Uganda Christian University Faculty of Science and Technology Information Technology II Lecture 0

1. Uganda Christian UniversityFaculty of Science and TechnologyInformation Technology IILecture 0 BSIT 1, BES 1 January Semester 2011 Mr. Ronald Ssejjuuko 0781 457 185 rssejjuuko@technology.ucu.ac.ug BSIT 1: Information Technology II

2. Introduction • The growth and development of Information Technologies (IT) has led to the ignition and increase in their economic and social impact; a cause that has led many to crave and advance in areas of technology. • This course will enable students be part of this hi-tech epoch by building on the principles learnt in Information 1 Technology 1. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

3. Introduction cont’d • So the principles and skills learnt from information technology 1 will highly be appreciated to underscore the need for this course. • This will enable the student to understand the need of information technology in keeping and manipulating information or data BSIT 1: Information Technology II

4. Course description • This course introduces the engineering behind a modern information infrastructure which is the foundation for the revolution in Systems that we are currently experiencing including economic and social systems. • The course prepares students to take advantage of new information technologies that will as well influence their prospective careers and enhance their deeper study of computers and their use. • Students should and will be in position to make changes in their particular professions based on the continuing emergence of new information technologies and associated capabilities. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

5. Course description • It allows those who provide, interpret, manage and otherwise use information to make fundamental changes in what they do and how they do it. These changes have created a need for a broad understanding of IT and the ways in which it can be applied. • ►Understanding today’s IT is the basis for learning tomorrow’s IT and those who have the benefit of a broad understanding of the field will be better users of it than those to whom it remains vague and a bit of a mystery. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

6. Learning objectives • The course seeks to provide knowledge regarding such concepts as the nature of information and all that it may entail, storage media and the fundamental principles governing information technology. • Exposure to hardware and software tools(advanced spreadsheets) for information capture, analysis, conversion, display and management will provide students with the knowledge needed to bring the appropriate information related technologies to bear in their disciplines. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

7. Grading • 3 tests will be administered of which a student has to do at least 2. (Best 2 tests will be considered) • Course Work (1) will be administered. • Exercises will be done • In order to receive a passing grade for this course, a student should attain greater than 35% (17.5) of the entire course work and must receive a passing grade (greater than 35% [17.5]) in the final exam. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

8. Grading Cont’d • The basis for the final grade awarded is; • Class attendance, participation & engagement 5% • Tests 30% • Assignments15% • Final Exam 50% • A student should receive a cumulative grade of greater than 50% marks to receive the normal progress attribute; implying that a student has to attain a grade greater than 50 as a result of the summation of the grades from both course work and the final exam. • Students are expected to attend at least 85% of the total lectures. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

9. Scheduled Dates for Tests & Course Work • Assignment 1 Week 2 • Test 1  Week 4 • Assignment 2 Presentation Week 5 • Test 2  Week 6 • Test 3 Week 8 • Final Exam Week 13 • Dates may change depending on students progress or due to any other unpredicted events. • Exercises will be appended to students assessment BSIT 1: Information Technology II

10. Classes Scheduled for:Lecturer’s Office Hours:Wednesday 11:00am - 4:00pmThursday 11:00am - 4:00pm BSIT 1: Information Technology II

11. Referential Material for this Course • David Cyganski, John A. Orr with Richard F. Vaz(2001). Information Technology Inside and Outside. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. • Peter Norton (1999). Introduction to computers. Third Edition: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill • Peter Norton. Computing Fundamentals. Fifth Edition: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill • Introduction to information technology by Turban.Rainer.Potter • E.S Waburoko Computers. An introduction to Information Technology. • Beekman, George. Computer Confluence: Exploring Tomorrow's Technology, Concise Edition. Edition 5.5. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003.Type: Textbook. ISBN: 978-0536-199690 BSIT 1: Information Technology II

12. Faith and Teaching • Everyone should appreciate that God is the beginning of all wisdoms. Nothing comes to us without God’s knowledge. • “Study to shew thyself approved unto God….” (2Tim 2:15) • And that ye study to be quiet, andto do your own business, and to work with yourownhands,as we commanded you; (1Thes 4:11) BSIT 1: Information Technology II

13. Faith and Teaching • 2Thes3:10-12 For even when we were with you, we would give you this command: If anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat.   For we hear that some among you walk in idleness, not busy at work, but busy bodies.   Now such persons we command and encourage in the Lord Jesus Christ to do their work quietly and to earn their own living.

