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Sustainable Mobility Innovations in EV Charging Stations

Oct 27, 2025

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Explore innovations in EV charging stations, including rapid and wireless charging, solar power for a sustainable future. <br>

Sustainable Mobility Innovations in EV Charging Stations

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Sample CDR for Mechanical Engineer PDF

CAREER EPISODE – 1 Introduction CE1.1 I worked for Engineers India Limited as a part of their PMC team and was involved in various off-sites assignments of the company.I was employed as a Project Lead Mechanical Engineer. The first project for this career episode is Mundra- Bhatinda Pipeline Project that I completed from Jan-2009 to August- 2011. Mittal Pipelines Ltd., a Subsidiary of HPCL-Mittal Energy Limited, was the project client and there were varied project locations across parts Easter-Northern Parts of India including Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab. Background CE1.2 Engineers India Ltd., (EIL) was involved in total PMC (Project Management & Consultancy)including survey, design, engineering, procurement and site consultancy of the total project starting from setting up of the SPM – COT – Pipeline – SV’s – RT. Site consultancy included monitoring / supervision of all civil/ structural/ piping works related to station piping(SV’s and IP’s). Static and rotary equipment’s erection and related piping works for Sectionalizing Valve Stations (SV’s), Intermediated Pumping / Pigging Stations (IP’s) and Receiving Terminal(RT). CE1.3 The overall Project involved laying of 1400 Kms of 30” dia., Crude Oil Pipeline in accordance with API-5L standards. The construction of the pipeline helped to transport crude from Mundra (Gujrat) where the crude was pumped through the pipeline and with the help of intermediate Pumping and Pigging stations at intervals of 175 – 200 kms up to Bhatinda (Punjab). This crude transported was utilized for feeding the mega refinery (GGSR, Bhatinda) set up in Bhatinda. OFC laid alongside the pipeline helped tracking every control over the pipeline and its operation was made easy with the help of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system. CE1.4 The main objective of the project was to transport Crude Oil from the Single Point Mooring Station (SPM) situated 10 kms from the shore of Gujrat where it was unloaded from the Ocean Tankers. This Crude was transported to the Crude Oil Terminal (COT) at Mundra and finally the stored crude was transported to Bhatinda RT (Receipt Terminal) to feed the Mega Refinery (GGSR, Bhatinda). This transfer was done through the 1,017 km long Mundra - Bhatinda pipeline has 27 sectionalization valve stations (SV stations) and five Intermediate pumping stations. At present only one Intermediate pumping station at Dhansa, Rajasthan is operating. Other four intermediate pumping stations are designed to cater to the future expansion of the refinery from 9MMTPA to 18 MMTPA. CE1.5 The organizational chart highlighting my position in the project is as follows: CE1.6 I performed some key project responsibilities in the project execution that included:  Consultations/Execution & monitoring of Project activities related to structural, piping, Tankage Works, Equipment’s erection and testing activities.  Inspections at Factory/ Site/ Manufacturing locations as well as witnessing various required tests as per approved Quality Plan.  Submitting 4 weeks look-ahead plan to Planning department regarding availability of line pipes.  Follow up and ensuring availability of Engineering deliverables and materials at site.  Implementing/Assuring approved procedures, methods and control philosophies uniformity at site as per EIL standards and adherence to same.  Regular interaction and coordination with client representatives for ROW clearance for at least 10-15 kms ahead of the work in progress, to avoid any sort of political / villagers disturbances during execution of work.  Reviewing test reports based upon the approved quality plans and applicable standards Personal Engineering Activity CE1.7 I executed and supervised the overall 350 kms stretch of Pipeline activities of the project related to route survey, pipe line stringing, welding, laying, trenching, back filling, pre-commissioning, commissioning including all the valve station works relate to civil, structural, and piping as well as E&I.I successfully delivered my duties throughout the project which led in successful commissioning of the project as per standards and Client requirements. I coordinated with construction contractors for construction related activities at site and solving site queries to ensure smooth execution of the project. CE1.8 I came across with an issue of leakage in one of the Pipeline section during commissioning of the Pipeline. I analyzed the issue and developed a procedure for carrying out this work in accordance with the code requirements. I installed a leak clamp and contractor was finalized and mobilized at site with all necessary tools and tackles.Leak Clamp wasinstalled, bolt tensioning for the clamps were done, welding of clamp with pipeline and carrying out NDT requirements was finalized and executed.I made the line through with crude receipt at Bhatinda Terminal including the pipeline section backfilling. CE1.9 I devised the methodology of soft padding for 300 mm for giving cushion to the pipe by not resting directly on the rocky bed to avoid dent marks on the pipe body while laying the pipeline in rocky terrain. I also coordinated with Pre-Commissioning and Commissioning team regarding check for valves, instruments installed as per P&ID to ensure flawless commissioning of the systems and sub-systems. I executed Right of Way (ROW) survey before starting grading works. I monitored pipe lengths delivered at pipe stockyard on daily basis and ensured shifting and stringing in ROW including incoming material inspection at pipe stockyard from the Pipe Manufacturer. I also supervised site works regarding welding, NDT clearance, trenching of ROW for pipe laying. CE1.10 I communicated daily progress reports to the contractor and maintained pipe log book for chain age number related to pipe data, welding and NDT data. I inspected all the sites’ activities like routing, trenching, welding of pipes including NDT for all joints, LPE coating for all joints with Holiday detection. I also installedSupervisory Control And Data Acquisition(SCADA )network for the entire pipeline. I assured timely availability of Free Issue Materials to contractors employed. I also supervised Boring Methodology’ for crossing of various National Highway (NH) roads, Railway tracks, OFC ducts was adapted to carry out the crossing of the pipeline below the crossings. Auger Machine with the Auger/ Cutter fitted in front of the machine with diameter lesser than the pipeline was pushed forward to remove the soils and pushing the pipeline in traverse direction. CE1.11 I continuously monitored the pressure variation during pressurization/holding time/de-pressurization with the help of ‘Dead Weight Tester’ and Air Volume Calculation Theory. I inspected CP readings for the pipeline till final handover to client. I supervised fabrication of bend pipes and also prepared vendor finalization for laying the pipeline. I found that Horizontal Directional Drilling/Boringfor crossing of 06 river bodies was not possible through Auger Boring methodology due to soft soil nature below river bed and moreover the rivers being perennial. CE1.12 I provided technical support to the contractor team in understanding customer requirements, EIL standards, and alignment sheets to understand routing of pipelines and execute the job. I performed calculations and developed the risk factor for critical jobs with the aid of pipe layers, hydro testing of pipelines. I inspected and gave clearance for bend fabricated from line pipes as per alignment sheets with the aid of internal gauges and degree protractor. I used my basic knowledge of welding to deduce productivity of welders and estimate time required for welding completion of joints on daily basis. CE1.13 I provided technical support to the HDD contractor while crossing the pipeline below the rivers with design calculations indicating distance and depth to be maintained as the start point on the basis of the soil bearing capacity, so as to avoid collapsing of the soil strata. I calculated Air Volume in Hydro testing and applied the codes and standards for the qualification of welders and welding procedures. I defined the calculation methodology/ Protection method definition: Sacrificial or Impressed Insulated. CE1.14 I defined