L2 Animal Diversity Making sense of diversity

1. L2 Animal Diversity Making sense of diversity

2. Linnaeus

4. Key fins or legs? legs fins amniote? yes bone/cartilage? scales? no no cartilage bone yes hair/feathers? hair feathers shark frog fish mammal bird crocodile

5. fins bone Key fins or legs? bone/cartilage? fish

6. Key fins or legs? legs fins amniote? yes bone/cartilage? scales? no no cartilage bone yes hair/feathers? hair feathers shark frog fish mammal bird crocodile

7. Keys need not reflect evolution mammal bird crocodile frog fish shark

8. Demo

9. Paraphyletic groups are often grouped by the absence of something

10. Defining taxonomic groups can be tricky

11. Whittaker’s Five Kingdom Classification (1969) photosynthesis absorption ingestion Classification based on cell structure and methods of nutrition

12. Evolutionary tree for all of life Constructed from ribosomal RNA sequences

13. The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes, S. L. Baldauf, Science Jun 13 2003: 1703-1706

14. Protists are “paraphyletic” Protists are those eukaryotes left over after we remove plants, fungi, and animals

15. alveolates The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes, S. L. Baldauf, Science Jun 13 2003: 1703-1706

16. Red tides - massive dinoflagelate blooms causing massive fish deaths (need piccies of red tide)

17. Apicomplexa: Malaria Each year 300 million people are infected, and 2 million die

18. Malaria is an ancient disease 10-20 Myr falciparum Human Phylogeny of the genus Plasmodium reichenowi Chimp gallinaceum Bird lophurae Bird mexicanum Lizard malariae Human fragile Monkey 150 Myr knowlesi Monkey 41 Myr vivax Human cynomolgi Monkey berghei Rodent

20. Coccoliths • Emiliania huxleyi is planktonic • On death cells clump together and sink to the ocean floor • Massive carpets of coccoliths cover the ocean floors

21. Emiliania huxleyi off the coast of Newfoundland, 21st July 1999

23. Radiolarian

24. Foraminiferan

25. Neogloboquadrina pachyderma Left or right coiled shell depending on water temperature Right-coiled (Dextral) specimen, umbilical view Percent right-coiling N.pachyderma 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 Left-coiled (sinistral) specimen, umbilical view

27. Trypanosoma Causes African sleeping sickness in humans Red blood cells Trypanosomes

29. Diatoms Glasslike walls made of hydrated silica. Skeletons for “diatomaceous earth” which is used for filters.

32. Choanoflagellates

33. Similarity between sponges and choanoflagellates Colonial choanoflagellates

34. Summary • Keys enable us to identify organisms • Keys are not classifications • Groups defined by not having features of another group often comprise unrelated organisms (paraphyletic) • The protists are a classic case of a diverse but unrelated group of organisms