14. Faith and Teaching • God gives you as much as you ask. Therefore ask for more insight in whatever you learn so that you can be blessed with much knowledge. • Misuse of knowledge is abuse of God’s power -which not ethical in the Christian perspective. • Christians should view information technology as a tool to do God’s work, not for ungodly gains. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

15. Faith and Teaching • Ethics: • While more than just a list of “do’s” and “don’ts,” the Bible does give us detailed instructions on how to live as a Christian should. The Bible is all we need to know about how to live that Christian life. However, the Bible does not explicitly cover every single situation we will face in our lives. How then is it sufficient? That is where Christian Ethics comes in. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

16. Faith and Teaching • Science defines ethics as “a set of moral principles, the study of morality.” Therefore, Christian Ethics would be the principles, derived from the Christian faith, by which we act. God’s Word cover every situation we face throughout our lives, its principles give us the standards by which we must carry ourselves in those situations where there are no explicit instructions. • For example, the Bible does not say anything explicitly about the spreading pornographic contents, yet based on the principles we learn through Scripture, we can know that it is wrong. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

17. Faith and Teaching • For one thing, the Bible tells us that the body is a temple of the Holy Spirit and that we should honor God with it (1 Corinthians 6:19-20). Knowing what these materials do to our bodies—the harm they cause to minds—we know that by viewing them we would be destroying the temple of the Holy Spirit. That is certainly not honoring to God. • The Bible also tells us that we are to follow the authorities that God Himself has put into place (Romans 13:1). Given the illegal nature of pornography, by spreading them we are not submitting to the authorities, but rather, rebelling against them. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

18. By using the principles we find in Scripture, Christians can determine their course for any given situation. In some cases it will be simple, like the rules for Christian living we find in Colossians, chapter 3. In other cases, however, we need to do a little digging. The absolute best way to do that is to pray over God’s Word. • We need to rely on God. We must pray over His Word and open ourselves to His Spirit. The Spirit will teach us and guide us through the Bible to find the principle we need to stand on so we may walk and live as a Christian should. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

19. Faith and learning • Everyone should appreciate that God is the beginning of all wisdoms. Nothing comes to us without God’s knowledge. • God gives you as much as you ask. Therefore ask for more insight in whatever you learn so that you can be blessed with much knowledge. • Misuse of knowledge is abuse of God’s power -which not ethical in the Christian perspective. • Christians should view database system as a tool to do God’s work, not for unGodly gains. Remember: Work hard; success is a ladder you can not climb with your hands in your pockets! • You are not running the race alone • otherwise you may crash BSIT 1: Information Technology II

20. Remember • And lastly; obstacles don’t have to stop you. If you run into a wall, don’t turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it or walk around it. You don’t drown by falling in water. You drown by staying there. So please be encouraged to press on no matter what, for you know your goal. You may get weary, tired and knocked out, but get back up again and determinedly move on for what is ahead of you is surely a fortune. Let your friends into your circle for they will or may provide the strength needed for you to carry on. • All the best. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

21. Course outline • This course will be administered in four main modules: • Module 1- Introduction • Information Revolution( A review on Information Technology 1 • Representing information in Bits • The need and basis for data protocols • Large Capacity Storage BSIT 1: Information Technology II

22. Course outline • Module 2- Fundamentals of Spreadsheets(advanced • Importing and Exporting Data, Import from other applications • Create, using, editing Templates • What is a workspace? Using ,Saving a workspace • Link workbooks • Formatting Numbers,conditional formatting • Auditing a Worksheet, Printing Workbooks • Use the Report Manager • Working with Named Ranges • Using Macros BSIT 1: Information Technology II

23. Course outline cont’d • Module 3- Graphics and visual information • From the real world to Images and Video • Computer Graphics and Virtual Reality • Module 4- Data compression • Compressing Information • Image Compression • Digital Video BSIT 1: Information Technology II