materials and environmental as well as soil strata conditions. I and my engineering team determined the sacrificial anode quantities for design life of the Pipeline. I established bidder lists, evaluated and pre-qualified vendors, did bid assessments, audits, and reviewed supplier documents for compliance with Client / International Specifications / standards.I managed the CP site survey sub-contractor for regular readings and submitted them to client for review on regular basis. I continuously communicated and coordinated with my team mates and discussed on targets. CE1.15 I developed Statistical Data to analyze the requirements and set parameters to meet targets giving space to everyone’s ideas to overcome project loop holes. This all made me very popular among my team. I was always very interactive with the contractor personals which helped me understand their problems very easily and also was able to guide them throughout the project span. I commissioned CCP (Cathodic Corrosion Protection) system with a complete monitoring system capable of delivering CP data for the entire pipeline over a wireless remote data transmission system also earned remarkable appreciation from Clients. CE1.16 As a part of environmental protection, an Effluent Treatment Plant has been provided at COT for effluenttreatment, generated at the dispatch terminal before release. A 30 m wide belt around the COT and up to 25% of dedicated land for all intermediate pumping stations is provided for developing a green belt. I also introduced simpler invoicing and progress monitoring techniques. I always ensured timely execution of project activities. Summary CE1.17 Being the focal point for construction as a PMC Engineer, this Project demanded good understanding of multidiscipline knowledge and awareness of fabrication methodology, welding methods including a good knowledge about CCP (Cathodic Corrosion Protection) installation.I had a good learning by establishingCCP system at MBPL to increase self-life ofthe pipeline. In overall the construction of the pipeline with such advanced technology was one of its kind that was executed and I was proud being a part of the excellent team that helped me with the completion of the project within the scheduled time and with zero compromise on QHSE standards.Zero post-delivery defects are the direct measurement of the product quality commitment. This has exhibited my technical capabilities. CAREER EPISODE – 2 Introduction CE1.18 I am working for Larsen & Toubro in the Projects Execution Department and this Project was my first assignment with the company. I worked as a Project Lead Engineer. The second project for this career episode is UMM-LULU & NASR Platform Fabrication Project that I completed from Jan-2013 to March- 2014. ADMA-OPCO,UAE was the project client and the project location was Sohar Industrial Port Corporation-Sultanate of Oman. Background CE1.19 The overall Project involved Design/ Engineering/ Procurement and fabrication of 05 Wellhead Platforms, 05 Subsea structures and nearing about 1,60,000 Inch. Dia., of piping fabrication, erection, pre-commissioning (hydro testing) and commissioning activities (Leak Testing). Design/Engineering was done at L&T-Valdel, Bangalore, Procurement at L&T-Powai and overall Fabrication of the total Project was executed in L&T-MFY, Oman. CE1.20 The project facilitated in extraction and transportation of crude oil buried deep in the sea bed to Onshore Storage locations. This crude was extractedwith help ofOil Rigs through the wells of the well head platform, removal of crude and transporting the same to onshore Crude Storage Terminals through subsea pipelines for further processing of Crude. This execution of the project led to increase of crude production in the Umm Lulu field to increase production up to 22,000 STBOPD. CE1.21 The project aimed for early production using the spare capacity at UAD, Phase and I was involved the fabrication and installation of 05 setsof Topsides including the Subsea Structures (Jackets) and anchoring piles, Infield pipeline between WHT-6 and MFT-1, and 12” crude pipeline from MFT-1 to UAD Central production Complex (CPC). The organizational chart highlighting my position is as below: CE1.22 I was Lead Field Production / Fabrication Engineer-decks for this particular project. Thus my job profile included the below noted key responsibilities.  Involvement with the project bidding team for finalizing in house fabrication facilities, including expansion requirement, vendor finalization regarding sub works for awarding the project.  Providing support to Engineering Department for standardizing calculation of all the heavy lift operations.  Interface coordination with all QA/QC, Planning, and design, pre-commissioning team, and commissioning team at various stages during project execution starting from fabrication to load out of the modular structures.  Provided backup documents for Engineering Team togenerateSQS (Site Query Sheets) due to fabrication changes at site and accordingly follow the procedures and modified site fabrication orders.  Cross checked and ensured all dimensional requirements of the structuresas well as piping before being offered for Inspection to QC department and Client. Personal Engineering Activity CE1.23 I coordinated with inward QA/QC team to verify the integrity of the materials, equipments and goods receipt before fabrication and erection. I monitored daily job progress executed and ensured jobs done within the laid down standards and specifications. I prepared fabrication reports pertaining to Fit-up, Welding and receipt of final Inspection Clearance Certificate (ICS) for Structural as well as Piping fabrication works. I ensured Safety and Health of my workers and sub-ordinates during the execution phase of the project in co relation with safe working procedures. CE1.24 I coordinated with the Planning and Accounts team for preparation of RA Bills for the completed jobs. I responsibly executed all site piping erections. In case of any clash as per design was incorporated in consultation with the Engineering department in As-Built drawings before submitting of Red Line markup drawings to the client. I managed Pre-Commissioning activities pertaining to the Piping System, Static and Rotary equipments which involved installation and trial run of the same in the following Commissioning stages. CE1.25 I monitored Sequential/Regularchecks of fabrication activities, ensuring dimensional correctness of the structure, weld correctness and proper NDT requirements met. I ensured the platforms painting/ corrosion resistance requirement were met as per technical requirements. All Sharp edges, fillets, corners and welds rounded or smoothed by grinding (min R = 2 mm). All technical factors related to proper blasting of surface in ref. to SSPC-SP-1, grease/oil free surface checks before paint application were monitored strongly to ensure the painting quality was met. CE1.26 I executed the erection of Static and Rotary Equipment’s, also along with my team of Millwright Fittersand aid of instruments viz., Level Transmitters, Dial-Gauges made proper alignment to ensure flawless commissioning. I interfaced the pre commissioning activities for the platform with the pre-commissioning and fabrication team. I identified the best series of activities during welding of deck levels, to avoid any sort of distortion of the frame due to excess heat input during welding. Dimensional correctness of the frame was maintained by weldingdeck floor plate from the center and was carried outwards, away from the center of the frame. CE1.27 I used Parallely hydraulic jacks and concrete counter weights as a part of Deck Cambering methodology to control distortion. I planned and executed the methodology of Inconnel Cladding on CS Pipes for weldolet branch opening in house in our machine shop instead of sending the same to vendor location for cladding as the same was time and cost effective in view of the Project schedule and cost. I identified the best and cost effective method of welding high thickness joints for which I implemented and executed the method of SAW (Submerged Arc Welding) in the Project to weld maximum number of the high thickness joints. CE1.28 I applied my technical knowledge to aid the fabrication methodology for proper dimensional control measures. I applied my knowledge of proper painting requirements in executing the total paint system requirements of the deck, to ensure the paint applied on the structures were free of any sort of roughness and irregularities. I did the total Risk Factor Analysis and their Risk Mitigation Plans which included different design parameters calculation for every critical lift activities, Hydro testing, and