Agricultural Education 280

1. Agricultural Education 280 Session 8: Events and Leaders in Career-Technical Education

2. Relevance 7. How is the history of career-technical education relevant to agricultural educators, agricultural educators, and agribusiness trainers?

3. Learner Objectives • Identify the major events that influenced the development of Career-Technical Education; • Discuss the leaders who influenced the development of Career-Technical Education; and, • Discuss how is the history of Career-Technical Education is relevant to extension educators, agricultural educators, and agribusiness trainers.

4. COL & ATI 1. Get a Find Someone worksheet 2. Circulate around the classroom and locate as many people as you can 3. Instructor will then review the highlights of the session’s topic Find Someone ACT

5. 1. How did career-technical (vocational) education begin in America? • Apprenticeships • Manual Training • Private Schools • Agriculture • Mechanics • Science

6. 2. Why was career-technical education created? • Organized labor & educators • American Federation of Labor • National Association of Manufacturers • National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Ed • 1890s economic conditions • Depression • German Threat • Job opportunities for the underprivileged • African Americans • Women • Farmers and mechanics

7. 3. What were the major events that influenced the development of Career-Technical Education? • 1st public junior college in Joliet, IL (1901) • Commission on Industrial & Technical Education; National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education (NSPIE) (1906) • Douglass Commission (Mass.) (1906)

8. More events… • Roosevelt urged major school reform • Industrial education in urban schools • Agricultural education in rural schools • Dolliver-Davis Bill (1910) • Page-Wilson Bill (1912) • Commission on National Aid to Voc Ed • Europeans ahead of US in war-preparedness • Smith-Hughes Act (1914)

9. What was the Voc. Ed. Act? • 1963 • Federal funds to maintain, extend and improve existing programs • Part-time employment for youth in school • Expanded offerings • Started junior colleges and joint vocational schools

10. 4. Who are the influential leaders of Career-Technical Education and what contributions have they made?

11. What was the 1st technical institute? • The Lyceum in Gardiner, Maine • 2 year course • farmers • Mechanics • 2nd – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

12. Who was Catherine Beecher? • Organized the scientific study of home economics • Co-founded the Hartford Female Seminary (1823) • “Trained women to be mothers and teachers”

13. Who was Calvin Woodward? • Father of Manual Training • Influence by Russian method • St. Louis Manual Training School

14. Who was Jane Addams? • Founded the Hull-House (1889) • Started social work • Community-focused approach to solving social problems by fostering the spirit of “neighbors helping neighbors”

15. Who was Booker T. Washington? • Educator and reformer • Advocated self-help, racial solidarity and accommodation • Urged Blacks to accept discrimination and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity • Believed in education in the crafts, industrial and farming skills

16. Who was W. E. B. DuBois? • Argued that Washington’s strategy would perpetuate white oppression • Advocated political action and civil rights • The debate polarized African Americans • Conservative vs. Radical

17. Who was John Dewey? • What did John Dewey say about vocational education? • Avoid the limitation of vocation to the occupations where immediate tangible commodities are produced • Do not specialize training • Training through occupations

18. Who was Charles Prosser? • NSPIE • Drafted the original language of Smith-Hughes Act • Social efficiency; industrial model • Snedden was a colleague

19. Who were Dolliver & Page? • Introduced bills preceding the Smith-Hughes Act

20. Who was Hoke Smith & Dudley Hughes? • Smith-Hughes Act (1917) • Vocational Education • Agriculture • Industrial Education • Home Economics • Separated students • Separated curriculum

21. Who was Carl Perkins? • Legislator • The father of virtually every postwar federal education program • Civil rights • Social welfare • Vocational education

22. What happened in the 1970s? • Career education movement split industrial education between • general educators • vocational educators

23. 5. How has Career-Technical Education changed its focus since “A Nation at Risk” (1983)? • Carl Perkins Voc Ed Act (1984) • Improve work skills • Prepare adults for jobs • Equal opportunity for adults • Program improvement • At-risk populations

24. What was the focus of the Carl Perkins Act in 1990? • Academic & vocational skills • Global technological society • All segments of population • Integration of academics & vocational • Articulation with post-secondary • Closer linkages between school and work

25. What was SCANS? • USDL Secretary’s Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills Report • Basics that included math, reading, teamwork, problem-solving, and technology • “Soft skills” • Tech Prep

26. What is Workforce Education? • Focus on “smarter, not harder” skills • Soft skills, core skills, nontechnical skills, essential skills, generic skills, new basics • Work in teams with • Greater autonomy • Greater accountability • Knowing how to learn, read, write, and compute, listen, communicate, lead, solve problems, take initiative, relate with others, work in teams, use technology

27. What is Tech Prep? • Secondary + postsecondary (2+2) • Career education plan in grade 9 • Attract non-college prep & non-vocational • Advanced skills for technical occupations

28. What is School-To-Work? • School-To-Work Opportunities Act (1994) • National skills shortage through partnerships between educators and employers • Variety of program designs, serve many types of students, intensive work-based learning, can start in 9-10th grades

29. What is Welfare-To-Work? • Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996) • Work first, rather than basic and job skills • Successful characteristics: • Comprehensive, individualized services • Consistent focus on employment • Close relationships with employers • Rapid skill development through time-intensive training • High expectations for participation • Collaboration with stakeholders

30. What is Career Pathways? • Broadly focused career majors, or clusters, or pathways • Integration of academic and vocational content to prepare students for the workplace • Career decision making and workplace preparation

31. What is Human Resource Development? • Improving work performance at the individual, group, organizational, and interorganizational level • Themes: work force diversity, cross-cultural issues, the learning organization, technology in work and learning, increasing numbers of older workers, informal learning, and spirituality in the workplace • American Society for Training & Development www.astd.org

32. What happened in 1994? • Three names: • 3rd Morrill Act OR Improving America's School Act of 1994 OR Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 • Land-grant status conferred on 29 Native American colleges • A provision of the Elementary and Secondary Education Reauthorization Act. • Income based on the Indian student count • (as defined in section 390(3) of the Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act

34. 7. How is the history of career-technical education relevant to extension educators, agricultural educators, and agribusiness trainers?

35. Aims & Purposes of “agricultural education” Session #9: October 18, 2001 Groups 6 & 12