24. Lecture 1 • Module I- Introduction • Information Revolution( A review on Information Technology 1 • Representing information in Bits • The need and basis for data protocols • Large Capacity Storage BSIT 1: Information Technology II

25. Module I: What is the Information in the Information Revolution? • Objectives: • Definition and explanation of what information is and the important distinction among the terms information, message and signal • Components that make up an information System and their arrangement • Distinctions between analog and digital information and the rationale behind the quick replacement of analog systems by digital systems BSIT 1: Information Technology II

26. In this module we will discuss what information is and the systems that surround us that store, manipulate and transmit this information. We will discuss some of the different forms that information can take - forms that are of much interest to artists, musicians, historians architects, salespersons, managers and public officials as they are to the scientists and engineers usually associated with Information Technology. • Information- Knowledge communicated or received concerning some fact or circumstance; news • The world is full of facts, some discovered, some remaining to be discovered. When used in some way, these facts become information. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

27. Information, Messages and Signals • Signal-This is actual entity (electrical, optical, mechanical etc) that is transmitted from sender to receiver e.g. Human vocal cords send out audible signals such as speech. Animals like birds send out mating signals which are specific sound patterns they create. Similarly human vocal cords send out audible signals such as speech • Message- The knowledge that is transmitted e.g. in the case of birds might be “Its mating season, I’m available”. Whereas the signal is a specific sequence of sound waves, the message is the meaning conveyed by that sequence. • Another example are the kingdom drums that were used to communicate BSIT 1: Information Technology II

28. Information • A message received and understood knowledge acquired through study or experience or instruction formal accusation of a crime data: a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn; "statistical data" (communication theory) a numerical measure of the uncertainty of an outcome; "the signal contained thousands of bits of information" BSIT 1: Information Technology II

29. Process of Information generation • Conversion • Manipulation Data • Storage • Capture • Transmission Information • Utilisation BSIT 1: Information Technology II

30. Evolution • Oral • Paintings • Symbols • Writings • Printing • Non Electronic Computation • Telegraphy • Telephone • Radio • TV BSIT 1: Information Technology II

31. Forms of Data • Audio • Graphics • Text • Audio-Visual • Multimedia BSIT 1: Information Technology II

32. Information Systems • Examples: • The phonograph • The telephone • The camera and other digital recording devices • Some Systems like the telephone System are transitioning from analog electronics to computer like electronics that are digital. (The meaning of analog and digital will be described in the subsequent sections) BSIT 1: Information Technology II

33. Components of any communications system • Generic Communication System • Input Transducer: Device that converts a physical signal from the source to an electrical, electromagnetic or mechanical signal more suitable for communication • Transmitter: Device that sends that transduced signal Input Transducer Transmitter Transmitting Channel Receiver Out put Transducer BSIT 1: Information Technology II

34. Transmission Channel: Physical medium on which the signal is carried • Receiver: Device that recovers the transmitted signal from the channel • Output Transducer: Device that converts the received signal back into a useful physical quantity BSIT 1: Information Technology II

35. This type of representation is known as a block diagram that provides a model for many different communication systems and is a very useful tool for representing complex systems. Each block represents a subsystem which performs some function: the specific function determines the relationship between the signal entering the block and the signal leaving the block. (Signals are represented by arrows) BSIT 1: Information Technology II

36. Representation and Quantifying Information. • The fidelity and Information Content of Signals • Fidelity- A measure of the difference between the original and reproduced forms of the information. E.g., does the received voice sound the same as it would if the person were standing in the room? Probably not. Is the person recognizable? Quite possibly. Answering these questions may be quite different from determining the information content of the message. • Starts with encoding ( Codes) Characteristics of Codes • Uniqueness • Standardization • Compatibility BSIT 1: Information Technology II

37. Representation and Quantifying Information. NB: Faulting in any of the above leads to Fidelity The coding system determines the Scheme • For example the message “You have passed”. Most of the information content is contained in the distinction between “passed” and “not passed”. As long as you have received that correctly, you do not care whether the message was high fidelity or not. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