confined space entries. CE1.29 I used my knowledge of applied mechanics for pump shaft alignments with the aid of Dial Gauges,requirement of Shim Plates, checking gaps between the shafts and the coupling with Filler Gauges and recording data as per vendor/client requirements and demonstrate proper dry run of the pumps. I applied my knowledge of load calculation and alignment of all the horizontal static vessels weighing installed on the platform with the aid of Theodolite. CE1.30 I designed the manifold BOQ as well guide the fabrication team in Manifold Fabrication and testing/calibration. I also gained technical knowledge on Retro jetting Procedure from vendor which helped me understand the project requirement and execute the job smoothly. Knowledge of Manufacturing Technology helped me device the techniques for drilling and boring of holes in the Inconel Cladded Pipes for Weldolet fixing. Technical knowledge on welding and distortion caused helped me calculate and device methodology to control deflection of the Platform structure during welding. CE1.31 I faced difficulties alignment of pumps in erection as the holes of the foundation frame were mismatch with pump base frame. I cross-checked structural and pump vendor drawings and found that drawing sent to vendor were not in line with the structural frame drawings. At this project stage pump cannot be sent back for correction of pump base which was cost and time prevailing.I devised the methodology to take the corrective action at site and got the same approved from our Engineering as well as Client representative. CE1.32 I carried out blue matching of the pump base frame on the structure, removed the pump and made slot holes on the structural frame, installed extra stiffener plates at the slot hole locations to provide extra strength. The pump was installed and alignment completed. The base frame of pump and motor alignment was very significant to match to align the pump and motor coupling. I implemented the design and rectified bends in shoe supports that got distorted during fabrication due to excess heat input during welding with the aid of jigs. CE1.33 I developed sequential erection plan of fabricated structures which helped in reducing utilization/hiring of heavy cranes and thus saving in budgeted crane cost. I implemented SAW welding technique to reduce budgeted man hours spent in welding of heavy thickness pipes. I coordinated with the design department related to the volume and weight of all critical lifts planned and I used my technical knowledge to calculate the crane capacity and the number of cranes required for the lift. CE1.34 I planned, supervised and execute all the lifting and erection activities. I prepared the Lifting Plan taking into consideration the Crane Capacity, Slings sizes and Load bearing capacity of each slings. I planned the Crane positioning and conduct tool box talks regarding the planned lifts and how the same shall be executed. I coordinated with in-house and Client safety personnel regarding approval of lifting scheme/plan prepared by me. I consulted with my team members from QA/QC, Engineering, and Procurementregularly regarding job distributions and strategies to achieve the targets. CE1.35 I held meetings with all the department key personals to have discussions on the availability of drawings, Procedures, materials on time. I have not pressed my ideas in any of the meetings, but clearly stated my views and concepts to my team and always led others in front to put up their views and welcomed other’s ideas. The quality of the project delivered helped to avoid any sort of re work during the installation of the module which led to installation barge and crane cost reduction.The Platform were successfully commissioned in 1st stage without any performance complaint from the client side, which helped us to receive repeated orders from the client. Summary CE1.36 The project was successfully completed in the planned time schedule with zero LTI (Loss Time Incident) man hours.Client was satisfied with the quality and time schedule met during the overall project which led us to receipt of Letter of Appreciation forour Fabrication Yard. My Cross Functional Capabilities coordinated with various department personnel’s for project completion. My hard work and dedication towards project completion led to execution of job within standards and maintaining QHSE norms.I worked for achieving the milestone to complete the project successfully and gained recognition in the whole project team and amongst client.Contributed to increase revenue for Company by regularizing all extra works/ deviations from contract clauses through Variation orders. Moreover above all I had a good learning of all the offshore upstream platforms and decks through an international project. CAREER EPISODE – 3 Introduction CE1.37 I worked for Larsen and Toubro-MFY and was involved in various off-sites assignments of the company. I was employed as a Project Lead Mechanical Engineer. The third project for this career episode is Rabab Harweel Integrated Project that I completed from Sep-2015 to Present. Petrofac Engineering Company (PECO) / Petroleum Development of Oman, PDO was the project client and the project location was Sohar Industrial Port Corporation-Sultanate of Oman. Background CE1.38 The overall Project involved fabrication of 67Pre-Assembled Pipe-Rack (PAR) Modules, including piping works around2,06,560 Inch. Dia., including shop piping fabrication, erection, pre-commissioning (hydro testing), preservation, weighing and load out of the modules. Fabrication works are being executed at L&T-HE’s Modular Fabrication Facility in Sohar, Oman and ELCO Fabrication Yard, Nizwa, Oman. The project will facilitate PDO in the increase of natural gas production by 10% from 103 cm/d (million cubic meters per day) to 114 cm/d. CE1.39 Our Yard’s scope was the fabrication of all the structures as per engineering drawing supplied by PECO and pre-commissioning of piping systems, weighing of fabricated structures and load out of structures on ship for transportation to site. The project aimed at expansion of the production facilities of the gas fields by PDO, hence the objective was to deliver A-Class product in all respects of fabrication qualities and meeting all the safety requirements throughout the fabrication stage. The objective was to produce shop drawings from AFC drawings received from Petrofac Engineering. Post receipt of fabrication/ shop drawings (Structural/Piping) fabrication was carried out for the PAR structures in line with the laid down standards and specifications as per PDO/PECO. CE1.40 I was Lead Commissioning Engineer for all the Pipe Racks being fabricated in this particular project. The organizational structure chart showing my position is as follows: CE1.41 My project responsibilities were  To define the organization chart and necessary resources for pre-commissioning and commissioning activities.  Preparation of performance test procedures in collaboration with licensors and engineering department.  Preparation of commissioning and operational test procedures for packages unit, specific utility or process systems in collaboration with licensors, vendors and engineering department.  Development, review of pre-commissioning scenarios and material list for pre-commissioning and commissioning such as sacrificial valves, quick opening valves, temporary spools, temporary silencers, temporary strainers, etc.  Outline and preparation of Ready for Commissioning – Mechanical Completion Certificates and Handover Dossiers through commissioning IT tracking tool (E-Alps).  Development of punch list procedure and exception list for handover.  