more war (French aggression) • Congress was supposed to last 4-weeks • it lasted 8 months

  16. A Weaker France • Wanted France weaker, not destroyed • Kept original borders from 1790 • Goal was to create peace & balance in Europe • Constitutional Monarchies ruled in both Britain & France

  17. 1750-1850 Agricultural Revolution A Chain Reaction Increased Food Production Population Explosion Movement to Cities Factories: a new way to work New family structure New Economic Rules

  18. Some Good News: Working conditions slowly improved Life expectancy increased

  19. Two views of Economics Karl Marx Wrote the Communist Manifesto [1848] Proposed Government control of the economy Adam Smith Wrote the Wealth of Nations [1776] Father of Free Market Economics or Capitalism

  20. Europe 1815-1860 • Slowly develop modern day borders • Nationalism controls boundaries & governments • Lines of east vs. west develop • Italy & Germany unite into Nation States

  21. 4 Causes of World War I M.A.I.N. • Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism

  22. The Powder Keg Explodes • Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Bosnia • June 12th, 1914 • He was assassinated by a Serbian • Austria-Hungary uses this to punish Serbia

  23. Western Front • The Schlieffen Plan worked well at first: • swept through Belgium • STALEMATE occurred on Western Front • Russia attacks on Eastern Front

  24. Modern War • Poison Gas • Machine Gun • Airplanes • Tanks • Submarines

  25. U.S. enters the War • Germans began to block ships from entering and leaving Great Britain. [1917] • Wanted to “starve” Great Britain • Germans sink 3 American Ships

  26. The Central Powers Crumble Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Germany Kaiser Wilhelm steps down Surrender Internal Revolution Empire Ends Germany declared Republic

  27. Total

  28. Paris Peace Conference • 4 leaders meet at Versailles • Each leader wanted something different • Germany was NOT invited

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