Combining Individual Research

1. COMBINING RESEARCH Kiera Milward, Catherine Harris and FahedGhazzawi

2. The 60’s - Music Before 1963, the music of the sixties still reflected the sound, style and beliefs of the previous decade with popular artists like Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry and Little Richard. In 1963, multiple social influences changed what popular music was and emerged the diversity of music we experience today. This includes events such as the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1964, the escalation of the Vietnam War, and the focus on civil rights movements (particularly student activism). Music began to reflect these changes with The 'British Invasion' beginning in around 1963. This was the surge of British rock bands and pop artists finding success in the United States and worldwide. They began by covering American songs and displaying an American, Rock 'n' Roll, R&B influence in their music. Some notable British Invasion artists include The Rolling Stones, The Who and most importantly, The Beatles. They entered the US music scene in 1963 however, became popular after their appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1964. They continued to dominate the worldwide charts until their break-up in 1970. Every teenager in the 50s and 60s wanted a record player and it was almost a right of passage as part of teenager's life. The record players were not cheap and took several months of savings, although, was worth it as they skyrocketed in its widespread popularity. The records themselves were a lot cheaper making music much more accessible. The automatic high-fidelity turntable was an immediate hit making it the golden age of record players. The Compact Cassette was invented in September 1963 by Philips in Hasselt, Belgium. They became popular in the 60s and 70s for both artists and consumers due to their small size and price tag. They didn't scratch or have much surface noise and early cassettes featured tapes of a max playtime of 45 minutes of stereo audio per side; this was significantly longer than any vinyl LP. FM radios expanded in popularity during the 60s with more programs being played and local BBC stations being opened across the UK. Pirate radio also peaked in the 60s when pop music was broadcasted on medium wave. In response to the popularity of pirate radio, BBC radio was restricted in 1967, instituting BBC Radio 1, 2, 3 and 4.

3. The 60’s - Technology • Televisions in the 1960s became a universal habit with nearly 95% of the population owning a television by the end of the sixties. In 1960, Britain only had to channels, BBC and ITV with BBC2 arriving in 1965. The top five BBC programmes included Dr Finlay's Casebook (9.15pm, Sunday), Black and White Minstrel Show (7.50pm, Saturday), Top of the Pops (7.30pm, Thursday), Perry Mason (9.25pm, Monday), and Cars (8pm, Wednesday). Colour television was first broadcasted at the end of 1967 on BBC2 (ITV and BBC1 were first shown in colour in 1969), however, these televisions were very expensive, and the take-up was slow. • Cooking with microwaves were discovered in the 1940s by accident with the first microwave being sold in 1946. In the 1960s a new microwave was developed to create the short, wide shape that we now see today. In 1967, the first popular home countertop model was established for approximately £360 (bear in mind that the British currency before the 15th of February 1971 was known as pounds, shillings and pence). By 1986, roughly 25% of US households owned a microwave.  • Common household items in the 60s included electric can open openers, blenders and food processors, dishwashers, flash and polaroid cameras and new lighting such as lava lamps amongst the younger generations.

4. The 60’s - Fashion Makeup in the 1960s included: • Powder: Light flesh tone or sun kissed tan, powder or liquid-based. • Blusher: Rosy pink or pale peach with a warm brown to contour underneath the cheekbones. Shimmer shades were also used after 1967. • Eye Shadow: Pinkish-white, aqua blue, green, sky blue or brown. Heavy shadow on the lid. • Liner and/or mascara: Dark brown or black applied thick. False lashes were optional. Drawn on thin lashes were popular. • Eyebrows: Very thin and arched in the mid-60s with natural, bushy brows in the later hippie years. Brown powder was added to light hair. • Lipstick: Peach, berry or light pink coloured. Pale, thin lips were outlined with a darker colour and covered with lip-gloss. Makeup from 1963 Makeup from 1967

5. The 60’s - Fashion The Evolution of Dresses in the 1960s The full skirt and tight bodice of the 1950's swing dress continued in the early 60s. This look didn't leave during the 60s, in fact, it carried on through to the 1970s, however, with a less fluffy form. The contoured sheath dress was also popular in the early 60s with its knee-length, modest, and simple but tailored hourglass fit. By 1963, the dress lost its tight curves and relaxed into the shift dress. This loose but narrow looking dress was very comfortable and easy to wear and became the primary women’s dress style of the 1960s. Skimmer dresses were a cousin of the shift dress, fitting straight on the body with a high neckline and sitting just above the knee. The drop waist dress returned in the 60s and was a 1920s throwback where the skirt circled the low hip and dropped to the knee; this dress was favoured by mature women who were more used to a tailored fit. 1960s dresses became shorter and shorter with anything above the knee being named a 'mini skirt'; how short a woman’s dress became a sign of how confident she was, not necessarily that she had great legs. The jumper dress was discovered by Mary Quant, an English fashion designer and icon, that captured the youthful, playful, side of the 1960s fashion. Big bows, large round collars, pastels, and polka dots were all features that made women look like dolls, the more innocent the better. Colours and prints were at first inspired by the pop art and modern art movements ('Mod' Culture). Checkerboard, horizontal stripes, windowpane, polka dots, colour block, honeycomb, houndstooth and Campbell’s soup cans were all placed on short shift dresses with contrasting white cuffs and collars. Psychedelic swirls and prints were also introduced, creating a trippy edge to clothing that was picked up by the hippies around 1966-1968. Bright yellows, oranges, hot pinks and lime greens were favourites.

6. The 60’s - Entertainment - Wind up toys (fish) - circa 1930s - 1940s. The Chattering teeth toy was invented in 1949 - Scrabble - 1938 - Slinky - 1943Etch A Sketch - late 1950s (1959?) - Barbies - released in 1959 - Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robots - 1964 - Barrel of Monkeys - 1965 - Rubix Cubes (originally called Magic Cube) - 1974

7. The 60’s - Travel By the 1960s, British roads were filling up with cars with town centres easily becoming packed, however, it was much more free-flowing than our roads of today. Car ownership boomed in the 1960s with the minimum driving age being 17 and the pass rate decreasing. For the first time, driving tests were introduced with an approved driving instructor in 1964, and a centralised licensing system put in place in 1965. Unfortunately, the driving license gender gap was huge; from 1975 to 1976, only 29% of women had a license, compared to 69% of men.  Mopeds were invented in 1952 by Swedish journalist, Harald Nielsen. This meant that the heyday of mopeds was during the 60s with the law allowing 16-year-olds to ride bikes up to 250cc as long as there were learner plates on the bike. As the post-was austerity began to reduce, the market for these types of motors began to decline with more people able to afford cars. It was all about the Mods and Rockers in the 60s with the most popular bikes being Vespas and Lambrettas. As Britain came through the gloomy World War Two years, 'caravan camping' and stationery homes had become the new fashion as they entered the bright and colourful 1950s. Some popular caravans included The Sprite 400 (1960-1975) with its extremely lightweight of 400kg and The Sprite Musketeer (1958-1980) which was established as Britain's best selling caravan by 1965. 

8. The 60’s - Home  Houses often had wide windows with large open panes, helping flood rooms with sunlight. Unfortunately, this caused a terrible loss of heat and had poor quality timber frames that rotted easily, however, they were soon replaced with double glazing. The concept for these had been a concept for many years but only became popular in Britain throughout the 1970s and 80s.