Checking for readiness of mechanical completion dossiers of systems, accordingly with QA&OC system, in collaboration with others departments and client representatives. Personal Engineering Activity CE1.42 I update P&ID’s with as builds and submission to engineering department and develop punch item database by systems, checking for completion and close-out of punch items accordingly with client and company agreed standards. I also prepare Mechanical Completion Certificate, Exceptions List and Ready for commissioning forms of systems and submit to company and client management for approval. CE1.43 I review Commissioning sequence and plan, development of detailed commissioning procedures for leak test, system dry-out, equipment’s solo run, DCS loop checking, DCS, ESD and PLC logic test, test forms and Ready for Start-up for systems. In collaboration with others departments and vendor’s representatives, where necessary, convert vendors procedures, check list and forms for commissioning accordingly to company commissioning plan, submission to management for approval. CE1.44 I am also responsible for organizing, assigning and supervising activities, in collaboration with Process and Utilities Superintendents, of a team of 5 supervisors and 15 operators; in charge with these activities in case those Superintendents are not available on site. I gathered all sort of information related to the PFD’s & PID’s related to the systems and sub-systems that have to be tested and commissioned and distributed the systems and sub systems into loops for carrying out hydro testing activities. CE1.45 I developed and prepared all inspection and test reports for pre-commissioning activities and forwarded same to Comm. Manager and QA&QC Managers for review, comments, approval and integration in QA&QC plan for pre-commissioning and commissioning. I fabricate testing manifolds from low pressure to high pressure for testing of loops and getting the same certified by Client personnel’s as per laid down hydro testing specifications. CE1.46 I develop the pre-commissioning & commissioning procedures related to air blowing, chemical cleaning, water flushing philosophies, E&I test and functional test, refractory drying, catalyst and adsorbents loading, and steam blowing. I develop the methodology of Preservation of various types of valves, gauges, E&I Instruments before transportation of the modules. I develop the procedure of weighing of the fabricated modules in house from my previous project experience with the help of ‘Synchronous Lifting System’. CE1.47 I perform the Integrity Check of all the systems and sub-systems in co-ordination with the E&I personals including loops checking also for proper working of all installed instruments and control valves. As per Client specifications and contractual requirement hydro testing of piping loops has to be put on hold for a period of 02 hours which was getting critical and loops clearance was getting delayed. I prepare documents in correlation with our previous project data and Piping Standards & Codes to reduce the holding time, as because the modules after installation at site and hook-up/ tie-in was to be re-tested. I was successful and the proposal got accepted which increased loop clearance productivity and helped in achieving completion milestones. CE1.48 Fabrication of End Caps/Blinds required welding/cutting, NDT, materials viz., Pipes and other fittings and above all time factor. The project being in tight schedule, I had to devise a methodology for reducing all the parameters and also ensure safe pre-commissioning practices. Through enormous study and previous project experience of other yards I came up with the idea of using End-Plugs of various sizes and schedules(which I worked out as per Project requirement). I finalized the vendor Curtis-Wright EST group and procured Grip-Tight High Pressure Plugs which was successful and safe for usage at designed pressures. CE1.49 I perform BOQ finalization, fabrication and testing of manifolds for hydro testing of piping loops. I replaced welded end-caps/ blinds with Grip-Tight Pressure Plgs for hydro testing of loops ranging from 2”,Sch.10S to 16”, Sch.XXS. I develop in house weighing methofdology of modules by Synchronous Lifting System for the first time reduced cost and offloadig to other vendors. I applied my engineering knowledge to design the fabrication methodology and fabricated the testing manifolds for hydro testing of piping loops. CE1.50 My technical knowledge helped me develop, review the pre-commissioning scenarios and material list for pre-commissioning and commissioning such as sacrificial valves, quick opening valves, temporary spools, temporary silencers, temporary strainers through in depth study of PFD’s &PID’s. I did the total Risk Factor Analysis and their Risk Mitigation Plans which included different design parameters calculation for every pre-commissioning activity related to Hydro testing, weighing methodology and chemical cleaning of lines including VPCI (Vapor-Phase Corrosion Inhibitor). CE1.51 I applied my knowledge of load calculation and alignment of all the modules weighing (145 Tons) to carry out the weighing of the modules by Synchronous Lifting System. I identified systems and sub-systems from the PFD’s &PID’s and also loop identification and clubbing the loops with same pressure for hydro testing to minimize the time schedule impact. I estimated the total scope of Roto-Lining and developed the methodology, floating of bids for vendor finalization and demonstration of the methodology at vendor works to Client. CE1.52 I used my technical knowledge and rigorous study to overcome/reduce this fabrication developed the technique of using hydro testing End Plugs, which stood successful. I planned for all Commissioning / Pre-Commissioning activities, supervise and executed the same including preservation and weighing activities including 03 days rolling plan, preparing BOQ for manifolds etc., for the entire projects in integration with Client personals for commissioning and start-up. CE1.53 I coordinated with design and production team regarding the weighing of modules with the help of jacks of different capacities by Synchronous Weighing System. I got the design calculation of jack capacities required and executed the same with Production team to carry out the weighing of the modules. Preservation of the Piping systems viz., valves, flanges,gauges, E&I systems was a major activity, which I had to execute at site through proper planning and approved procedures regarding requirement of soft and hard preservations including chemical preservation of pipes by VPCI technique. CE1.54 I am always interactive mainly with both the departments related to all sort of issues to execute the testing activities for smooth hand over of Project to Client. I am interactive with the calibration and other vendors for supply of pre-commissioning tools viz., End-Plugs, Lube Oils for the completion of the project. I also give in hands training to all my workmen, foreman, supervisor and engineers working under me related to testing of Piping systems, Valves, installation of End-Plugs and also maintenance of the same which they appreciated very much. Summary CE1.55 The project was delivered and ongoing with nil carry over fabrication or pre-commissioning punch points which led to lot of appreciation at higher levels. The project was one of its first kind of mega project executed for Petroleum Development Oman, PDO in modular forms and shipped to site within the Sultanate of Oman. Implementation of weighing technique for the first time in house for the overall project which aided in gaining additional contract value. Proper manpower vs activity planning and synchronization which helped to combine piping loops for hydro testing and save man hours as well as cost. Proper safe working culture built up within workers which helped achieving zero LTI even after completion of 2,110,991fabrication man hours. Competency Element A brief summary of how you have applied the element Paragraph in the career episode(s) where the element is addressed PE1 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL BASE PE1.1 Comprehensive, theory-based understanding of the underpinning natural and physical sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the engineering discipline I completed the projects assigned to me successfully and demonstrated my understanding of fundamental knowledge of Mechanical Engineering. CE1.16, CE1.14, CE2.8, CE2.12, CE 3.8 PE1.2 Conceptual understanding of the mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics and computer and information sciences which underpin the engineering discipline I carried out mathematical calculations and critical analysis pertaining to the field of Mechanical Engineering CE1.9, CE1.13, CE1.14, CE2.6, CE2.7, CE3.10, CE3.12 PE1.3 In-depth understanding of specialist bodies of knowledge within the engineering discipline Being an expert in my field, I carried out complex calculations to determine frictional losses in the pipelines, slurry velocities and settling velocities CE1.8, CE2.12, CE3.7, CE3.8 PE1.4 Discernment of knowledge development and research directions within the engineering discipline I always refer to special technical literature in the field of Pumping and Wear Resistance CE1.8, CE2.13, CE3.11 PE1.5 Knowledge of contextual factors impacting the engineering discipline Being aware of the roles and significance of the engineering workforce to the favorability of the project outcome, I provided specifications and documentation as per the laws and regulation as applied to the gold mining plant CE1.10, C-1.16, C 2.8 PE1.6 Understanding of the scope, principles, norms, accountabilities and bounds of contemporary