38. Analog and Digital Information • Analog - Comes from the word analogy referring to the relation that one thing has to another. It is used to refer to the natural world where time is continuous and most parameters like light and sound intensity, temperature, position etc can vary smoothly and continuously over some range, taking on an infinite number of possible values. • On the other hand, there are some parameters that change only in discrete steps e.g. days of the month, games won or lost and the squares on a check board. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

39. The term digital is used to refer to information representation for which both time and the value being measured move in discrete steps, that is when there are a finite number of possible values. • Most modern communications and storage systems are built around the digital computer. Most of the information we deal with is analog, however it is possible to convert back and forth between analog and digital. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

40. The Move toward digital Information Technology • Classical information transmission and storage systems developed over a period of decades or even longer. In contrast, some new Information Systems have sprung up and achieved widespread usage almost overnight. E.g. the phonograph invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison remained unchanged in principle until the CD was introduced in 1983. The phonographs which had been the sound recording norm for 100yrs essentially disappeared. How did this happen? Such fundamental changes happen as a result of two conditions: BSIT 1: Information Technology II

41. The new System either enables some totally new capacity or is much better than the one it replaces • The cost of the new system is reasonably low compared to people’s willingness to pay. • The CD meets both criteria. • Quality of the reproduction (as well as convenience of use) is better • Costs are low (manufacturing costs are very cheap) • Digital electronics integrate small mechanical components making them cheap and that is why analog systems that are large mechanical devices are tending to digital. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

42. All other types of Information Systems in use (telephone, camera) have converted to and are in the process of converting to digital versions. (Telephone-VOIP, Cameras-Digital Cameras) • Digital information systems almost without exception have proven to be more reliable and less expensive than the analog systems they have replaced. This combination of better performance and lower cost devices further facilitated by the seemingly unending development of faster smaller and cheaper digital electronics has revolutionized the way in which we communicate and manage information. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

43. Module I questions: • Read about the following communication systems and identify the five components shown in the block diagram (Input transducer, transmitter, the transmission channel, the receiver and the output transducer) • A doorbell • Telephone System • Cable TV • Broadcast Radio • For each of the above systems, identify the signal, message and information that may be carried in the message. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

44. Module I questions: • List as many information systems as you can that are found in your vicinity and identify as best as you can whether these systems are analog, digital or both. Briefly explain the analog and or digital aspects BSIT 1: Information Technology II

45. Lecture 2 • Fundamentals of Binary Representation BSIT 1: Information Technology II

46. Fundamentals of Binary Representation • Objectives: • The concept of a code for information • Binary numbering system and the means by which all information can be represented by codes containing only zeroes and ones • Representation of numeric and text data with binary digits • Properties of signals that vary with time • Means by which errors in stored or transmitted information may be detected and corrected BSIT 1: Information Technology II

47. The only reason that we can use the internet as a conduit for text, pictures, telephone conversations today and some day our regular TV viewing is that we can convert all these forms of information into the same form: Binary bits. • By the end of this module, you should have an understanding of how and why we use binary digits (binary digits) to represent information regardless of its original form. You should also have a grasp on the idea of protocols and become familiar with the details of a few simple binary protocols. • You will also become familiar with some of the terms and quantities used to refer to binary information. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

48. Information and its Representation • Can be traced back from cave drawings and stone tablets, through scrolls and Gutenberg's revolutionary printing press into our current age of electronic Information Technology. • Before storing, manipulating or transmitting information we must first capture it and convert it into some representation that will facilitate our tasks. • Useful information and interesting data however appears to us in many different forms. • Numeric • Voice messages • Pieces of Music • Photographs • Video BSIT 1: Information Technology II

49. To carry out the above mentioned tasks (storing, manipulating or transmitting ) we require a process of encoding the information. The result of encoding will be a pattern or code representing the original information. We also require a process of decoding to convert the information back into its original form. • The encoding and decoding processes should be unique, each code must represent one thing so that information can be represented unambiguously and recreated correctly. BSIT 1: Information Technology II

50. Whatever form we convert our information into must be well suited to the development of inexpensive and reliable equipment for handling it. • The technique for representing information must have the following requirements: • Unique- Uniquely represent information to recreate it in its original form. • Standardized so that it can be used for many different applications • Compatible with inexpensive and reliable technology for handling information BSIT 1: Information Technology II