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(Full) Skeletal System Notes

Skeletal System

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(Full) Skeletal System Notes

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  1. The Skeletal System Unit 2 Objectives: Be able to describe the functions and general anatomy of bones Be able to classify different type of bones and joints Be able to identify all the major bones in the human body Be able to explain common problems of the skeletal system, such as broken bones and arthritis

  2. The Skeletal System • Parts of the skeletal system • Bones (skeleton) • Joints • Cartilages • Ligaments • Two Divisions • Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton

  3. Functions of Bones • Support of the body • Protection of soft organs • Movement due to attached skeletal muscles • Storage of minerals and fats • Blood cell formation Q1: How does the skeleton protect soft organs?

  4. Bones of the Human Body • The adult skeleton has 206 bones • Two basic types of bone tissue • Compact bone • Homogeneous • Spongy bone • Small needle-like pieces of bone • Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

  5. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

  6. Classification of Bones • Long bones • Typically longer than wide • Have a shaft with heads at both ends • Contain mostly compact bone • Examples: Femur, humerus • Short bones • Generally cube-shape • Contain mostly spongy bone • Examples: Carpals, tarsals

  7. Classification of Bones • Flat bones • Thin and flattened • Usually curved • Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone • Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum • Irregular bones • Irregular shape • Do not fit into other bone classification categories • Example: Vertebrae and hip

  8. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

  9. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone • Diaphysis • Shaft • Composed of compact bone • Epiphysis • Ends of the bone • Composed mostly of spongy bone Figure 5.2a

  10. Structures of a Long Bone • Periosteum • Outside covering of the diaphysis • Fibrous connective tissue membrane • Arteries • Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c

  11. Structures of a Long Bone • Articular cartilage • Covers the external surface of the epiphyses • Made of hyaline cartilage • Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a

  12. Structures of a Long Bone • Medullary cavity • Cavity of the shaft • Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults • Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a

  13. Bone Growth • Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood • New cartilage is continuously formed • Older cartilage becomes ossified (ossification) • Cartilage is broken down • Bone replaces cartilage • Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops • Bones change shape somewhat • Bones grow in width

  14. Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a

  15. Bone Fractures • A break in a bone • Types of bone fractures • Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin • Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin

  16. Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

  17. Repair of Bone Fractures • Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed • Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus • Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus • Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

  18. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5

  19. The Axial Skeleton • Forms the longitudinal part of the body • Divided into three parts • Skull (Teeth video) • Vertebral column • Bony thorax

  20. The Vertebral Column • Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs • The spine is normally slightly curved • Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14

  21. Structure of a Typical Vertebrae Figure 5.16

  22. Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae: Cervical Figure 5.17a–b

  23. Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae: Thoracic and Lumbar Figure 5.17c–d

  24. The Thorax • Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a

  25. The Thorax • Made-up of three parts • Sternum • Ribs • Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a

  26. The Appendicular Skeleton • Limbs (appendages) • Pectoral girdle • Pelvic girdle

  27. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Area • Composed of two bones • Clavicle – collarbone • Scapula – shoulder blade • These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

  28. Bones of the Shoulder Figure 5.20a–b

  29. Bones of the Shoulder Figure 5.20c–d

  30. Bones of the Upper Limb • The upper arm is formed by a single bone • Humerus Figure 5.21a–b

  31. Bones of the Upper Limb • The forearm has two bones • Ulna • Radius Figure 5.21c

  32. Bones of the Upper Limb • The hand • Carpals – wrist • Metacarpals – palm • Phalanges – fingers Figure 5.22

  33. Bones of the Pelvis • Hip bones • Composed of three pair of fused bones • Ilium • Ischium • Pubic bone • The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis • Protects several organs • Reproductive organs • Urinary bladder • Part of the large intestine

  34. The Pelvis: Video Figure 5.23a

  35. Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.23c

  36. Bones of the Lower Limbs • The thigh has one bone • Femur Figure 5.24a–b

  37. Bones of the Lower Limbs • The lower leg has two bones • Tibia • Fibula Figure 5.24c

  38. Bones of the Lower Limbs • The foot • Tarsus – ankle • Metatarsals – sole • Phalanges – toes • Video Figure 5.25

  39. Joints • Where two bones come together • Functions: • Hold bones together • Allow for mobility • Classification: • Fibrous joints • Usually immovable • Cartilaginous joints • Immovable or slightly moveable • Synovial joints • Freely moveable

  40. Maniken Joints • Label 3 Maniken articulations per type: • 1) Fibrous Joint (Green dot) • 2) Cartilaginous (Red dot) • 3) Synovial (yellow dot)

  41. Fibrous Joints • Bones united by fibrous tissue • Examples • Sutures – very little movement • Syndesmoses • Allows more movement than sutures • Example: distal end of tibia and fibula Figure 5.27a–b

  42. Cartilaginous Joints • Bones connected by cartilage • Examples • Pubic symphysis • Intervertebral joints Figure 5.27d–e

  43. Synovial Joints • Connecting bones are separated by a joint cavity • Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.24f–h

  44. The Synovial Joint Figure 5.28

  45. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29a–c

  46. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29d–f

  47. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints • Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction • Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths • Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints • Over 100 different types • The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

  48. Clinical Forms of Arthritis • Osteoarthritis • Most common chronic arthritis • Probably related to normal aging processes • Rheumatoid arthritis • An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints • Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints • Often leads to deformities • Gouty Arthritis • Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood • Can usually be controlled with diet

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