engineering practice in the specific discipline I observed and followed compliance to relevantrulesandregulationspertainingtotheprojects, which indicates my understanding of norms and accountabilities CE1.13, CE2.4, CE1.4, CE1.7, CE1.9,CE1.13, CE1.15, CE3.4 PE2 ENGINEERING APPLICATION ABILITY PE2.1 Application of established engineering methods to complex engineering problem solving I ensured that major activities for every project were based on sound and fundamental engineering principles. CE1.7, CE1.9, CE1.10, CE1.11, CE1.12, CE1.13, , CE2.12,C 2.13 , CE3.12 PE2.2 Fluent application of engineering techniques, tools and resources I always select best materials for the project I have demonstrated proficiency in using computational resources and software tools I am quite adept inpreventing problemsproactively CE1.12, CE2.8, CE3.9, C 3.10 CE1.14, CE2.5, CE 3.7, CE3.8,CE1.4, CE1.7, CE1.12, CE2.11 PE2.3 Application of systematic engineering synthesis and design processes I always conformed to client’s requirements CE1.4, CE2.7, CE3.6 PE2.4 Application of systematic approaches to the conduct and management of engineering projects I seek out requirements and associated resources and realistically assess the scope and indicative costs of the complex engineering project CE1.7, CE1.11, CE2.6, CE2.7, CE3.7, CE3.8 PE3.1 Ethical conduct and professional accountability I am familiar with the code of ethics. I follow standards and codes that are relevant to my work. CE1.15, CE1.18, CE2.10, C3.9, CE1.13, CE2.9 E3.2 Effective oral and written communication in professional and lay domains I am proficient in English and always been enhancing my communication skills I prepared clear and well constructed documents such as reports, designs. CE1.17 CE1.16, CE2.14, CE2.5, CE3.7 PE3.3 Creative innovative and proactive demeanour I identified the opportunities for the professional improvement and I am always ready to challenge engineering practice I am creative and able to apply alternative concepts in my work on projects I often seek out knowledge of advances and new technological developments in my profession CE1.6, CE3.5, CE3.4 CE2.9, CE3.12 CE1.6, CE3.8 PE3.4 Professional use and management of information I am capable of gathering, assessing and utilizing information and data critical to the success of the project objectives. I produce clear and well constructed documents such as reports, designs and aware of document identification and control procedures CE1.4, CE1.7, CE1.9, CE2.6, CE2.8, CE3.3 CE1.13, CE2.7, CE2.9 PE3.5 Orderly management of self, and professional conduct I have made it a point to upgrade my professional and technical knowledge. I manage my time effectively and use schedule of work to manage the timely execution of projects As I understand the importance of being a member of professional and intellectual community, I accept mentoring from others and I mentor others By accepting the professional responsibility of managing the projects, I presented a professional image CE1.6 CE1.7, CE1.17 CE1.1 CE1.3, CE1.4, CE1.7, CE1.8, CE1.15, CE1.16, CE2.6, CE2.7, CE2.9,CE3.3, PE3.6 Effective team membership and team leadership I understand the fundamentals of team dynamics and communicate with my management and other team members I demonstrated ability to lead while respecting others’ agreed roles. I have earned trust, respect and confidence of my colleagues through competent and timely completion of tasks CE1.6, CE1.16, CE1.3, CE1.19 CE1.16, CE3.13 Continued Professional Development In spite of several issues in my professional career, I successfully resolved them with my engineering skills and analytical expertise. I am also in habit of upgrading my knowledge by visiting libraries for books and journals. I am also an interactive member of discussion forums of my field to discuss regarding latest news. I also browsed internet to attain knowledge regarding modern concepts of the field. I have extensive belief in self-learning and have read several books, manuals, and articles associated with my expertise. I am a strong believer of self-appraisal through trainings and self-learning courses. I always practiced contemporary solutions in the project handling. In my assigned job title and grade of technical supervisor of the project, I always performed as per anticipation by using my technical expertise and management skills. I have completed several courses and learnt different management subjects and some short term courses as well.

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Optimization and energy management of hybrid standalone energy system: a case study

Optimization and Energy Management of Hybrid Standalone Energy System: A Case Study T.M. Tawfik*, M.A. Badr*, E.Y. El-Kady**, O.E. Abdellatif** *Mechanical Engineering Dep., National Research Centre (NRC) ** Mechanical Engineering Dep., Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Banha University Abstract Electric power shortage is a serious problem in remote rural communities in Egypt. Over the past few years, electrification of remote communities including efficient on-site energy resources utilization has achieved high progress. Remote communities usually depend on diesel generator (DG) networks to supply the community with reliable energy and fresh water. The main objective of this paper is to design an optimal economic power supply from a hybrid standalone energy system (HSES). The system is intended to cover the energy required for a desalination unit (DU) installed in a farm in Noubarya, Egypt. The proposed system consists of PV panels, Wind Turbines (WT), Batteries, and DG. DU load is about 105.6 kWh/day rated power with 6.6 kW peak load operating 16 hours a day. The objective of system optimization is to reach the suitable size of each component and the control strategy that provide reliable, efficient, and cost effective system using net present cost (NPC) as a criterion. The harmonization of different energy sources, energy storage and load requirements is a challenging task. Thus, the performance of various possible configurations is investigated, using iHOGA software that is based on genetic algorithm (GA). In this study the achieved optimum configuration is further improved by adapting the daily load pattern to the periods of high renewable generated energy to increase direct energy utilization rather than charging batteries. This will result in effective minimization of battery bank size. Keywords: Hybrid system; iHOGA; Optimization; Energy management; Renewable energy Nomenclature COE: cost of energy DG: diesel generator DU: desalination unit GA: genetic algorithm HESE: hybrid standalone energy system NRC: National Research Centre PSO: particle swarm optimization SA: simulated annealing SOC: state of charge WT: Wind Turbine 1. Introduction About one billion people; approximately fifteen percent of global populations are still living without electricity according to WEO- 2016 [1]. Most of this percentage is in rural areas of developing countries. Millions of people hopelessly in quest of energy sources for simple needs such as cooking or water purification. People in these areas mainly use DG to fulfill their requirements, causing air pollution and consequently deteriorating their health. Using the new technologies and renewable energy sources in remote areas is very effective solution that reduces the consumption of fossil fuel-based energy consumption. The main problem of off-grid standalone systems is the fluctuation of power supply which can be avoided using HSES. A hybrid energy system can be defined as a combination of different energy sources; renewable/convention energy. Recently, the application of HSES has increased steadily as a suitable solution for rural remote areas. There have been a number of researches carried out in this field over the last few decades. M. Uzunoglu et-al, [2] presented a review of the optimization techniques for HES sizing within minimum investment and operating cost. The studied techniques are (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), simulated annealing (SA) and HOMER. The selection of sizing approach depended on user demand, availability of renewable resources and climatic conditions. Lanre Olatomiwa et-al, [3], focused on the various approaches and techniques that can be used to develop a successful energy management strategy; for both standalone hybrid renewable energy systems and the grid-connected hybrid renewable systems, such as "energy management based on linear programming, intelligent techniques and also energy management by fuzzy logic controller". This paper showed that selecting the suitable energy management strategy is essential to control the energy flow between various