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National Center for Food and Ag. Policy Washington, DC

The Benefits of Agrochemical Research: Case Study of Imidacloprid. Sujatha Sankula & Leonard Gianessi. National Center for Food and Ag. Policy Washington, DC. Agrochemical categories. Herbicides (47%) Insecticides (29%) Fungicides (18%) Fumigants & growth regulators (6%).

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National Center for Food and Ag. Policy Washington, DC

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  1. The Benefits of Agrochemical Research: Case Study of Imidacloprid Sujatha Sankula & Leonard Gianessi National Center for Food and Ag. Policy Washington, DC

  2. Agrochemical categories Herbicides (47%) Insecticides (29%) Fungicides (18%) Fumigants & growth regulators (6%)

  3. Agrochemicals are necessary to…  Prevent yield losses  Ensure quality  Make crop production easier & cheaper

  4. Crop yield response to agrochemicals Without agrochemical use; With agrochemical use Theoretical attainable yield

  5. Area farmed globally for food production in 2000 Billion ha

  6. Global value of agrochemicals in 1998 $31.25 billion (crop uses) $10.5 billion (non-crop uses)

  7. Worldwide crop protection markets in 2001 Sales in mil. $

  8. Goal of agrochemical research To discover, develop, and understand new products for the safe and effective pest control and to maximize food production

  9. Agrochemical discovery & development programs are driven by: • Population growth • Food and health needs • Pest resistance issues • Safety considerations • Economic incentives • Replacements and phase-outs

  10. Recent setbacks to agrochemical discovery programs: • Fewer players • Large investments • Great risks • High stakes • Economics • Higher standards of potency and safety

  11. Insecticide categories Organic (eg. DDT, chlorpyriphos) Botanicals (eg. pyrethrum, nicotine) Inorganic (eg. boric acid, sulfur)

  12. Market dominance of commercial insecticide categories Category# Inorganics 8 Botanical 5 Synthetic organics 192

  13. Major insecticide classes by importance as of 1995 Class ~ Entry yearMarket value (%) Chlorinated hydrocarbons 1947 5 Organophosphates 1965 34 Methylcarbamates 1969 20 Pyrethroids 1979 23 Benzoylureas 1983 5 Others 1982 8

  14. Human toxicity and insect resistance to the first generation neuro-active insecticides such as carbamates and OPs led to the search for new agrochemicalsSignificant discovery - Imidacloprid

  15. Imidacloprid Classification: Chloronicotinyl First registered insecticide in its class Year of registration in US: 1995

  16. World sales of top selling pesticides in 2001 Glyphosate $2.4 billion Imidacloprid $540 million Source: PANUPS 2002

  17. Structural comparison of nicotine and imidacloprid

  18. Characteristics of imidacloprid Novel mode of action Broad spectrum of activity Favorable environment fate

  19. Mode of action of imidacloprid Binds to nerve receptors called nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), interferes with the transmission of stimuli in the insect nervous system leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine resulting in paralysis.

  20. Site of action is different than other insecticides to which insects developed resistance. Low toxicity to vertebrates due to low binding to nACh receptors.

  21. Imidacloprid provides a broad spectrum of activity against: Sucking insects (leaf and plant hoppers, aphids, thrips, whiteflies, scales, and plant bugs) Some coleopteran insects (CPB, leaf beetles) Select lepidopteran and dipteran insects No activity on mites and nematodes

  22. Imidacloprid has both contact and systemic action. Imidacloprid can be applied as a soil, seed, or foliar treatment. Readily absorbed by plant roots and transmitted through xylem. Effective at low rates than conventional insecticides (0.33 lb versus 1-2 lb of OPs)