components of the energy system that increases the system reliability, decreases electricity shortage, reduces the COE and increases the system component lifetime. Monowar Hossaina et-al, [4] presented a hybrid stand-alone renewable energy system that comprises of PV, WT, DG, converter and battery for a touristic resort in South China Sea, Malaysia which fully depends on diesel generators as a power supply. The resort estimated peak and average load per day were 1185 kW and 13,048 kW respectively. HOMER software was used for economic and technical analysis of the system. The results showed that the hybrid system have lower NPC and COE than the diesel only system. Lanre Olatomiwa et-al, [5] studied the feasibility of different power generation configurations comprising PV, WT and DG in six geo-political zones of Nigeria. Seven system configurations including: stand-alone DG only system, PV/DG, PV/DG/battery, WT/DG, WT/DG/battery, PV/WT/DG and PV/WT/DG/battery, were investigated; also by HOMER, to determine the most economically feasible solution based NPC, COE and renewable fraction (RF). The result showed that the PV/DG/battery hybrid renewable system configuration is found to be the optimum configuration in cases of 1.1 and $1.3/l of diesel fuel. It also displayed better performance in fuel consumption and CO2 reduction. The best optimum location to install this system was in Tambo village in the tropical dry climatic zone and the overall results indicated that system configurations perform better with regards to the NPC for all six simulations, generated energy, fuel consumption and CO2 reduction. Alam et-al, [6] presented a design of a hybrid WT/PV/Fuel cell power system with battery for remote area. A fuzzy logic power flow controller has been proposed to provide continuous power based on the economic power generation of preliminary analysis. A 20 kW Wind turbine and 80 kW PV array with 10 kW fuel cell was used in the simulation. Excess power was directed to the batteries first and then to electrolyzer. The results showed that the optimum system has 254 kWh/yr unmet load which represented a high percentage of the total load. The cost of energy is estimated to be 1.045 $/kWh which is very high. Therefore the system needs to be improved for better reliable performance. A comparison between grid supply, PV system, and wind power system was presented by [7]. The results of this study considered the renewable systems to be more expensive than the grid supply. Using a multi-sources renewable energy system (hybrid energy system) instead of a single source system would improve the renewable systems economics and reliability. This could be further improved using energy storage device to utilize the excess energy. Ajao et-al, [8] performed an economic analysis of PV-WT system for a Nigerian area. The authors concluded that the proposed system is expensive because of high capital and installation costs. In this study, reduction of greenhouse gas emission wasn't taken in account to improve the cost-effectiveness of the system would be if the system was designed for remote areas. Getachew Bekele et-al, [9] focused on the possibility of supplying electricity to 200 household in rural remote area in Ethiopia using HSES. In this case, HOMER software had been used for the evaluation purpose. Moreover, the effects of wind speeds, PV costs and diesel prices on the optimization solutions were studied. The results showed the most cost effective combination is PV, DG and battery using load following strategy. The authors concluded that the study results could be considered applicable for the regions that have similar climatic conditions. Feasibility analysis of hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for a village in Bangladesh far from grid was presented by Himadry Shekhar Das, et-al [10]. HOMER program had been used for simulating the system using site weather data and load profile of 50 families (annual average load is 213 kWh/day). Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to determine the best suitable system in case of future change of the parameters. The results showed that the feasible system for this location and load profile is PV-WT-Battery. The optimum system had a total NPC of 224,345 $ and COE of 0.161 $/kWh with no CO2 emission (in the current work, the obtained COE less than 0.15). The sensitivity analysis also proved that HRES could cover any expected increase in load in the future. Also Md. Mustafizur Rahman et-al, [11] suggested seven scenarios of combining HSES to minimize the economic and environmental impact. The suggested scenarios were (100%, 80%, 60%, 50%, 35%, 21% and 0%) renewable fraction. A case study for the remote community in Canada was conducted. The aim of this study was also finding the best combination of HSES from the available resources for off-grid location. Using HOMER software the results showed that 80% renewable energy scenario could achieve the optimum techno-economic demand while using 72% scenario obtained higher COE.In a similar study M. Fadaeenejad et-al, [12] presented an analysis and optimization for a HSES which designed for rural electrification in Malaysia. The evaluation of the optimization fulfilled using IHOGA. The reached results illustrated that the wind energy is used as a supportive source of energy and the HSES are cost effectively for this rural area. Similarly, Anita Gudelj et-al, [13] optimized the size of HSES minimizing the NPC and the pollutant emissions using iHOGA. The results showed that the PV-WT-battery system had considerable reductions in CO2 emission and NPC while using DG as a back-up source improved system reliability diminishing shortage. J. B. Fulzele et-al, [14] focused on finding the optimum hybrid energy system (HES) which is economically feasible subject to physical and operational constraints and strategies. The system was designed to feed a load which had seasonal variations. The system has been simulated and optimized using iHOGA. The main goal of optimization was to select the best combination of components to satisfy the constraints and minimizes NPC. The results showed that the system covered the required load with only 1% shortage. The results of this study didn't take into consideration that the excess energy was about 25% and minimizing this value would reduce the cost of energy (COE). Designing and optimizing HSES necessitates the choice of the suitable combination of energy components and establish the optimum control strategy to manage the system that would be reliable and economical over the system life time. Over sizing the system would result high initial cost, while small size system could result in energy. This paper presents the design of an optimized HSES consisting of PV, WT, battery bank and DG as a backup for supplying electricity to water desalination unit (DU) in a remote area; NRC-Farm, Noubarya, Egypt. The system has been simulated and optimized using iHOGA software. The main target is to minimize the NPC of the system. It could be observed that the objective of the surveyed papers was selecting the optimum configuration realizing minimum NPC. In most these studies, the size of battery bank represented a high percentage of total NPC and in the same time the excess energy presented a high percentage of the total generated energy. Hence, in this paper four different load profiles are suggested to optimize the direct utilization of the energy generated from the optimum renewable system achieved for the load profile in the above-mentioned case study. This load management target is to match the demand pattern with the power generation profiles in order to increase the utilization of the renewable generated energy that directly supplies load rather than storing a large part in the batteries or waste it as excess energy which realizes lower NPC and COE. 2. Methodology and Case Study The objective of this study is to design and simulate HSES for remote area in Egypt using iHOGA software to determine the optimal sizing and control strategy for the system. The software package performs the simulation for a number of configurations, ranks the results according to NPC to reach the optimum system that covers the load taking into consideration the system constraints. The input data for the optimization are weather data of the selected location, selected system components cost and technical parameters. All the financial parameters such as interest rate and inflation rate in addition to installation and operation costs are also included. The proposed system configuration is PV panels, WT, batteries, DG, inverter and charge regulator which is applied for a case study with DU as the suggested load. The system is installed in NRC-farm in Noubarya. Figure 1 shows the configuration considered in this study. Figure 1: The system configuration 2.1 Case study location The selected location is the National Research Centre (NRC) farm in Noubarya, Egyptian remote area that is located between 30u00b040'0'' N and 30u00b04'0'' E. The average temperature is about 14u00b0 for winter and 28u00b0C for summer. Noubarya site is a new reclaimed area situated west of the Nile Delta. NRC farm; about 120 km from Cairo, is an example of a typical agriculture application with low household consumption. Around this farm there are a number of relatively new cultivated farms that belong to different local and foreign investors. The farm is considered as a research pilot plant (of about 155 Acres) for agriculture, animal and fish production as shown in figure 2. The farm area suffers from frequent shortage of electrical energy because of instability of low voltage grid power in the area. Figure 2: Main Parts of NRC Nobareya Farm 2.2 Load profile (base case) In this case study, the generated power from HSES supplies a reverse osmosis desalination unit (DU) with electricity. The DU is required to desalinate about (60-65 m3/day) of water to cover the farm daily needs. The power required for the DU is the summation of the high-pressure pump, the feed pump and the distribution pump rated powers where the high-pressure pump (5 HP) is about 3,728 watts and the distribution pump 1,000 watts. This is in addition to a feed pump which is 1,870 watts; in case of feeding rate is 7 m3/h. In the case study DU is required to produce about (60-65 m3/day) of desalinated water thus it must be fed by 110 m3 of brackish water per day. In base case load profile, the high-pressure pump, the distribution pump and feed pump work simultaneously, so the peak requirement load is about 6.6 kW continuously from 00:00 to 16:00 and the average estimation of daily energy consumption is 105.6 kWh as shows in figure 3. Figure 3: DU base case load profile (base case) 2.3 Resource input data The input climatic data for the proposed site are obtained from NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy [15]. Table 1 represents the monthly average of solar radiation and wind speed data for the selected area. Table 1: Noubarya solar and wind data [15] MonthtSolar radiation kWh/m2tWind speed m/s Jant2.92t3.8 Febt3.78t4.1 Mart5.10t4.1 Aprt6.40t3.9 Mayt7.40t3.9 Junt8.13t3.8 Jult7.92t3.8 Augt7.24t3.8 Sept5.93t3.8 Octt4.38t3.7 Novt3.22t3.6 Dect2.69t3.8 Averaget5.43t3.8 2.4 System description The system includes PV, WT, inverter, batteries and DG. The different PV panels that are used in the simulation to select the suitable size are mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline, in the range of (100-280) Wp/panel. The panel initial cost for these sizes is in the range of (143-455) $ and O&M cost of each panel (1.43-4.55) $/yr. The lifespan of panels is considered to be 25 years. These values are obtained from iHOGA database. The WT types are Bornay and Hummer which have a power range of (3-30) kW and its hub is considered to be between (15-18) m height. The initial cost of WT is between (9,821-44,200)$, the replacement cost is (7800-33800) $ and O&M cost (196-884) $/yr. The lifetime of Bornay and Hummer are assumed to be 15 and years respectively. In addition to the renewable energy generators, a backup DG of (3-4) kVA and battery bank (180-3360) Ah range with 80% depth of discharge are used. The system also comprises an inverter which is scaled according to the maximum peak load. The inverter type is ACME: 8000VA CARG. 2.5 Control strategies 2.5.1. The load following strategy: The case study system includes 2 main sources of renewable energy, diesel generator and batteries, for the load following strategy when the generated power from the hybrid energy sources isnu2019t enough to cover the whole load; the battery covers the rest of the demand. If the battery bank canu2019t cover the whole rest of the demand, the DG will operate to cover the rest of the load. In this strategy, the priority is to meet the load at any given time. 2.5.2. The cycle charging strategy: The Cycle charging strategy depends on different situations, If the total energy by PV and WT is greater than the load energy, in this situation the excess energy charges the battery bank and battery set on the charge condition. When SOC (State of charge) reaches the maximum value, the control unit set off the charging process. Whereas if total generated energy by PV and WT is lower than the load energy, it is covered by the battery bank system. In such case controller sets the batteries on the discharging condition. If the battery charge drops to its minimum SOC, the controller unit set off discharging process and the turn DG on to cover the load that the batteries canu2019t cover. In this case, it will be as it is better to run the DG at its rated power to reach higher efficiency of fuel consumption. DG will serve the load and the extra power will be used to charge the batteries to the maximum SOC. There is an option u201ctry bothu201d which allows examining both strategies to select the optimal one for the given system constrains. This option is applied in the current study as both load following and cycle charging strategies are applied in each simulation run and the strategy giving the better performance is chosen for the case understudy. 2.6 Optimization objective function The main target of the suggested system design is to reach the optimum solution of a HSES in terms of economical and technical conditions subject to the operational strategies and physical constraints. In this method, the possible optimum system configuration is the one that satisfies the user-defined constraints in accordance with the objective function. The mono-objective function is to minimize NPC which consists of; initial cost, replacement cost, maintenance and running cost of system components like PV, WT, DG, batteries, converter and etc [11] [13] [16]. Objective function: Where Tc is the total capital cost of different component and Tr is the total replacement cost and TO&M is the total cost of operation and maintenance in $. There are many constrains that are considered to ensure that the generated electricity would cover the load such as u201cThe Minimum renewable Fraction (75%), Levelized Cost of Energy (5 $/kWh), the maximum percentage of annual unmet load which is defined to be 5%. 3. Results and Discussion The simulation and optimization of the system for the above-mentioned objective function is performed under the following constrains: minimum renewable fraction 75%, levelized cost of energy 5 $/kWh, the maximum percentage of annual unmet load 5%. In this study the system control strategy uses both cycle charging and load following defining the suitable control strategy during the optimization process. The simulated optimization results (for base case load) are shown in figure 4. Figure 4: Results of NPC as a function of generations Figure 3 exhibits the evaluated optimum NPC and CO2 emission as a function of number of generations. The optimization results for HSES (base case) indicated a minimum NPC of 162,034 $, COE of 0.17 $/kWh and 1.3% of unmet load from total required load. The optimum configuration of HSES consists of 53 parallel series of PV panels each 4 modules with nominal power of 100Wp, 24 batteries connected in series each of 1340Ah, 1 wind turbine of 14.7 kW at 14m/s, inverter of 8kVA and AC Diesel generator of 3kVA. The monthly average generated power is illustrated in figure 5, while the annual distribution of the generated energy is shown in figure 6. Figure 5: Total annual power Figure 6: Annual distribution of energy From figure 6, it is observed that all the demanded energy is almost satisfied by the HSES along the year expect for 495.8 kWh/yr of unmet load which is less than 1.5% of total load with CO2 emissions of 11,950 kg/yr. It could be also observed that the energy charging batteries is 10,768 kWh/yr which is about 21% from total generated power and the excess energy is 8,278 (kWh/yr) which is about 16%. The total generated energy is about 50,800 (kWh/yr) while the total load that is directly supplied by energy sources is 28,386 (kWh/yr) so the utilization of the energy sources is about 55.9 %. Hence, we can define the energy sources utilization as the percentage of the generated energy that directly covers the load while the rest of the generated energy are directed to charge batteries or wasted as: excess energy, losses due to efficiency of battery charging & discharging, charge regulator and inverter. As the inverter efficiency is 98% and battery charger efficiency is 95%, the main part of looses is due to battery charging and discharging efficiency which is 85%. Considering the charging and discharging energy which is 20,407 kWh/yr, the energy looses in this case is about 3000 kWh. The cost of different components for the simulated HSES is shown in table 2. Table 2: Component costs of the optimized HSES Cost elementtInitial cost ($)tPercentage % PV panels costt37,282t23% WT costt27,246t16.8% DG costt21,667t13.3% Battery bank costt36,940t22.8% Inverter costt10,952t6.7% DG fuel costt16,687t10.3% Charge reg. cost &AUXt11,256t6.4% The results in the above table exhibits that items of major costs are PV panels and battery bank which is about 23% and 22.8% from total NPC. The high cost of the battery bank indicates that the power generation profile doesnu2019t match the load pattern so thereu2019s a high need to store the generated energy to cover the load when generated energy isnu2019t available. 