  23. Trade names of imidacloprid Gaucho (seed treatment) Admire (soil applied) Provado (foliar)

  24. Use range of imidacloprid Potato Apple Tomato Grape Broccoli Citrus Lettuce Corn Sugarbeet Hops Cotton Rice Tobacco

  25. Impacts of imidacloprid on US crop production

  26. Silverleaf whitefly First discovered in 1986 in FL Widespread damage in 1991 in CA and AZ Reduction in planted crop acreage Yield and quality losses; transmits viruses (ToMoV and YLCLV)

  27. Silverleaf whitefly is a billion dollar pest

  28. Primary hosts of silverleaf whitefly Broccoli Cauliflower Cabbage Lettuce Melons Cucumbers Tomatoes Cotton

  29. Silverleaf whitefly management Three classes of effective insecticides (pyrethroids, OPs, & chlorinated hydrocarbons) Most common combination: bifenthrin + endosulfan (2-3) fb. esfenvalerate + endosulfan (1-3) No residual control and periodic treatments (4-6 sprays) Insect resistance to three chemical classes

  30. Section 18 permits for imidacloprid (Admire) in California First issue Reissue Broccoli/Cauliflower 1993 1994 Lettuce 1993 1994 Cucurbits 1995 1997 Tomatoes 1994 -

  31. Vegetable production statistics for CA • 2001 Acreage (% of US total) • Broccoli 92 • Lettuce 71 (head) • 88 (leaf) • Cauliflower 89 • Tomato 32 (fresh) • 92 (processed) • Cantaloupe 58

  32. Use of imidacloprid (Admire) in California in 1995 % treated acreage

  33. Impactsof imidacloprid (Admire) on CA crop production

  34. Number of insecticide applications with Admire and next best alternative # treatments

  35. Cost of insecticide programs with Admire and next best alternative Cost of programs ($)

  36. Yield increase due to Admire compared to traditional alternatives in CA % yield increase

  37. Value of delayed planting Warm weather: heavy whitefly pressure Growers shift the planting date to cooler periods to avoid peak infestations Imidacloprid facilitated marketing at the height of infestation

  38. Increase in grower benefits due to delayed planting facilitated by Admire % increase

  39. Impact of imidacloprid on insecticide use in FL fresh tomato for whitefly and other sucking pest control 1992 2000 ------------- lb -------------- Buprofezin - 2000 Chlorpyrifos 22,000 - Endosulfan 89,000 34,900 Esfenvalerate 5,700 2,200 Imidacloprid - 8,400 Methamidophos 74,500 9,100 Methomyl 47,100 - Permethrin 10,900 8,000 Total 249,200 64,600

  40. Colorado Potato Beetle

  41. Green peach aphids

  42. Insecticide use: CPB/aphids • 1920’s - 1940’s Lead arsenate • 1950’s - 1960’s DDT, Parathion, • Endrin • 1970’s - Present Aldicarb, Phorate, • Methamidophos, • Carbofuran, • Endosulfan • Permethrin

  43. CPB management problems CPB resistance to all synthetic insecticides registered for use Cross-resistance of CPB between insecticide classes Imidacloprid – unrelated chemistry and thus a new tool in resistance management programs

  44. Imidacloprid treated potato acreage (%) in 1999 Idaho 8 Maine 90 Michigan 93 Minnesota 70 North Dakota 68 Oregon 35 Pennsylvania 81 Washington 4 Wisconsin 74

  45. Leading insecticides used for CPB control in 2001 (in order of importance) Imidacloprid Carbofuran Permethrin Phorate Esfenvalerate Endosulfan Methamidophos Azinophos-methyl Aldicarb Methyl parathion Dimethoate

  46. Reduction in insecticide use following imidacloprid use in potato (1994 –1999) % reduction Source: NASS

  47. Pierce’s disease on grapes

  48. Sharpshooters Bluegreen Glassy-winged

  49. Pesticides registered for sharpshooter control Average use rate (lb/A) Dimethoate 1.32 Kaolin 23.75 Imidacloprid 0.05 (Admire)

  50. Other grape insects controlled by Admire Grape mealybug Vine mealybug Leafhopper Phylloxera

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