3.1 Energy management The main goal of HESE is to cover the DU load while minimizing the NPC and consequently the cost of water desalination. This could be achieved though the optimization of the system configuration. From the simulation results of the base case, it is obvious that there is high amount of generated energy that didn't match the load profile at some periods so it is used to charge batteries. Hence, the values of energy charging the batteries and excess energy are very high in some months as shown in figures 7 and 8. To improve the system performance, the configuration should be further modified through managing the load pattern. Thus, Different load patterns were suggested and simulated, of which the following four patterns represented the most promising cases to increasing the direct utilization of the generated energy rather than storing a large part in the batteries or waste it as excess energy to reach lower NPC and COE. Figure 7: Monthly average energy charging battery Figure 8: Monthly average excess energy Managing the load profile could reduce these values through matching the load pattern with the power generation profiles. In this situation, the number and cost of energy storage batteries will be decreased and consequently the total NPC. Considering the hourly simulation results data for the highest months of excess energy and energy charging battery amounts, four different load profiles are suggested to be simulated seeking more utilization of the site resources as shown in figure 9. Figure 9: The suggested load profiles As exhibited in the above figure, the suggested load profile (1) is scheduled as all pumps are switched on from 05:00 to 21:00 continuously requiring 6600 kWh. The suggested load profile (2) is scheduled as the feed pump is working from 00:00 to 08:00 while the high-pressure and distribution pumps are running from 08:00 to 16:00. From 16:00 to 24:00 all pumps work simultaneously as shown in figure 8. This pattern is scheduled to fit high power period that is generated from the PV panel in the middle of the day and also the wind power at the night which is the period of high wind speed. Load profile (3) is scheduled running the feed pump from 00:00 to 06:00 and from 22:00 to 24:00 while high-pressure and distribution pumps begin to work simultaneously; along with the feed pump, from 08:00 to 16:00. The feed pump is switched off from 06:00 to 08:00 and 16:00 to 22:00 while the high-pressure pump and the distribution pump continues operational. In the suggested load profile (4) the feed pump is scheduled to run from 00:00 to 04:00 and from 20:00 to 24:00 and from 04:00 to 08:00 while the high pressure and distribution pumps start working while the feed pump is switched off. From 08:00 to 16:00 all the pumps are working simultaneously. This profile is suggested to fit high power period that is generated from the PV modules and wind turbine to increase the utilization of energy that is otherwise wasted as excess energy or stored in the batteries. The simulated optimization results of base case and the suggested four load profiles are exhibited in table 3-4. Table 3: Costs results of the suggested load profiles ($) Case no.tNPC ($)tCOE ($/kWh)tPV cost ($)tWT cost ($)tBattery cost ($) Base case Profile 1t162,034 138,249t0.17 0.15t37,282 34,545t27,246 27,246t36,940 21,274 Profile 2t149,266t0.16t31,808t27,246t28,692 Profile 3t137,694t0.15t30,440t27,246t18,444 Profile 4t137,011t0.15t30,440t27,246t18,451 Table 4: Results of the suggested load profiles Case no.tNPC ($)tCharge battery (kWh/year)tExcess energy (kWh/year) Base case Profile 1t162,034 138,249t10,768 6,231t8,278 6,312 Profile 2t149,266t8,768t4,544 Profile 3t137,694t5,294t3,590 Profile 4t137,011t5,241t3,665 The summarized results in the above tables showed that load profile 4 has the lowest NPC and COE (137,011$ u2013 0.15 $/kWh) among different suggested patterns and the minimum battery charging energy (5,241 kWh/yr) as well. The suggested load profiles also exhibit the effect of decreasing of the energy charging battery on the NPC as illustrated in figure 10. Figure 10: Effect of suggested load profiles on NPC, battery cost and energy battery charging It is clear from figure 9 that the lowest battery charging energy is that of load profile 4 (5,241 kWh) which is the case of lowest NPC configuration (137,011 $). Table 5 exhibits the energy utilization, battery charging energy and energy loss as a percentage of the total energy. It also exhibits battery cost as a percentage of the total energy system costs. Table 5: Load profiles results (Percentages) Case no.tUtilizationtenergy charging battery tEnergy losstBattery cost Base case Profile 1t55% 66%t27% 16%t22% 18%t22.8% 15.4% Profile 2t65%t22%t13%t19.2% Profile 3t73%t13%t14%t13.4% Profile 4t73%t13%t14%t13.4% The above tables showed that NPC cost is reduced with the decrease in excess energy and battery charging energy. The utilization of the location resources is increased through fitting the peaks of load demand with the periods of high power generation which lead to the reduction of energy components (generation & storage) sizes. All this parameters lead to decreasing the NPC. Tables 5 and 6 presented the summary of the optimization results of the base case and the four suggested profiles that represent the best of load managing profile trials. It is obvious that profile 4 has the best results; among the presented cases, improving the following significant parameters: u2022tNPC has decreased by 15.4% u2022tBattery charging energy has decreased by 51.3% u2022tThe cost of batteries has decreased by 50% u2022tThe cost of energy has decreased by 11.7%. u2022tThe excess energy has decreased by 55.7%. u2022tThe utilization of the energy sources is increased by 18% Conclusion: The objective of this study is to select the HSES components that are most suitable to supply energy required for a desalination unit in remote area in Egypt, minimizing the NPC and consequently the cost of desalinated water. This is achieved though optimizing the system configuration and managing the load to reach the best possible scenario. The system is simulated and optimized using "iHOGA" package to reach the optimal reliable system. The optimization results for HSES which is considered as the base case are: NPC is 162,034 $, COE 0.17 $/kWh and the unmet load (energy shortage) is 1.3% of the total required energy, while the renewable fraction is about 75%. The simulation results of this optimum configuration showed high values of battery charging energy (which means higher battery bank capacity) and excess energy which represented 21% and 16% respectively, while the total load directly supplied by energy sources was only 55% of total generated energy. This indicates that the load profile does not match the renewably generated energy; hence, different load scenarios were investigated. The simulation results of the best reached load pattern; referred to as "load profile 4" are as follows: u2022tMaximizing direct use of renewable generated energy causing reduction in system component sizes. The results showed that "load profile 4" has the lowest NPC and COE values (137,011 $ & 0.15$/kWh) and in the same time minimum battery charging energy (5,241 kWh/yr), which suggests that NPC and COE are directly proportional to battery charging energy. u2022tManaging load pattern to reach the best fitted profile has decreased NPC by 15.4 %, charging energy battery by 51.3%, the cost of batteries by 50 %, COE by 11.7% and the excess energy by 55.7% while the utilization of the energy sources is increased by 18%, compared to the base case configuration. u2022tTaking environmental impacts of CO2 into consideration will decrease the cost of system generated energy.

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