PMIAS Academy UPSC Current Affairs September 2025

1. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 1 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

2. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 S.no S.no Particulars Particulars Page no Page no GS 1 GS 1 9 CULTURE CULTURE 9 1. Chola-Era Electoral Legacy and Indigenous Democratic Traditions 9 2. Ministry of Textiles’ Initiatives for National Handloom Day 10 3. Repatriation of Piprahwa Relics 10 4. National Handloom Day 2025 11 5. India’s Nomination of Sarnath for UNESCO World Heritage Status 12 6. National Handloom Day 2025: Weaving Innovation into Tradition 13 7. The Role of Citizens in Heritage Conservation 14 8. New PMO to be Housed in Executive Enclave 15 9. Unearthing history: A new archaeological discovery at the Indus Valley site 16 10. Promoting rural tourism: The new national policy 17 11. Promoting rural tourism in the Himalayas: A new policy for sustainable development 18 HISTORY HISTORY 19 1. Features of the Chola-Era Electoral System (as per Inscriptions): 19 2. Significance for Modern India: 20 3. PM Modi Pays Tributes to Quit India and Kakori Movements 20 4. PM Observes Partition Horrors Remembrance Day 21 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 22 1. Uttarkashi Cloudburst: Alarming Reminder of Himalayan Vulnerability 22 2. Cloudburst in Uttarkashi 23 3. Groundwater Contamination in India 24 4. ‘Singe Tsangspo Tsangde Lasgul’: A Community Clean-Up Drive for the Indus River 25 GS 2 GS 2 26 2 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

3. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION 26 1. India’s Digital Sovereignty and Data Governance 26 2. DDA to Launch Premium Housing Scheme by August-end 27 3. Jan Vishwas Bill, 2025 Introduced in Parliament 28 4. Government to Introduce Bills for Removal of PM, CMs on Criminal Charges 29 5. NCERT Introduces ‘Operation Sindoor’ in School Syllabus 30 6. National Guidelines for Animal Blood Transfusion 31 HEALTH HEALTH 32 1. WHO-IRCH Workshop on Herbal Medicine 32 INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 33 1. How is a ‘constitutional emergency’ different from a ‘national emergency’? 33 2. Issues Highlighted by the Supreme Court/Petitioners: 37 3. Historical Context of States Reorganisation Act, 1956: 38 4. Strengthening Legal Aid and Judicial Reforms 41 5. Electoral Integrity, Parliamentary Functioning, and Federalism 42 6. Supreme Court Upholds Power of PCBs to Impose ‘Restitutionary Damages’ 44 7. Anniversary of Article 370 Abrogation 45 8. ‘Kartavya Bhavan’ Inauguration and Concerns over ‘Open Office Concept’ 46 9. The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025 47 10. The Age of Consent Debate and the POCSO Act 48 11. Speaker Initiates Process to Remove High Court Judge 49 12. Constitutional and Legal Basis: 49 13. Parliament Passes the Women’s Reservation Bill 50 14. India-France Joint Naval Exercise in Arabian Sea 52 15. Elected governments at the mercy of Governors: SC to Central government 53 16. A new era for electoral finance? The aftermath of the Supreme Court’s verdict 54 17. The push for a Uniform Civil Code (UCC): A new legislative front 55 3 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

4. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 18. Reforming urban governance: The key to India’s metropolitan future 57 19. Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defence: Promoting private sector participation 58 20. The digital health revolution: Advancing the National Health Mission 59 21. A new social media code: Balancing digital freedom and accountability 60 22. Curbing organized crime: The new legislative framework 61 23. Reforming education: The new teacher training initiative 62 24. Empowering women and children: The new welfare scheme 63 25. New rules for the Election Commission: Securing the integrity of the institution 64 26. New measures for communal harmony: A law to curb hate speech 66 27. Digital education in rural areas: Bridging the digital divide 67 28. A new welfare scheme for senior citizens: Towards a more dignified life 68 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 69 1. India’s Strategic Autonomy Under Pressure – Navigating US Tariffs and Russian Oil: 69 2. India-Philippines Forge Strategic Partnership, Emphasize Indo-Pacific Cooperation: 73 3. India-US Trade Tensions: Trump’s Tariff Threat and India’s Strategic Autonomy: 74 4. India and Philippines Conduct Joint Naval Drills in the South China Sea: 74 5. India and the Philippines Forge a ‘Strategic Partnership’: 74 6. NSA Ajit Doval’s Visit to Moscow Amid Tariff Threats: 75 7. Russia Ends Adherence to INF Treaty: 76 8. India-Russia Industrial Cooperation and Rare Earth Minerals: 76 9. ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on Climate Change 78 10. India’s Trade Relations and U.S. Tariffs 79 11. International Solar Alliance Expands its Global Reach 80 4 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

5. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 12. India and Oman Deepen Economic Partnership with New Trade Deal: 81 13. India’s New Way of Engaging with Africa in Namibia: 82 14. Steering the global economy: India’s role at the G20 Finance Ministers’ Meeting 82 15. The IMEC Project: A new era of regional connectivity 85 16. India and Fiji Call for Open Indo-Pacific, Agree to Deepen 86 Defence Ties SOCIAL ISSUES SOCIAL ISSUES 88 1. Rural Development and Empowerment 88 2. Healthcare Innovation and AYUSH 89 3. Industrial Accidents and the Human Cost of Indifference 91 4. Supreme Court Rules on Marital Rape in a Landmark Judgment 92 5. The Supreme Court’s Stance on the ‘Creamy Layer’ for SC/ST Reservations 92 GS 3 GS 3 94 AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE 94 1. M.S. Swaminathan’s Birth Centenary 94 2. Union Government Launches National Policy on Urban Farming 95 ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT 97 1. Mangrove Ecosystems and Natural Capital 97 2. Environmental Conservation and Climate Resilience: 98 3. India’s Battery Waste Management Rules: Gaps in the EV Ecosystem: 99 4. India’s Stance on the Global Plastics Treaty: 100 5. Ethanol Blending: Government Clarifies on Mileage & Engine Concerns 100 6. New Species of Lichen in Western Ghats 101 7. Heat Resilient Moodadi Project in Kerala: 102 8. New Report Highlights Challenges in India’s Wetland Conservation: 103 5 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

6. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 9. Coastal zone management: A new strategy to combat climate change: 104 10. Powering the future: India’s new push for solar and wind energy 105 11. Powering the deserts: A new policy for renewable energy in arid regions: 105 INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE 105 1. Infrastructure Development: Railways and Waterways 105 2. New High-Altitude Airbase to be Built in Ladakh 106 3. Mumbai Monorail Breakdowns Amid Heavy Rains 107 4. Smart Cities Mission and the Concept of “Smart Villages” 108 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 109 1. Orbital Characteristics and Coverage: 110 2. Defence and Security: New Missile and Satellite Capabilities 112 3. PM E-DRIVE Scheme Extension 114 4. ISRO’s NISAR Mission Marks a New Era of Indo-US Space Collaboration 115 5. India Plans Private Sector Push for Defence Satellite Communications 116 6. IISc and Startup Develop Magnetic Nanobots to Treat Tooth Sensitivity 117 7. IAF Seeks to Expedite Rudram-II and Rudram-III Anti- Radiation Missile Trials 118 8. India’s Deep Ocean Mission and ‘Blue Economy’ 119 9. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) in India 120 10. India’s Patent Landscape and University as Changemakers 121 11. Coral Restoration in the Gulf of Mannar 122 12. The New Supernova Triggered by a Black 123 13. India’s First Hydrogen-Powered Train Clears Load Tests 123 14. Assam Rifles and IIIT Manipur Collaborate on Drone Technology 125 15. Indian Astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla Meets the Prime Minister 126 16. Cabinet Clears Acquisition of 97 LCA Tejas Mark 1A Fighter Jets 126 6 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

7. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 18. India’s Green Hydrogen Mission: Powering a sustainable future 128 19. Regulating the AI frontier: The new Digital Personal Data Protection Rules 129 20. Skilling India for the drone revolution: The new scheme for youth 130 21. Gaganyaan mission: India’s step toward the human spaceflight era 131 22. The new ‘Sudarshan Chakra’: A leap in indigenous defense technology 132 23. Heading: ISRO Successfully Conducts First Integrated Air Drop Test for Gaganyaan 134 24. Indian Air Force Deploys AI-Enabled X-Guard Fibre-Optic Towed Decoy (FOTD) System 136 25. New Online Gaming Act Receives Presidential Assent: A New Era for Digital Governance 137 26. India’s Bioeconomy and National Biofoundry Network 139 27. India’s Defence Indigenisation 140 28. Gaganyaan Mission 141 SECURITY AGENCIES SECURITY AGENCIES IN INDIA IN INDIA 142 1. Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) Uncovers Massive Drug Smuggling Racket in ‘Operation 142 7 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

8. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 GS 1 GS 1 Modern Relevance & Linkages: Modern Relevance & Linkages: CULTURE CULTURE Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs): Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs): Draw direct parallels between the autonomy and functions of Chola village assemblies and the constitutional mandate of PRIs in modern India (73rd and 74th Amendments). How can lessons from the Chola system, especially regarding accountability and local resource management, inform modern PRIs? Chola Chola- -Era Electoral Legacy and Indigenous Era Electoral Legacy and Indigenous Democratic Traditions Democratic Traditions GS Papers: GS Papers: GS I (Indian Heritage and Culture), GS II (Polity and Governance – Historical Underpinnings, Panchayati Raj, Federalism) Ethos of Indian Democracy: Ethos of Indian Democracy: Argument that India’s democratic foundations are not merely borrowed but rooted in its civilizational values of dialogue, debate, and consensus. Core Issue: Core Issue: Reclaiming and re-interpreting India’s pre-colonial democratic heritage, exemplified by the Chola-era Kudavolai system, to counter Eurocentric narratives of democracy and reinforce national pride in indigenous institutions. Soft Power Diplomacy: Soft Power Diplomacy: How showcasing India’s ancient democratic traditions can be a powerful tool in its global diplomatic outreach, offering an alternative model of democratic evolution. Broader Perspective & Analysis: Broader Perspective & Analysis: Beyond Mythology to Historical Fact: Beyond Mythology to Historical Fact: Emphasize that the Uthiramerur inscriptions provide concrete, verifiable evidence of a highly sophisticated system of local self-governance, transcending anecdotal or mythological claims. Critical Evaluation: Critical Evaluation: While celebrating, acknowledge limitations such as non-universal suffrage (exclusion of women, lower castes, landless) and the system’s focus on local village autonomy rather than a centralized national democracy in the modern sense. Specificity of Kudavolai System: Specificity of Kudavolai System: Codified Rules: Codified Rules: Highlight the meticulous details: age, property ownership, educational qualifications (knowledge of Vedic texts), honesty, and experience as criteria. Way Forward: Way Forward: Curriculum Integration: Curriculum Integration: Incorporate these historical facts more prominently in educational curricula to foster a deeper understanding of India’s democratic roots. Disqualification Clauses: Disqualification Clauses: Emphasize the strict rules for disqualification (e.g., non-submission of accounts, moral turpitude, even for relatives), demonstrating an early concept of accountability and anti-corruption. Public Outreach: Public Outreach: Utilize cultural events, digital platforms, and commemorative events to popularize these historical insights. Commit Committees (Variyams): tees (Variyams): Explain the structure of specialized committees (e.g., Garden Committee, Tank Committee, Justice Committee) responsible for various aspects of village administration, showcasing functional decentralization. Research & Documentation: Research & Documentation: Encourage further archaeological and historical research into ancient Indian governance systems. Potential Mains Questions: Potential Mains Questions: The Lottery System: The Lottery System: Detail the ‘Kudavolai’ (pot-leaf) method, where names were written on palm leaves, placed in a pot, and drawn by a child, ensuring impartiality. “The Uthiramerur inscriptions offer a unique insight into India’s indigenous democratic traditions. Elaborate on the salient features of the Chola-era Kudavolai system and critically assess its relevance and lessons for modern Panchayati Raj Institutions in India.” (15 Marks) Nature of Ancient Indian Republics: Nature of Ancient Indian Republics: Extend the discussion to other republican traditions (e.g., Licchavis, Sakyas, Vajji confederacy) in ancient India, indicating a diverse array of political systems beyond monarchies. “Discuss the significance of highlighting India’s historical republican and democratic traditions in shaping contemporary national identity and 8 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

9. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 challenging Eurocentric historical narratives.” (10 Marks). Global Recognition: Global Recognition: The initiatives aim to increase the global footprint of Indian handloom products, aligning with the “Vocal for Local” and “Atmanirbhar Bharat” campaigns. 8. Ministry of Textiles’ Initiatives 8. Ministry of Textiles’ Initiatives for National Handloom Day Handloom Day for National Repatriation of Piprahwa Relics Repatriation of Piprahwa Relics Syllabus: Syllabus: GS-1/Indian Art Forms; GS-3/Economy Syllabus: Syllabus: GS1/Art & Culture, History In News: In News: The Ministry of Textiles launched several new schemes on the occasion of the 11th National Handloom Day to provide a boost to the handloom sector. These initiatives are designed to improve the livelihoods of weavers, preserve India’s cultural heritage, and promote the country’s unique handloom products globally. Context: Context: The repatriation of the sacred Piprahwa relics of Lord Buddha to India after 127 years is a major cultural and historical event. The return of these artifacts, which are believed to be the mortal remains of Lord Buddha, is a source of national pride and a testament to India’s cultural diplomacy. Key Initiatives & Their Significance: Key Initiatives & Their Significance: Historical Significance: Historical Significance: “Haat on Wheels”: “Haat on Wheels”: This innovative scheme will provide mobile marketplaces for artisans, allowing them to sell their products directly to urban consumers. It bypasses middlemen and provides a direct channel for income generation. The relics were discovered in 1898 during an archaeological excavation in Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh. The site is widely believed to be the ancient city of Kapilavastu, the capital of the Shakya kingdom and the birthplace of Lord Buddha. Special Scholarship for Research: Special Scholarship for Research: This initiative will encourage academic and design research in the handloom sector, helping to preserve traditional designs while also innovating with new materials and techniques. The discovery of the relics was a landmark event as it provided crucial archaeological evidence to support the historical authenticity of Lord Buddha. Repatriation and Diplomatic Efforts: Repatriation and Diplomatic Efforts: For over a century, the relics were in the possession of various private and public institutions. The Indian government, through the Ministry of Culture, had been working for several years to secure their return. Promotion of GI Promotion of GI- -tagged Textiles: promoting GI-tagged products like Banarasi sarees, Kanchipuram silk, and Pochampally Ikat will help in protecting the authenticity of these products and preventing their commercial imitation. tagged Textiles: The focus on The repatriation, made possible through a public- private partnership, is a major success in cultural diplomacy. The relics were slated for auction in Hong Kong in May 2025, but the government’s decisive intervention secured their return. Handloom Revival Programs: Handloom Revival Programs: The ministry will provide financial and technical assistance to handloom clusters, focusing on skills development and technology upgradation. Impact on the Economy and Culture: Impact on the Economy and Culture: Cultural and Religious Importance: Cultural and Religious Importance: Economic Empowerment: Economic Empowerment: The handloom sector is the second-largest rural employer in India after agriculture. These initiatives will directly support the livelihoods of millions of weavers, particularly women, and contribute to inclusive growth. The return of the relics is of immense cultural and religious significance, not only for India but for the global Buddhist community. It reinforces India’s identity as the land of origin of Buddhism and strengthens its cultural ties with Buddhist-majority countries. Cultural Preservation: Cultural Preservation: By promoting traditional crafts and GI tags, the government is ensuring the preservation of India’s rich and diverse cultural heritage. The relics are expected to be placed on public display, providing an opportunity for citizens and international visitors to pay homage to Lord 9 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

10. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Buddha. This will also boost India’s image as a major destination for Buddhist pilgrimage and tourism. powerful way to promote economic empowerment, reduce rural poverty, and ensure inclusive growth. The decentralized nature of the industry means that it can provide employment opportunities in remote and marginalized communities where other formal jobs are scarce. The government’s initiatives to provide weavers with subsidized raw materials, design assistance, and access to markets have been instrumental in improving their income and quality of life. National H National Handloom Day 2025 andloom Day 2025 Syllabus: Syllabus: Indian Culture; Economy Context: Context: India celebrated the 11th National Handloom Day Handloom Day on August 7, commemorating the anniversary of the Swadeshi Movement Swadeshi Movement launched in 1905. The day is dedicated to honoring the rich cultural heritage and the invaluable contributions of India’s handloom weavers. The celebration, attended by the President of India and senior government officials, highlighted the handloom sector’s pivotal role in cultural preservation, economic empowerment, and sustainable fashion. The theme for this year’s celebration, “Handlooms – Empowering Women, Empowering the Nation,” underscored the fact that the handloom sector is one of the largest employers of women in rural areas after agriculture. National Sustainable and Ethical Fashion: Sustainable and Ethical Fashion: In an era of increasing environmental consciousness, handlooms offer a sustainable and ethical alternative to the fast-fashion industry. The production of handloom textiles has a significantly lower carbon footprint compared to machine-made fabrics. It often uses natural fibers and dyes, and the process is less resource-intensive. Promoting handlooms helps to reduce the textile industry’s environmental impact and encourages conscious consumption. Furthermore, it supports the principles of fair trade and ethical labor, ensuring that artisans are paid fairly for their craft. Analysis: Analysis: National Handloom Day is not merely a symbolic celebration; it is a vital platform for addressing the challenges and leveraging the opportunities within the handloom sector. Challenges and Solutions: Challenges and Solutions: Despite its importance, the handloom sector faces several challenges. These include competition from cheaper powerloom products, lack of access to modern markets, and the aging of the weaving community. Many young people are moving away from the craft due to low wages and a lack of social recognition. To address these issues, a multi-faceted approach is needed. Cultural and Historical Significance: Cultural and Historical Significance: The handloom sector is a living embodiment of India’s diverse cultural traditions and artistic legacy. Each weave, motif, and design tells a story of a specific region and its history. The choice of August 7 to celebrate National Handloom Day is deeply rooted in the Swadeshi Movement, which was a powerful call to boycott foreign goods and embrace indigenous products. This historical context links the handloom industry directly to the spirit of self-reliance and national pride. By promoting handlooms, India is not just preserving a craft but also safeguarding its unique cultural identity from the homogenizing effects of globalization. Market Access and Branding: Market Access and Branding: The government must continue to support weavers by providing them with access to modern markets, including e- commerce platforms and international trade fairs. Creating a strong “Handloom India” brand, similar to GI tags, can help consumers distinguish between genuine handloom products and fake ones. Technological Upgradation and Skill Technological Upgradation and Skill Development: Development: While preserving traditional techniques, it is also important to introduce new technologies that can improve efficiency and design. Skill development programs can help weavers acquire new skills and adapt to changing market trends. Economic Empowerment and Livelihood: Economic Empowerment and Livelihood: The handloom industry is a significant source of livelihood for millions of people, particularly in rural India. It is the second-largest employer in the country after agriculture, and a vast majority of the weavers are women. Supporting this sector is a 10 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

11. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Social Security and Welfare: Social Security and Welfare: The government needs to strengthen social security schemes for weavers, including health insurance, pensions, and housing benefits, to make the profession more attractive to the younger generation. nomination will help in the preservation and promotion of this heritage, ensuring that future generations can learn from and be inspired by it. Boosting Tourism and Economic Growth: Boosting Tourism and Economic Growth: UNESCO World Heritage status can be a powerful driver of tourism. By attracting more international visitors, the status can boost local economies, create jobs, and foster cultural exchange. Sarnath, which is already a popular pilgrimage site, is expected to see a significant increase in tourism, which will benefit the local community. The status will also help in attracting international funding and technical expertise for the conservation and management of the site. Conclusion: Conclusion: National Handloom Day is a powerful reminder of the handloom sector’s immense cultural and economic value. By celebrating and supporting the country’s weavers, India is not only preserving its heritage but also building a more sustainable, equitable, and self-reliant future. The future of this industry depends on a collective effort to address its challenges and promote its unique value in a globalized world. India’s Nomination of Sarnath for UNESCO World India’s Nomination of Sarnath for UNESCO World Heritage Status Heritage Status Reinforcing India’s Soft Power: Reinforcing India’s Soft Power: The nomination of Sarnath is a powerful tool for India’s soft power diplomacy. It reinforces India’s image as a land of spiritual and cultural diversity and strengthens its relations with Buddhist-majority countries in Asia and beyond. By highlighting its role as the birthplace of Buddhism, India can position itself as a spiritual and cultural leader on the global stage. This is particularly important in the context of its Act East policy and its efforts to build stronger ties with its neighbors. Syllabus: Syllabus: Indian Culture, Art & Heritage Context: Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has officially nominated Sarnath Sarnath, an ancient Buddhist site in Uttar Pradesh, for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List for the 2025-26 cycle. Sarnath is one of the four most important Buddhist pilgrimage sites, where Gautam Buddha delivered his first sermon after attaining enlightenment. The site, which includes the Dhamek Stupa, Ashoka Pillar, and the Sarnath Archaeological Museum, is a testament to the rich Buddhist heritage of India. The nomination, which is a meticulous and lengthy process, aims to secure international recognition and protection for this invaluable cultural heritage. Way Forward: Way Forward: The nomination process is a long and arduous one, and India must ensure that all the necessary steps are taken to secure the status. Conservation and Management: Conservation and Management: The ASI must continue to invest in the conservation and management of the site, ensuring that it meets all the standards set by UNESCO. Analysis Analysis: : Community Participation: Community Participation: The local community must be involved in the process, and their concerns and needs must be addressed. The nomination of Sarnath for UNESCO World Heritage status is a significant step with cultural, historical, and geopolitical implications. International Advocacy: International Advocacy: The government must launch a robust international advocacy campaign to build support for the nomination among UNESCO member states. Cultural and Historical Significance: Cultural and Historical Significance: Sarnath is not just a historical site; it is a living symbol of India’s spiritual and philosophical legacy. It is the birthplace of Buddhism, one of the world’s major religions, and a place of immense spiritual significance for millions of Buddhists around the world. The site’s archaeological remains, including stupas, monasteries, and the famous Lion Capital of Ashoka (India’s national emblem), provide a window into the rich history of ancient India. The Conclusion: Conclusion: The nomination of Sarnath for UNESCO World Heritage status is a well-deserved recognition of its immense cultural and historical value. It is an opportunity for India to not only preserve its heritage but also to use it as a tool for economic growth, tourism promotion, and 11 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

12. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 international diplomacy. The success of this nomination will be a testament to India’s commitment to safeguarding its past for a more prosperous future. are crucial for improving their income and quality of life. Sustainable and Ethical Fashion: Sustainable and Ethical Fashion: In an era of increasing environmental awareness, handlooms offer a sustainable and ethical alternative to the fast-fashion industry. The production of handloom textiles has a significantly lower carbon footprint compared to machine-made fabrics. By promoting handlooms, we can encourage conscious consumption and support a more sustainable and ethical fashion industry. National Handloom Day 2025: Weaving Innovation National Handloom Day 2025: Weaving Innovation into Tradition into Tradition Syllabus: Syllabus: Indian Culture, Economy Context: Context: India is celebrating the 11th National Handloom Day Handloom Day on August 7, with the theme “Weaving Innovation into Tradition.” “Weaving Innovation into Tradition.” This theme highlights the need to preserve India’s rich handloom heritage while also adapting it to the demands of the modern world. The handloom sector is a living embodiment of India’s cultural diversity and a significant source of livelihood for millions of people, particularly women in rural areas. The government is committed to supporting the handloom sector through various initiatives, including providing financial assistance, marketing support, and skill development programs. National Challenges and Way Forward: Challenges and Way Forward: Despite its importance, the handloom sector faces several challenges. Competition: Competition: The handloom sector faces stiff competition from cheaper powerloom and machine-made products. Market Access: Market Access: Many weavers, especially in rural areas, lack access to modern markets and struggle to sell their products at a fair price. Analysis: Analysis: Aging Workforce: Aging Workforce: Many young people are moving away from the craft due to low wages and a lack of social recognition. National Handloom Day is not just a celebration of a craft; it is a strategic platform for cultural preservation and economic empowerment. To address these challenges, the government must continue to invest in the sector and promote innovation and modernization. Cultural and Historical Significance: Cultural and Historical Significance: The handloom sector is a repository of India’s cultural heritage. Each handwoven textile tells a story of a specific region, its traditions, and its people. The celebration of National Handloom Day on August 7 is a tribute to the Swadeshi Movement, which was a call to boycott foreign goods and embrace indigenous products. This historical context links the handloom industry directly to the spirit of self- reliance and national pride, making it a powerful symbol of India’s cultural identity. Technology and Design: Technology and Design: While preserving traditional techniques, it is important to introduce new technologies that can improve efficiency and design. Branding and Marketing: Branding and Marketing: The government should focus on building a strong “Handloom India” brand and promoting it in both domestic and international markets. Economic Empowerment: Economic Empowerment: The handloom industry is the second-largest employer in India after agriculture, providing livelihoods to millions of people, a majority of whom are women. Supporting this sector is a powerful way to promote economic empowerment, reduce rural poverty, and ensure inclusive growth. The government’s initiatives to provide weavers with subsidized raw materials, design assistance, and access to modern markets Social Security: Social Security: The government must strengthen social security schemes for weavers, including health insurance and pensions, to make the profession more attractive to the younger generation. Conclusion: Conclusion: National Handloom Day is a reminder of the handloom sector’s immense cultural and economic value. By celebrating and supporting the country’s weavers, India is not only preserving its heritage but also building a more sustainable, 12 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

13. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 equitable, and self-reliant future. The future of this industry depends on a collective effort to address its challenges and promote its unique value in a globalized world. value of neglected, small, and forgotten monuments that support local economies and groundwater recharge. The Concept The Concept of “Stone Literacy” of “Stone Literacy”: The article argues that citizens must cultivate “stone literacy” involves a deeper understanding of the stories, biases, and silenced voices embedded in these monuments. Monuments should be seen as mirrors of society, and their conservation should be linked to confronting social prejudices. It calls for the active engagement of citizens as guardians, storytellers, and stewards of their local heritage. The Role of Citizens in Heritage Conservation The Role of Citizens in Heritage Conservation “stone literacy”, which Syllabus: Syllabus: GS Paper GS Paper- -I: I: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times. GS Pa GS Paper associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders. per- -II: II: Role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and Shared Responsibility Shared Responsibility: The article argues that heritage is not solely the responsibility of the ASI or the government. It’s a shared responsibility, and by engaging critically and empathetically, citizens can help transform India into a “monument without walls.” This shift can also enhance India’s soft power diplomacy, branding it as a global leader in holistic and inclusive conservation. Context Context : A recent editorial highlights a shift in perspective on heritage conservation, advocating for a “conservation manual, drafted by “conservation manual, drafted by the ordinary citizen” citizen” to foster a deeper, more inclusive relationship between people and their historical monuments. This approach critiques the traditional government-driven model, which is often seen as bureaucratic and detached from the social and interpretive context of heritage sites. the ordinary Way Forward Way Forward To move beyond colonial-era conservation practices, India needs to: Empower Local Communities Empower Local Communities: Involve local communities in the management, interpretation, and restoration of heritage sites. This could be done through local heritage councils or volunteer groups. Key Assessment Points: Key Assessment Points: Critique of the Current Model Critique of the Current Model: The editorial criticizes the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) for being understaffed, underfunded, and overly bureaucratic. The current approach often focuses on physical repairs of a select few, high-profile sites, while neglecting the social, cultural, and interpretive context of monuments. This top-down model, which often results in a “colonial garden” approach, isolates monuments from the lived environments of the communities surrounding them. It creates a disconnect where monuments are seen as static, dead relics rather than dynamic parts of a community’s life. Promote Heritage Education Promote Heritage Education: Launch national initiatives to educate citizens about the history and significance of their local monuments and artifacts. Leverage Technology Leverage Technology: Use digital tools and platforms, such as augmented reality apps and online databases, to make heritage more accessible and engaging for the public. Adopt a Holistic Approach Adopt a Holistic Approach: Integrate conservation with local economic development, environmental protection, and social justice. A New Participatory Framework A New Participatory Framework: The new approach draws inspiration from Gandhian philosophy, particularly the concept of Sarvodaya all.” This means conservation should not just be about preserving stones but about improving the lives of the communities living around these sites. It calls for a multidisciplinary approach that includes insights from wildlife biologists, who would link monuments with the ecosystems they are part of, and even mycologists, who would highlight the Conclusion Conclusion : By fostering a shared sense of ownership and responsibility, India can transform its monuments from static relics into dynamic centers of community life and cultural pride. This new approach promises to be more sustainable and more in tune with the diverse and rich fabric of India’s history. Sarvodaya, or “welfare of 13 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

14. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Mains Question: Mains Question: “Conservation of heritage in India should move beyond a bureaucratic, top-down approach to a people-centric, participatory model.” Critically analyze this statement in light of recent discussions on the subject. Influence on the Freedom Movement Influence on the Freedom Movement: While he retired from active politics, his writings and teachings continued to inspire the freedom fighters. He provided a spiritual and philosophical foundation for the nationalist movement, arguing that India’s independence was not just a political necessity but also a part of a larger divine plan for humanity. PM’s Homage to Sri Aurobindo PM’s Homage to Sri Aurobindo Syllabus: Syllabus: Way Forward: Way Forward: GS Paper GS Paper- -I: I: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature, and Architecture from ancient to modern times. Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. Inclusion in Curriculum Inclusion in Curriculum: The teachings and contributions of spiritual leaders and philosophers like Sri Aurobindo should be included in the academic curriculum to provide a holistic view of India’s history. Context Context On the occasion of his birth anniversary on August 15th, the Prime Minister paid homage to Sri Aurobindo, a key figure in India’s freedom struggle, a philosopher, and a yogi. His life and works are highly relevant for UPSC aspirants as they represent a unique blend of political activism, spiritual quest, and philosophical depth. Promoting Research Promoting Research: More research should be encouraged on his works to bring his philosophical ideas into the mainstream. Public Awareness Public Awareness: Public events and digital campaigns can be used to raise awareness about his philosophical and spiritual legacy. Key Assessment Points: Key Assessment Points: Conclusion: Conclusion: Sri Aurobindo’s life is a remarkable blend of political activism and spiritual quest. His legacy continues to inspire many, and his philosophy offers a unique perspective on India’s past and future. He remains a towering figure in India’s intellectual and spiritual history. Early Life & Political Activism Early Life & Political Activism: Born on August 15, 1872, he was educated in England and was a brilliant student. He cleared the Indian Civil Service (ICS) exam but was disqualified for missing the riding test. Upon his return to India, he became a key figure in the nationalist movement, known for his radical and revolutionary ideas. He was a co- founder of the extremist group that advocated for complete independence from British rule. Mains Question: Mains Question: “Sri Aurobindo’s life journey from a nationalist revolutionary to a spiritual philosopher reflects the intellectual and ideological diversity of India’s freedom struggle.” Discuss. Spiritual Transformation Spiritual Transformation: His arrest in the Alipur Conspiracy Case in 1908 was a turning point in his life. While in jail, he had a profound spiritual experience that led to a complete transformation. After his acquittal, he retired from active politics and dedicated his life to spiritual pursuits, founding an ashram in Puducherry. New PMO to be Housed in Executive Enclave New PMO to be Housed in Executive Enclave Syllabus: Syllabus: GS Paper GS Paper- -I: I: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature, and Architecture from ancient to modern times. Context Context The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), Cabinet Secretariat, and other important offices are set to be shifted to a new building called the Executive Enclave, which is being constructed as part of the Central Vista redevelopment project. The existing North and South Blocks will be converted into a museum. Literary & Philosophical Contributions Literary & Philosophical Contributions: He was a prolific writer, known for works like “The Life Divine” Divine” and “Savitri,” “Savitri,” which explored themes of spiritual evolution and the future of humanity. He believed in the concept of “Integral Yoga,” aimed for the complete transformation of the mind, body, and spirit. His philosophy had a deep impact on subsequent spiritual leaders and thinkers. “The Life “Integral Yoga,” which In In- -depth Analysis and UPSC depth Analysis and UPSC- -Relevant Points: Relevant Points: 14 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

15. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 The relocation of the PMO to the new Executive Enclave is a pivotal moment in India’s administrative and architectural history. It is a key component of the ambitious Central Vista redevelopment project, a large-scale urban and architectural undertaking that seeks to modernize India’s administrative heart while preserving its colonial-era heritage. Challenges and Criticisms: Challenges and Criticisms: The Central Vista redevelopment project has been criticized by some for its high cost and for the lack of transparency in the planning and execution of the project. Critics have also argued that the project is an unnecessary expense and that the money could have been used for other more pressing needs. However, the government has argued that the project is essential for modernizing the country’s administrative infrastructure and that it is a long-term investment in the country’s future. Central Vista Redevelopment: A Central Vista Redevelopment: A Vision for ‘New India’ India’: The Central Vista redevelopment project is a vision for a “New India” that is modern, efficient, and forward-looking. The project, which includes a new Parliament building, a common central secretariat, and a new Executive Enclave, is designed to meet the administrative and architectural needs of a growing and modernizing country. The new Executive Enclave, which will house the PMO and the Cabinet Secretariat, is a key part of this vision. It is designed to provide modern and efficient office spaces for the country’s top leadership, which will improve coordination and efficiency. Vision for ‘New Mains Question: Mains Question: The Central Vista redevelopment project is a major urban and architectural undertaking. Discuss the key features of the project, including the new Executive Enclave, and analyze its significance from a governance and heritage perspective, while also critically examining the controversies surrounding the project. Unearthing history: A new archaeological discovery Unearthing history: A new archaeological discovery at the Indus Valley site: at the Indus Valley site: Syllabus Link: Syllabus Link: GS-I: Indian Heritage and Culture (Ancient Indian History, archaeological discoveries). Preserving Heritage and Decolonization Preserving Heritage and Decolonization: A major feature of the project is the decision to convert the North and South Blocks into a museum. The new museum, to be called the “Yuga Yugin Bharat Sangrahalaya,” will showcase India’s history and culture. This is a crucial step towards preserving the country’s heritage and a symbolic move towards decolonization. The North and South Blocks, which were built during the British rule, have been a symbol of colonial power for over 80 years. Their conversion into a museum is a statement that India is moving away from its colonial past and is building a future that is rooted in its own culture and values. Context: Context: A major archaeological discovery at a hitherto unexplored site of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) has added a new chapter to our understanding of ancient India. The excavation, led by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), has unearthed significant artifacts, including new types of seals, pottery, and a well-preserved street network, providing fresh insights into the urban planning, trade networks, and social life of the Harappans. The discovery is poised to deepen the debate on the origin and decline of the civilization. Key Aspects Key Aspects & Analysis: & Analysis: Modernizing Govern Modernizing Government Infrastructure Executive Enclave is designed to be a modern and efficient office complex. It will be equipped with state-of-the-art technology and will be designed to meet the administrative needs of a modern government. This is a crucial step towards improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the government. The move to a new building will also help in consolidating various offices and in improving coordination between different ministries. ment Infrastructure: The new Insights into Urban Planning: Insights into Urban Planning: The discovery of a well-preserved street network, complete with a sophisticated drainage system, provides new evidence of the advanced urban planning of the IVC. The layout of the streets and the design of the houses suggest a high degree of civic engineering and a strong municipal authority. This discovery reinforces the notion that the IVC was one of the most advanced urban civilizations of its time. 15 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

16. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Trade and Commerce: Trade and Commerce: The unearthing of new types of seals, different from those found at other sites, suggests that the IVC had an even more extensive and diverse trade network than previously thought. The seals, which were used to mark goods, indicate a thriving commercial economy and contact with other civilizations in the West and Central Asia. citizens about the importance of our cultural heritage and the need to protect it. Conclusion: Conclusion: The new discovery at the Indus Valley site is a momentous occasion for Indian archaeology. It has the potential to rewrite parts of our history and provide new insights into one of the world’s oldest and most enigmatic civilizations. The discovery is not just a scientific finding; it is a vital link to our past and a source of national pride. New Questions on the Script: New Questions on the Script: While the Indus script remains undeciphered, the new seals found at the site contain some previously unseen symbols. This has reignited the hope that a breakthrough in deciphering the script is possible. It has also added new complexity to the debate, as the new symbols may represent a different dialect or a new stage in the evolution of the script. Mains Practice Question: Mains Practice Question: “A new archaeological discovery at an Indus Valley Civilization site has added to our understanding of the civilization. Discuss the potential insights this discovery could provide into the urban planning, trade, and eventual decline of the IVC. What are the key challenges in the preservation and analysis of such ancient sites?” The Puzzle of the Decline: The Puzzle of the Decline: The site shows no signs of a sudden abandonment or a major catastrophe, such as a flood or an invasion. Instead, it suggests a gradual decline, which adds weight to the theory that climate change and a drying up of the Saraswati river may have been the primary causes of the civilization’s collapse. The discovery provides a key piece of evidence in the ongoing debate on the decline of the IVC. Promoting rural Promoting rural tourism: The new national policy: tourism: The new national policy: Syllabus Link: Syllabus Link: GS-I: Indian Heritage & Culture (Tourism). GS-II: Governance (Government policies and interventions). GS-III: Economy (Tourism sector). Context: Context: The Ministry of Tourism has announced a new national policy for the promotion of rural tourism. The new policy aims to transform India’s rural areas into vibrant tourist destinations and to provide a new source of income for rural communities. The policy is a multi-faceted approach that includes provisions for financial assistance, skill development, and a new framework for the marketing of rural tourism products. The Challenge of Preservation: The Challenge of Preservation: The discovery also highlights the critical need for better preservation and management of archaeological sites. Many ancient sites are under threat from urban expansion, illegal construction, and environmental degradation. The discovery has brought a new sense of urgency to the need for a national policy for the preservation of our cultural heritage. Way Forward: Way Forward: Key Aspects & Analysis: Key Aspects & Analysis: The ASI must conduct a thorough and meticulous thorough and meticulous analysis analysis of the artifacts and the site, using modern scientific methods, including carbon dating and DNA analysis. The Potential of Rural Tourism The Potential of Rural Tourism: India has a vast and diverse rural landscape that is rich in culture, heritage, and natural beauty. The new policy is a clear recognition that rural tourism has immense potential to contribute to the country’s economic growth and to provide a new source of income for rural communities. The government should allocate more funds archaeological research and the preservation of ancient sites. more funds for Addressing the Challenges Addressing the Challenges: Rural tourism in India faces some major challenges, such as a lack of a good infrastructure, a lack of skilled manpower, and a lack of a clear marketing strategy. The new policy aims to address these issues by providing a new framework for financial assistance, a new A collaborative approach collaborative approach with international experts and institutions should be encouraged to ensure a multi-disciplinary analysis of the discovery. The discovery should be used as an opportunity to launch a public awareness campaign public awareness campaign to educate 16 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

17. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 curriculum for skill development, and a new digital platform for the marketing of rural tourism products. more equitable and prosperous society. By leveraging the country’s vast rural landscape, India is not only creating a new engine for economic growth but also preserving its rich cultural heritage. Empowering Local Communities Empowering Local Communities: The new policy places a strong emphasis on empowering local communities. It includes provisions for a new framework for the participation of local communities in the planning and the management of rural tourism projects. This is a vital step toward ensuring that the benefits of rural tourism are not limited to a few but are shared by all. Mains Practice Question: Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the potential of rural tourism in India. What are the key features of the new national policy in this regard, and how can it contribute to the economic development of rural communities?” Promoting rural tourism in the Himalayas: A new Promoting rural tourism in the Himalayas: A new policy for sustainable development policy for sustainable development The Need for a Holistic Approach The Need for a Holistic Approach: Rural tourism is not just about building new resorts and hotels. It is also about preserving a place’s culture, heritage, and natural beauty. The new policy recognizes this and places a strong emphasis on a holistic approach to rural tourism to rural tourism. It includes provisions for a new framework for the preservation of a place’s cultural heritage and a new framework for the protection of its natural environment. Syllabus Link: Syllabus Link: GS-I: Indian Heritage & Culture (Tourism). GS-II: Governance (Government policies and interventions). GS-III: Economy (Tourism sector). holistic approach Context: Context: The Ministry of Tourism has announced a new national policy for the promotion of rural tourism in the Himalayan states. The new policy, which is a key part of the government’s plan to provide a new source of income for rural communities and to preserve the cultural heritage of the Himalayan states, is a multi-faceted approach that includes provisions for financial assistance, skill development, and a new framework for the marketing of rural tourism products. The Role of the Private Sector The Role of the Private Sector: The new policy encourages greater private sector participation in the rural tourism sector. It provides a new framework for private investment and a new framework for the marketing of rural tourism products. This is a crucial step toward attracting the large-scale investment that is needed to transform India’s rural areas into a major tourist destination. Key Aspects & Analysis: Key Aspects & Analysis: The Potential of Himalayan Tourism The Potential of Himalayan Tourism: The Himalayan states have a vast and untapped potential for tourism. They are a major source of natural beauty, cultural heritage, and spiritual significance. The new policy is a clear recognition that rural tourism has immense potential to contribute to the country’s economic growth and to provide a new source of income for rural communities. Way Way Forward: Forward: The government should provide financial and tax incentives incentives to private companies to encourage them to invest in rural tourism. financial and tax A new digital platform new digital platform should be created to provide a single point of access to all the information about rural tourism products and services. Addressing the Challenges Addressing the Challenges: Rural tourism in the Himalayan states faces some major challenges, such as a lack of a good infrastructure, a lack of skilled manpower, and a lack of a clear marketing strategy. The new policy aims to address these issues by providing a new framework for financial assistance, a new curriculum for skill development, and a new digital platform for the marketing of rural tourism products. A massive training program training program for local communities should be launched to equip them with the skills to manage rural tourism projects. The government should also work with the states to ensure that the new policy is implemented in a participatory and inclusive manner. Conclusion: Conclusion: The new national policy for the promotion of rural tourism is a vital step toward a 17 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

18. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Empowering Local Communities Empowering Local Communities: The new policy places a strong emphasis on empowering local communities. It includes provisions for a new framework for the participation of local communities in the planning and the management of rural tourism projects. This is a vital step toward ensuring that the benefits of rural tourism are not limited to a few but are shared by all. engine for economic growth but also preserving its rich cultural heritage. Mains Practice Question: Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the potential of rural tourism in the Himalayan states. What are the key features of the new policy in this regard, and how can it contribute to the economic development of rural communities?” HISTORY HISTORY The Need for a Holistic Approach The Need for a Holistic Approach: Rural tourism is not just about building new resorts and hotels. It is also about preserving a place’s culture, heritage, and natural beauty. The new policy recognizes this and places a strong emphasis on a holistic approach to rural tourism to rural tourism. It includes provisions for a new framework for the preservation of a place’s cultural heritage and a new framework for the protection of its natural environment. 4. Syllabus: GS1/History & Culture; GS2/Polity 4. Syllabus: GS1/History & Culture; GS2/Polity In News In NewsPrime Minister Narendra Modi recently underscored the deep-rooted nature of democratic traditions in India, specifically highlighting the significance of the Uthiramerur Inscriptions Uthiramerur Inscriptions from the Chola dynasty as evidence of ancient indigenous democratic practices. holistic approach Background Background The Prime Minister’s remarks come in the context of a broader narrative promoting India’s historical contributions to democratic thought and governance, countering the perception that democracy is solely a Western import. The Chola dynasty, one of the longest-ruling dynasties in South Indian history (c. 300 BCE to 1279 CE), is renowned for its highly organized administrative system, particularly at the local level. The Uthiramerur Inscriptions provide unique and detailed insights into these local self-governing mechanisms. The Role of the Private Sector The Role of the Private Sector: The new policy encourages greater private sector participation in the rural tourism sector. It provides a new framework for private investment and a new framework for the marketing of rural tourism products. This is a crucial step toward attracting the large-scale investment that is needed to transform the Himalayan states into a major tourist destination. Way Forward: Way Forward: The government should provide financ incentives incentives to private companies to encourage them to invest in rural tourism in the Himalayan states. financial and tax ial and tax Key Points Key Points: : Uthiramerur Inscriptions: Uthiramerur Inscriptions: Located on the walls of the Vaikunda Perumal Temple in Uthiramerur, Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, these inscriptions date back to the reign of Chola king Parantaka I Parantaka I (around 920 CE). They meticulously describe the functioning of the ‘Sabha’ assembly composed exclusively of adult male Brahmins who owned land. A new digital platform new digital platform should be created to provide a single point of access to all the information about rural tourism products and services. Chola king A massive training program training program for local communities should be launched to equip them with the skills to manage rural tourism projects. ‘Sabha’, a village The government should also work with the states to ensure that the new policy is implemented in a participatory and inclusive manner. Features o Features of the Chola Inscriptions) Inscriptions) : : f the Chola- -Era Electoral System (as per Era Electoral System (as per Ward System: Ward System: The village was divided into 30 wards wards, with each ward electing one representative to the village assembly. 30 Conclusion: Conclusion: The new national policy for the promotion of rural tourism in the Himalayan states is a vital step toward a more equitable and prosperous society. By leveraging the country’s vast rural landscape, India is not only creating a new Eligibility Criteria: Eligibility Criteria: Detailed qualifications were stipulated for candidates, including: 18 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

19. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Ownership of a plot of land and a house. Gramakariya Variyam: Gramakariya Variyam: Supervised the overall work of all committees. Age between 35 and 70 years 35 and 70 years. Accountability and Recall: Accountability and Recall::Committee members served for 360 days and were then expected to retire. Any member found implicated in wrongdoing or discrepancies in accounts was immediately removed immediately removed from their position, illustrating a form of accountability. Knowledge of Vedic texts and sacred mantras. Being “skilled in business” and possessing “moral behaviour.” (An exception was made for land ownership if the person had learned at least one Veda and four Bhashyas). Significance for Modern India Significance for Modern India : : In Indigenous Democracy digenous Democracy : : The inscriptions provide concrete evidence that codified democratic frameworks, emphasizing local self-governance, transparency, and accountability, existed in ancient India. This provides a historical counter-narrative to the idea that democracy is solely a Western concept. Disqualification Norms Disqualification Norms : : Strict criteria for disqualification included Failure to submit accounts from prior service on any committee. Having committed any of the first four of the five “great sins” “great sins” (killing a Brahman, drinking alcohol, theft, and adultery). first four of the five Continuity of Principles: Continuity of Principles: Principles like ethical leadership, citizen participation, and codified rules of governance found in these ancient systems resonate with modern democratic ideals. Association with outcasts or consuming “forbidden” dishes. Those who stole others’ property or committed forgery were also disqualified. Local Self Local Self- -Governance: Governance: The Uthiramerur model offers a historical precedent for the importance of local self-governance, a concept central to the modern Panchayati Raj system in India. Selection Process: Selection Process: Members were chosen through an elaborate drawing of lots, where names written on palm leaf tickets were put into a pot, and a representative was selected by a young boy. This system, known as ‘Kudavolai’ ‘Kudavolai’, aimed to ensure fairness and prevent manipulation. PM Modi Pays Tributes to Quit India and Kakori PM Modi Pays Tributes to Quit India and Kakori Movements Movements : : Syllabus: Syllabus: Indian History (Modern) Committee System (Variyams): Committee System (Variyams): The Sabha operated through various specialized committees (Variyams responsible for specific functions: Conte Context: Modi paid tributes to the brave people who participated in the Quit India Movement Quit India Movement and the Kakori Movement Kakori Movement. August 9 marks the anniversary of both of these pivotal events in India’s struggle for independence. The Prime Minister’s message, shared on social media, highlighted the courage of the freedom fighters and their contributions to India’s quest for freedom. He also paid tributes to the valour of the revolutionaries who participated in the Kakori incident incident, which he said, “highlighted the resentment among people against colonial rule.” This commemoration serves as a reminder of India’s rich history of struggle and sacrifice. xt: On August 9, Prime Minister Narendra Variyams) Garden Committee (Thottavariyam): Garden Committee (Thottavariyam):: Managed village gardens. Tank Committee (Erivariyam): Tank Committee (Erivariyam): Oversaw water resources and irrigation tanks. Annual Committee (Samvatsaravariyam): Annual Committee (Samvatsaravariyam): Required prior experience and knowledge. Kakori Justice Committee (Nyaya Variyam): Justice Committee (Nyaya Variyam): Administered justice. Gold Committee (Pon Variyam): Gold Committee (Pon Variyam):: : Managed the village temple’s gold. Analysis: Analysis: 19 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

20. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 The Prime Minister’s tributes to these two movements are a significant act of historical remembrance, underscoring their importance in India’s freedom struggle. Conclusion: Conclusion: The Prime Minister’s tributes to the Quit India and Kakori movements are a fitting tribute to the heroes of India’s freedom struggle. By remembering these pivotal moments, we not only honor the sacrifices of our freedom fighters but also reaffirm our commitment to the values of patriotism, unity, and courage that they embodied. These historical events serve as a constant source of inspiration for a new generation of Indians to build a strong and prosperous nation. Quit India Movement (1942): Quit India Movement (1942):The Quit India Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi, was a pivotal moment in India’s freedom struggle. It was a call for immediate independence and marked a departure from Gandhi’s earlier policy of non- violent non-cooperation. The movement saw mass protests, strikes, and civil disobedience across the country. It was a “do or die” moment that galvanized the Indian population and sent a clear message to the British that their rule was no longer sustainable. Although the British managed to suppress the movement, it created an atmosphere of unwavering resolve and ultimately hastened the end of colonial rule. PM Observes Partition Horrors Remembrance Day: PM Observes Partition Horrors Remembrance Day: Syllabus: Syllabus: GS Paper I – Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues. Context: Context: On August 14, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi observed Partition Horrors Remembrance Day Remembrance Day, a day dedicated to honoring the memory of the millions who suffered during the partition of India in 1947. The day seeks to acknowledge the immense pain and upheaval experienced by countless families and individuals, and serves as a somber reminder of the enduring responsibility to strengthen social harmony. Partition Horrors Kakori Movement (1925): Kakori Movement (1925): The Kakori Conspiracy, which took place on August 9, 1925, was a significant event in the history of the Indian revolutionary movement. Organized by the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), it involved a train robbery to fund revolutionary activities against the British. While the incident led to the arrest and execution of several freedom fighters, it also highlighted the deep-seated anger and resentment among the people against colonial exploitation. The bravery of the revolutionaries, including Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, and Roshan Singh, inspired a new generation of freedom fighters and underscored the diverse approaches that were adopted to achieve independence. Detailed Analysis Detailed Analysis : : Historical Background of Partition Historical Background of Partition : : The 1947 Partition of British India: The 1947 Partition of British India: The partition was the division of the British Indian Empire into two independent dominions—India and Pakistan. The partition was enacted by the Indian Independence Act of 1947 and resulted in the creation of a new country, Pakistan, from the Muslim-majority areas of Bengal and Punjab. Legacy of Sacrifice and Unity Legacy of Sacrifice and Unity : : Commemorating both the Quit India and Kakori movements on the same day is a powerful symbol of the diversity of India’s freedom struggle. It acknowledges that independence was not won through a single movement but through a collective effort involving a wide range of ideologies, from Gandhi’s non- violence to the revolutionaries’ armed struggle. It is a tribute to the unity of purpose that defined the freedom struggle, where different groups, despite their ideological differences, were united by the common goal of an independent India. The Radcliffe Line The Radcliffe Line : : The boundary between the two nations was officially drawn by Cyril Radcliffe, the chairman of the Boundary Commission. The division was based on the demographics of Muslim and non-Muslim majorities in the provinces of Bengal and Punjab. The process was rushed, and the final boundary was announced just two days after independence, leading to immense confusion and violence. Mass Migration and Violence Mass Migration and Violence : : The partition led to one of the largest mass migrations in human history. It is estimated that between 10 to 20 million people were displaced. The migration was 20 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

21. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 accompanied by unprecedented communal violence, looting, and atrocities on both sides of the border. Reconciliation vs. Reminiscence: Reconciliation vs. Reminiscence: While the government’s intent is to promote peace and harmony, there is a debate on whether constantly recalling the “horrors” helps in reconciliation or perpetuates a sense of victimhood and historical grievance. The challenge is to use this day to foster healing, not to reopen old wounds. Historical Significance Historical Significance : : The partition remains one of the most tragic and defining events in the history of the Indian subcontinent. Its legacy includes deep- seated animosity between India and Pakistan and a lasting trauma for the communities that were affected. Conclusion Conclusion : : Partition Horrors Remembrance Day is a significant step towards acknowledging a painful and often overlooked chapter in India’s history. Rationale for Partition Horrors Remembrance Day Rationale for Partition Horrors Remembrance Day : : Remembering the Victims: Remembering the Victims: The day was officially declared by the Prime Minister in 2021 to ensure that the sacrifices and suffering of the victims of partition are not forgotten. It is a way of giving a voice to the millions who were displaced, brutalized, and lost their lives. The observance aims to honor the victims, educate the youth, and promote the message of social harmony and national integration. The success of this initiative will be measured by its ability to foster a deeper understanding of history without promoting division, thereby using a painful memory to build a more united future. Educational and Commemorative Purpose Educational and Commemorative Purpose : : The observance aims to educate the younger generation about the horrors of partition, fostering a sense of empathy and a deeper understanding of the events that shaped modern India. Mains Question: Mains Question: The observance of ‘Partition Horrors Remembrance Day’ seeks to remember the victims and promote social harmony. In this context, critically analyze the historical significance of the partition of India and discuss the role of such commemorative events in shaping national memory and fostering social unity. (250 words). Promoting Social Harmony: Promoting Social Harmony: The day serves as a powerful reminder of the dangers of communal disharmony and hate. The Prime Minister’s message emphasized the need to strengthen the bonds of harmony and unity that hold the country together. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 4. Utta 4. Uttarkashi Cloudburst rkashi Cloudburst : Alarming Reminder of Himalayan Vulnerability Himalayan Vulnerability : : : Alarming Reminder of National Integration National Integration : : By acknowledging this painful chapter of history, the day aims to strengthen the resolve of the nation to build a future based on peace, fraternity, and mutual respect, thereby reinforcing the core principles of the Indian Constitution. Syllabus: Syllabus: GS-1/Geography; GS-3/Disaster Management In News: In News: A severe cloudburst in the Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand has resulted in significant loss of life and property, triggering flash floods and landslides. This event has once again brought to the forefront the issue of climate change-induced extreme weather events and the need for robust disaster management strategies in the fragile Himalayan region. Historical Debates and Critiques Historical Debates and Critiques : : Timing of the Commemoration: Timing of the Commemoration: Some historians and political commentators have raised concerns about the timing of the day, arguing that commemorating the event on the eve of Independence Day could be seen as a way of politicizing a historical tragedy. Causes and Context Causes and Context : : Focus on a Single Narrative Focus on a Single Narrative : : Another criticism is that the observance might focus on a singular narrative of the partition, potentially sidelining the complex and diverse experiences of people from different regions and communities. Cloudbur Cloudbursts rainfall events, a phenomenon becoming more frequent in the Himalayas due to changes in weather patterns linked to global warming. sts : : These are highly localized and intense 21 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

22. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Fragile Ecology Fragile Ecology : : The Himalayan states are ecologically sensitive and seismically active. Unplanned infrastructure development, deforestation, and unregulated mining have further exacerbated the region’s vulnerability to landslides and flash floods. of the Kheer Ganga river. This led to a sudden surge of water and debris, which caused a flash flood in the Dhauliganga and Bhagirathi river systems. The flash flood has been particularly destructive in Dharali village, where it has claimed at least four lives and left over 50 people missing. The sheer force of the floodwaters has washed away homes, shops, and vital infrastructure. Vulnerability of Bageshwar Vulnerability of Bageshwar : : A recent expert panel report submitted to the National Green Tribunal (NGT) warned that unregulated mining in Uttarakhand’s Bageshwar district is creating conditions similar to the subsidence crisis in Joshimath. The report highlighted dangers from unsafe mining practices and waste dumping, which destabilize slopes and block natural drainage channels. Impact and Response Impact and Response : : The most significant immediate impact has been the severing of all road links to Gangotri Dham, one of the most sacred pilgrimage sites for Hindus. This has left thousands of pilgrims and tourists stranded, with the authorities scrambling to organize rescue and relief operations. Way Forward Way Forward : : Teams from the State Disaster Response Force (SDRF), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), and the Indian Army have been deployed to the affected areas. Their primary task is to locate the missing persons, provide humanitarian aid to the stranded, and restore road connectivity. Disaster Preparedness Disaster Preparedness : : There is an urgent need for an advanced early warning system, especially for cloudbursts and landslides. Community-level disaster management teams should be trained and equipped. Sustainable Development Sustainable Development : : Development projects in the Himalayas must adhere to strict environmental norms. There is a need for a shift towards climate- resilient infrastructure and a ban on unregulated activities like mining and construction in geologically sensitive areas. The incident has also caused significant economic damage to the local communities, who depend on tourism and agriculture for their livelihood. Relevance to Disaster Management Relevance to Disaster Management : : The Uttarkashi cloudburst is a classic case study in disaster management. It highlights the unique challenges of responding to disasters in difficult, mountainous terrain. Climate Change Adaptation Climate Change Adaptation : : India’s disaster management plans must be updated to specifically address the increasing frequency of climate- change-induced disasters in vulnerable regions. The incident underscores the need for a multi- faceted approach to disaster preparedness, including: Cloudburst in Uttarkashi Cloudburst in Uttarkashi Syllabus: Syllabus: GS1/Geography, GS3/Disaster Management Early Warning Systems: Early Warning Systems: The need for a more robust and localized early warning system for cloudbursts and flash floods. Context: Context: A devastating cloudburst in the Dharali village of Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand, has triggered a massive flash flood, causing significant loss of life, damage to property, and widespread disruption. The incident highlights the ecological fragility and vulnerability of the Himalayan region to such extreme weather events. Sustainable Devel Sustainable Development sustainable and eco-friendly infrastructure development in the Himalayan region, which is prone to natural disasters. opment : : The importance of Community Preparedness Community Preparedness : : The need to train and empower local communities to respond to such disasters effectively. Details of the Disaster Details of the Disaster : : The cloudburst, a highly localized and intense rainfall event, occurred in the upper catchment area 22 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

23. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 The incident is a stark reminder of the devastating consequences of climate change and the need for a comprehensive strategy to protect vulnerable populations and ecosystems. pollutants can enter the food chain, affecting crop yields and introducing harmful substances into food. This not only threatens food security but also poses a serious risk to the health of consumers. The contamination also degrades soil quality, reducing its fertility and making it more difficult to grow crops. The long-term effects could be a decline in agricultural productivity, which would have a devastating impact on the livelihoods of millions of farmers. Groundwater Contamination in India Groundwater Contamination in India Syllabus: Syllabus: Geography; Environment, Health Context: Context: A recent analysis by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has revealed an alarming state of groundwater contamination across India. Despite increased rainfall in some regions, the problem of contaminated aquifers is worsening, posing a severe public health crisis and threatening agricultural productivity. Groundwater, which provides over 85% of rural drinking water and 65% of irrigation in the country, is now being polluted by a cocktail of industrial waste, excessive fertilizer use, and untreated sewage. The contamination includes heavy metals like fluoride and arsenic, as well as nitrates and uranium, which are causing a range of chronic illnesses and other health issues. Governance and Policy Gaps Governance and Policy Gaps : : The crisis is exacerbated by systemic failures in governance. The existing legal framework, such as the Water Act of 1974, is largely inadequate and lacks the teeth to address groundwater issues. The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and state-level pollution control boards often lack the legal authority, resources, and manpower to enforce regulations and monitor groundwater quality effectively. The absence of real-time monitoring and a fragmented approach to data collection makes it difficult to assess the scale of the problem and formulate effective solutions. Unregulated borewell drilling and a lack of public awareness about sustainable water management practices further compound the issue. Analysis Analysis : : The issue of groundwater contamination in India is a complex challenge with far-reaching consequences. Solutions / Analysis Solutions / Analysis : : A comprehensive and multi- pronged strategy is required to tackle this crisis. Public Health Crisis Public Health Crisis : : Contaminated groundwater is a silent killer, leading to a host of chronic and debilitating diseases. Fluoride contamination Fluoride contamination, prevalent in over 230 districts, is causing skeletal and dental fluorosis, particularly in states like Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. Arsenic contamination contamination, concentrated in the Gangetic plains, has been linked to skin diseases, cancers, and organ failure. Nitrate contamination Nitrate contamination, a result of agricultural runoff and septic tank leaks, can cause “blue baby syndrome” in infants. The presence of heavy metals heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury from industrial discharge is leading to developmental delays and neurological damage in children. These health impacts not only affect the quality of life but also place a significant burden on the country’s healthcare system. Regulatory Frameworks Regulatory Frameworks : : The government must enact a robust and comprehensive national groundwater pollution framework that gives legal teeth to regulatory bodies. This framework should include stringent penalties for polluters and a clear mandate for monitoring and enforcement. Arsenic Technological Interventions: Technological Interventions: Investing in modern, real-time monitoring tools and publicly available data platforms can help in identifying and addressing contamination hotspots. Technologies like phytoremediation and bio-remediation can be used to clean up contaminated sites. Promoting Sustainable Practices: Promoting Sustainable Practices: A shift to sustainable agricultural practices, such as precision farming and the judicious use of fertilizers, is crucial to reduce nitrate contamination. Promoting rainwater harvesting and recharging of aquifers can Agricultural and Food Security Impact: Agricultural and Food Security Impact: Groundwater is the lifeblood of Indian agriculture. When contaminated water is used for irrigation, the 23 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

24. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 help in replenishing groundwater levels and diluting contaminants. the Indus Valley Civilisation, one of the world’s oldest civilizations. Public Awareness and Community Participation Public Awareness and Community Participation : : Raising public awareness about the dangers of groundwater contamination and the importance of sustainable water usage is essential. Empowering local communities to monitor and manage their water resources can lead to more effective and sustainable solutions. Fragile Ecosystem Fragile Ecosystem : : Ladakh is a high-altitude cold desert with a very fragile ecosystem. Any pollution of the Indus can have a devastating impact on the region’s biodiversity and the livelihoods of its people. Objectives of ‘Mission Indus Clean Objectives of ‘Mission Indus Clean- -Up’ Up’ : : Combating Waste Pollution Combating Waste Pollution : : The primary objective of the mission is to remove non-biodegradable waste, such as plastic debris and metal scraps, from the Indus River and its tributaries. It has already led to the removal of over 75 tonnes of waste in a few hours. Conclusion Conclusion : : Groundwater contamination in India is a ticking time bomb that threatens the health, food security, and economic well-being of the nation. The crisis is a symptom of a broader failure in environmental governance and resource management. Addressing this challenge requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders—the government, industry, farmers, and the public—to move towards a more sustainable and equitable water management system. Community Engagement Community Engagement : : The mission is a testament to the power of community action. The participation of local Gobas (village headmen), NGOs, trade and transport unions, and security forces highlights a strong collective commitment to environmental protection. ‘Singe Tsangspo Tsangde Lasgul’: A Community ‘Singe Tsangspo Tsangde Lasgul’: A Community Clean Clean- -Up Drive for the Indus River Up Drive for the Indus River Raising Awareness Raising Awareness : : The drive aims to raise public awareness about the need for better waste management practices and the importance of preserving the river. The campaign included a solemn pledge to protect the Indus from pollution. Syllabus: Syllabus: GS Paper I – Geographical features; GS Paper III – Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment. Context: Context: The Union Territory of Ladakh has launched a massive community-driven clean-up drive, dubbed ‘Singe Tsangspo Tsangde Lasgul’ ‘Singe Tsangspo Tsangde Lasgul’ (Mission Indus Clean (Mission Indus Clean- -Up) Up), to rejuvenate the Indus River and its tributaries. The initiative, which saw the participation of over 2,000 volunteers, highlights a strong community commitment to protecting the fragile mountain ecosystem and the cultural significance of the river. Challenges and the Way Forward Challenges and the Way Forward : : Sustainabilit Sustainability: y: A key challenge is to ensure that the momentum of the clean-up drive is sustained over the long term. This will require a continuous effort from the community and the government to ensure that the river remains clean. Waste Management Infrastructure Waste Management Infrastructure : : The Union Territory of Ladakh will need to invest in a robust waste management infrastructure, including waste segregation, recycling, and scientific disposal of waste, to prevent the pollution of the river. Detailed Analysis Detailed Analysis : : Significance of the Indus River in Ladakh: Significance of the Indus River in Ladakh: Lifeblood of the Region: Lifeblood of the Region: The Indus River, known locally as the ‘Singe Tsangspo’ (Lion River), is the lifeblood of Ladakh. It is a vital source of water for irrigation, drinking, and power generation. Tourism and its Impact: Tourism and its Impact: With a growing number of tourists visiting Ladakh, the challenge of waste management is likely to increase. The government will have to formulate policies that promote sustainable tourism and a ‘zero-waste’ culture among tourists. Cultural and Cultural and Historical Heritage Historical Heritage : : The Indus is not just a river; it is a sacred thread that binds Ladakh’s history, culture, and future. The region is home to Enforcement of Regulations Enforcement of Regulations : : The success of the mission will depend on the strict enforcement of 24 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

25. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 regulations against littering and pollution. The government will have to impose strict penalties on those who violate these regulations. Specific FTA Concerns (Deep Dive) Specific FTA Concerns (Deep Dive) : : Source Code Access: Source Code Access: Critical analysis of clauses limiting India’s ability to demand source code transfer. Why is this crucial for national security (identifying backdoors, vulnerabilities), economic development (reverse engineering, building indigenous capabilities), and consumer protection? Contrast with China’s stricter requirements. Conclusion Conclusion : : ‘Mission Indus Clean-Up’ is a commendable initiative that highlights the importance of community action in environmental protection. By cleaning up the Indus River, the people of Ladakh are not only protecting their fragile ecosystem but also reaffirming their commitment to their cultural and historical heritage. “Open Government Data “Open Government Data” as an “International Public ” as an “International Public Good”: Good”: Critique this phrasing. While open data promotes transparency, classifying all government- held data (even if non-sensitive) as an “international public good” in a trade context could erode India’s negotiating leverage and intellectual property claims over its own data sets, which are critical for AI training and national digital development. The success of this mission will depend on a sustained effort from both the community and the government to address the long-term challenges of waste management and to promote a culture of environmental responsibility. Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Clause: Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Clause: The commitment to extend “equivalent disciplines” if India agrees to cross-border data flow provisions with another country. This could bind India to unfavorable terms from future agreements, limiting its policy space. Mains Question Mains Question : : The ‘Singe Tsangspo Tsangde Lasgul’ initiative is a community-driven effort to clean up the Indus River. In this context, discuss the significance of the Indus River to the people and ecosystem of Ladakh. What measures can be taken to ensure the long-term sustainability of such environmental conservation efforts? (250 words) Digital Colonialism vs. Global Integration: Digital Colonialism vs. Global Integration: A nuanced discussion on the tension between safeguarding digital sovereignty (preventing foreign firms from dominating India’s digital space based on their access to Indian data) and participating in the global digital economy. Is complete isolation feasible or desirable? GS 2 GS 2 GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION 1. India’s Digital Sovereignty and Data Governance 1. India’s Digital Sovereignty and Data Governance GS Papers: GS Papers: GS II (Governance, Government Policies & Interventions), GS III (Indian Economy, Science & Technology, Internal Security, Cyber Security) Domestic Regulatory Frameworks (Interplay) Domestic Regulatory Frameworks (Interplay) : : Personal Data Protection A Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act): safeguarding individual privacy but its limitations regarding government access and broader data governance policy. ct (DPDP Act): Its role in Core Issue: Core Issue: The ongoing debate around India’s digital autonomy in the face of globalized data flows and technology dependencies, specifically highlighted by concerns in the India-UK FTA and the Draft Telecom Cyber Security Rules, 2025. Draft Telecom Cyber Security Rules, 2025: Draft Telecom Cyber Security Rules, 2025: Beyond mobile number validation, analyze the implications of extended surveillance powers, obligations on telecom equipment manufacturers, and a central IMEI database. Concerns about user privacy, potential for mass surveillance, and regulatory burden on industry. Broader Perspective & Analysis Broader Perspective & Analysis : : The Nexus of Data, Trade, and Sovereignty The Nexus of Data, Trade, and Sovereignty : : Explain why data is considered the “new oil” and a strategic asset. How trade agreements, traditionally focused on goods and services, are now increasingly shaping digital economies and potentially undermining a nation’s control over its data and digital infrastructure. Proposed Digital India Act: Proposed Digital India Act: How this overarching law aims to harmonize digital regulations. Will it be robust enough to assert digital sovereignty? 25 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

26. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Building a ‘Digital Atmanirbhar Bharat’: Building a ‘Digital Atmanirbhar Bharat’: Discuss policy measures needed to foster indigenous digital ecosystems – promoting domestic hardware manufacturing, software development, data centres, cloud infrastructure, and AI capabilities. Role of Public Digital Infrastructure (e.g., UPI, Aadhaar). Context: Context: The Delhi Development Authority (DDA) is set to launch a new Premium Housing Scheme Premium Housing Scheme by the end of August 2025. The scheme, which will offer approximately 250 flats through an e- auctioning process, aims to cater to the high- income and middle-income groups in prime locations across the city, as a part of the authority’s evolving housing strategy. Global Digital Governance Landscape: Global Digital Governance Landscape: India’s role in shaping international norms for data governance, cross-border data flows, and cyber security, advocating for a multilateral, equitable framework. Detailed Detailed Analysis: Analysis: Shift in DDA’s Housing Strategy: Shift in DDA’s Housing Strategy: Traditional Approach: Traditional Approach: Traditionally, the DDA’s primary focus has been on providing affordable housing for the lower-income groups and the economically weaker sections. Its schemes have often been criticized for the lack of demand for flats in remote locations. Way Forward: Way Forward: Develop a National Digital Strategy National Digital Strategy clearly outlining India’s red lines in digital trade negotiations. Strengthen Domestic Capacity: Strengthen Domestic Capacity: Invest in research and development for critical digital technologies. The New Focus: The New Focus: The new premium housing scheme marks a significant shift in this strategy. By offering flats in prime locations and through an e-auction model, the DDA is now directly competing with private builders in the luxury and premium housing segment. Regulatory Clarity & Predictability: Regulatory Clarity & Predictability: Ensure coherence across various digital laws and rules to avoid jurisdictional conflicts and foster innovation. Public Awareness & Consensus Public Awareness & Consensus : : Build a stronger public and political understanding of “digital sovereignty” as a critical national interest. Revenue Generation: Revenue Generation: This new model is also a way for the DDA to generate revenue, which can then be used to cross-subsidize its affordable housing schemes. This is a crucial step towards making the authority more financially self-sustaining. Potential Mains Questions Potential Mains Questions : : “Critically examine how the digital clauses in recent Free Trade Agreements, particularly concerning data localization and source code access, pose challenges to India’s digital sovereignty. What policy measures should India undertake to navigate the complexities of global digital trade while safeguarding its national interests?” (15 Marks) Key Features and Components of the Scheme: Key Features and Components of the Scheme: E E- -Auctioning Model: Auctioning Model: The flats will be sold through an e-auctioning process, which is designed to be more transparent and efficient than the traditional lottery system. This model also ensures that the DDA gets the best possible price for its properties. “Analyze the implications of the Draft Telecom Cyber Security Rules, 2025, for individual privacy and the telecommunications industry in India. How can a balance be struck between national security imperatives and citizen rights in the digital domain?” (10 Marks) Prime Locations: Prime Locations: The scheme offers a variety of flats in highly sought-after locations like Vasant Kunj, Dwarka, Jasola, and Pitampura, which are known for their proximity to commercial hubs, metro stations, and other civic amenities. DDA to Launch Premium Housing Scheme by DDA to Launch Premium Housing Scheme by August August- -end end: : Varied Categories: Varied Categories: The scheme includes a mix of High-Income Group (HIG), Middle-Income Group (MIG), and Low-Income Group (LIG) flats, catering to a diverse range of buyers. Syllabus: Syllabus: GS Paper II – Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. Additional Offerings: Additional Offerings: The scheme also includes the e-auctioning of car and scooter garages, which is a 26 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

27. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 new addition to the DDA’s offerings and addresses the growing demand for parking spaces in the city. GS Paper GS Paper- -II: II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. Implications and Challenges: Implications and Challenges: Context Context The Union Government has introduced the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2025, in Parliament. The bill, a follow-up to the Jan Vishwas Act of 2023, aims to decriminalize minor offences and reduce the burden of compliance on businesses and citizens. This is part of the government’s ongoing effort to promote ease of living and doing business. Impact on the Real Estate Market: Impact on the Real Estate Market: The DDA’s entry into the premium housing segment could have a significant impact on the real estate market in Delhi, as it offers a transparent and reliable alternative to private builders. Equity Concerns: Equity Concerns: While the move is a step towards financial self-sufficiency, there is a concern that it might dilute the DDA’s original mandate of providing affordable housing for the common man. In In- -depth Analysis and UPSC depth Analysis and UPSC- -Relevant Points Relevant Points The introduction of the Jan Vishwas Bill, 2025, is a significant legislative reform that reflects a paradigm shift in the government’s approach to governance. It moves away from a punitive, “inspector raj” model to a more facilitative and “trust-based governance” model. The bill’s provisions are aimed at modernizing India’s regulatory framework and making it more conducive to business and individual freedom. Affordability vs. Profitability: Affordability vs. Profitability: The DDA will have to strike a delicate balance between generating revenue from its premium schemes and ensuring that its affordable housing schemes remain accessible and viable for the target audience. Land Management: Land Management: The DDA’s role as the sole land- owning agency in Delhi gives it a unique advantage in the real estate market. The success of this new scheme will depend on its ability to efficiently manage and develop its land bank. Promoting Ease of Living and Doing Business: Promoting Ease of Living and Doing Business: The bill seeks to decriminalize 288 provisions and amend 67 others across 16 Central Acts. This is a monumental step towards reducing the number of minor offenses that can lead to criminal prosecution. For businesses, this will mean a significant reduction in the burden of compliance, as they will no longer have to fear imprisonment for minor, technical violations. For citizens, it will mean a more relaxed and less intimidating interaction with the government. This is a crucial step towards improving India’s ranking in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Index and attracting foreign investment. Conclusion: Conclusion: The DDA’s Premium Housing Scheme is a strategic move that reflects the authority’s changing role in Delhi’s urban development. By venturing into the premium segment, the DDA is not only tapping into a new market but also creating a model for financial self-sufficiency. The success of this new strategy will be crucial for the DDA’s long-term viability and its ability to continue its original mandate of providing housing for all sections of society. Shift to a ‘Warn Shift to a ‘Warning proposes to replace criminal penalties with monetary fines for minor offenses. It also introduces the concept of “improvement notices” for first-time violations, giving violators an opportunity to rectify their non-compliance. This is a significant shift from the earlier approach of “penalize on first detection” to a more pragmatic and trust-based model. It recognizes that minor offenses are often a result of human error and should not lead to criminal prosecution. This will ing- -Correct Correct- -Penalize’ Model: Penalize’ Model: The bill Mains Question: Mains Question: The Delhi Development Authority (DDA) is shifting its focus from primarily providing affordable housing to venturing into the premium real estate market. Critically analyze the implications of this shift for urban development, housing affordability, and the role of a public authority in a competitive market. (250 words) Jan Vishwas Bill, 2025 Introduced in Parliament Jan Vishwas Bill, 2025 Introduced in Parliament Syllabus Syllabus 27 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

28. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 also help in fostering a more voluntary and compliant business environment. framework for the removal of the Prime Minister, Union Ministers, Chief Ministers, and state ministers who are arrested and held in custody on serious criminal charges. The proposed legislations, namely the Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Bill, 2025, the Constitution (One Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025, and the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2025, represent a significant legal and political reform. Rationalization of Penalties and De Rationalization of Penalties and De- -clogging the Judicial System: Judicial System: The bill rationalizes penalties for repeat violations, with a steep hike in penalties for second and subsequent offenses. This is aimed at ensuring that the law acts as a deterrent for habitual offenders. The decriminalization of minor offenses will also help in reducing the workload of the judicial system. It will free up courts to focus on more serious crimes and will lead to a faster resolution of disputes. This is a crucial step towards addressing the issue of pending cases in India’s courts. clogging the In In- -depth Analysis and UPSC depth Analysis and UPSC- -Relevant Points Relevant Points: : This legislative move is a critical step towards addressing a long-standing debate on political accountability and ethical governance. The absence of a clear legal framework to handle a situation where a top elected official is detained on serious criminal charges has often led to political and constitutional crises. This new set of bills seeks to fill that vacuum, aligning with the principles of probity in public life. Sectors Covered and Broader Impact: Sectors Covered and Broader Impact: The bill proposes to amend provisions related to a wide range of sectors, including agriculture export, industries, transport, electricity, and municipal services. This demonstrates the government’s commitment to a holistic and comprehensive approach to regulatory reform. The bill’s impact will be felt across all sectors of the economy and will help in creating a more predictable and transparent regulatory environment. It is a step towards building a more agile and efficient government that is more responsive to the needs of its citizens and businesses. Rationale and Constitutional Implications: Rationale and Constitutional Implications: The proposed bills are a response to a perceived loophole in the existing constitutional and legal provisions. While there are mechanisms for impeachment or no-confidence motions, there is no specific, time-bound legal process for the removal of a minister or chief executive who faces serious criminal charges and is in custody. The bills are likely to define “serious criminal charges” and the duration of custody that would trigger the legal process for removal. This will prevent a situation where a minister can continue to hold office while being detained, which many consider a violation of public trust and a stain on democratic institutions. However, the introduction of a new legal framework also raises questions about its potential for political misuse. The definition of “serious criminal charges” and the process for removal will be subject to intense scrutiny to ensure they are not used to settle political scores or target opposition leaders. Mains Question: Mains Question: The Jan Vishwas Bill, 2025, aims to decriminalize minor offenses and promote ease of living and doing business. Analyze the key features of the bill and discuss its potential impact on the business environment, the judicial system, and the broader concept of trust-based governance in India. Government to Introduce Bills for Removal of PM, Government to Introduce Bills for Removal of PM, CMs on Criminal Charges CMs on Criminal Charges Syllabus Syllabus GS Paper GS Paper- -II: II: Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure. Parliament and State Legislatures—structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these. Comparison with Global Practices: Comparison with Global Practices: This legislative reform can be compared with similar laws in other democracies. For instance, in many countries, there is a legal or customary practice for a minister to resign or be removed if they are indicted for a crime. The bills seek to codify this principle into Context Context Union Home Minister Amit Shah is set to introduce three new bills in the Lok Sabha on August 20, 2025, aimed at establishing a legal 28 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

29. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Indian law, making it more explicit and binding. It is a step towards bringing India’s governance standards in line with global best practices of democratic accountability. The debate in Parliament will focus on the details of this legal framework, including the role of the judiciary, the executive, and the legislature in the process of removal. GS Paper GS Paper- -I: I: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature, and Architecture from ancient to modern times. Context Context The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) has introduced a new module on ‘Operation Sindoor’ in the school syllabus for Classes 3 to 12. The module, which is a part of the school’s new curriculum, is designed to teach students about the valor and sacrifices of the Indian Armed Forces during the military conflict with Pakistan that followed the Pahalgam killings. Addressing the Issue of Political Probity: Addressing the Issue of Political Probity: For years, the issue of criminalization of politics has been a major concern in India. The new bills are a direct attempt to address this issue by making it more difficult for individuals with a criminal background to hold high office. While the bills are not a panacea for the criminalization of politics, they do represent a significant step towards cleaning up the political system. They will force political parties to be more circumspect in their choice of candidates and leaders. This will contribute to a more ethical and transparent political environment. In In- -depth Analysis and UPSC depth Analysis and UPSC- -Relevant Points Relevant Points The introduction of ‘Operation Sindoor’ in the school syllabus is a significant step towards national integration and a powerful statement about the government’s commitment to instilling a sense of patriotism and national pride in the country’s youth. The move is a part of the government’s broader effort to reform the education system and to make it more relevant to the country’s needs and aspirations. Challenges and Concerns: Challenges and Concerns: The bills are likely to face stiff opposition, not just from those who may be directly affected but also from those who argue that they may be unconstitutional or open to misuse. There will be concerns about the definition of “serious criminal charges” and whether it will be broad enough to be used against political opponents. The bills’ journey through Parliament will be a test of the government’s ability to build a consensus on a contentious issue. The opposition may argue that the bills are a violation of the principle of “innocent until proven guilty” and that they are a form of political targeting. Promoting Patriotism and National Pride: Promoting Patriotism and National Pride: The module on ‘Operation Sindoor’ is designed to teach students about the bravery and sacrifices of the Indian Armed Forces. It will help in instilling a sense of patriotism and national pride in the country’s youth. The module will also help in building a strong sense of national identity and in promoting a sense of unity among the country’s diverse population. This is a crucial step towards building a strong and a united India. A Shift in Curriculum and a Focus on National A Shift in Curriculum and a Focus on National Heroes: Heroes: The new module is a part of a larger trend of a shift in the school curriculum towards a greater focus on national heroes and on the country’s rich history and culture. The move is a response to a long-standing demand for a more nationalistic and a more relevant curriculum. The module on ‘Operation Sindoor’ is a key part of this new curriculum and is a testament to the government’s commitment to building a new generation of Indians who are proud of their country and who are committed to its future. Mains Question: Mains Question: The proposed bills for the removal of a Prime Minister, Chief Minister, or minister who is in custody on serious criminal charges represent a significant legal and political reform. Analyze the rationale behind these bills, their constitutional implications, and the potential challenges they may face in implementation. NCERT Introduces ‘Operation Sindoor’ in School NCERT Introduces ‘Operation Sindoor’ in School Syllabus Syllabus Syllabus Syllabus GS Paper GS Paper- -II: II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. Addressing the Concerns of the Addressing the Concerns of the Past: module is also a response to the concerns of the past, when the school curriculum was criticized for Past: The new 29 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

30. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 being too secular and for not giving enough importance to the country’s history and culture. The new module is a step towards addressing these concerns and towards building a more balanced and a more comprehensive curriculum. Standardization of Practice: Standardization of Practice: The guidelines provide a much-needed framework for standardizing procedures for donor selection, blood collection, storage, and transfusion. This will improve the safety and efficacy of the process and reduce the risk of adverse reactions. Challenges and the Way Forward: Challenges and the Way Forward: The introduction of the new module is likely to face a debate. Critics may argue that the module is too nationalistic and that it may not be suitable for a diverse and a secular country. They may also argue that the module may not be historically accurate and that it may be used to promote a particular political agenda. However, the government has argued that the module is a part of a broader effort to reform the education system and to make it more relevant to the country’s needs and aspirations. The government will have to ensure that the module is factually accurate and that it is taught in a way that is respectful of all communities. Donor Animal Welfare: Donor Animal Welfare: The guidelines emphasize the ethical treatment of donor animals, ensuring their health and well-being. It promotes voluntary, non-remunerated donations and outlines clear criteria for donor selection to prevent exploitation. Addressing the Gap: Addressing the Gap: Currently, most animal blood transfusions are performed in emergency settings without proper screening or protocols. The new guidelines will fill this gap, ensuring that all animals, whether companion animals or livestock, receive the same high-quality care. Public Health & One Health Dimension: Public Health & One Health Dimension: Main Mains Question: s Question: The introduction of ‘Operation Sindoor’ in the school syllabus is a significant step towards national integration. Discuss the rationale behind this move and its potential to instill a sense of patriotism and national pride in the country’s youth, while also examining the challenges and controversies surrounding the new curriculum. Zoonotic Risks: Zoonotic Risks: The guidelines integrate the “One Health” principle, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. By standardizing blood screening and transfusion protocols, the guidelines aim to minimize the risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases. National Guidelines for Animal Blood Transfusion National Guidelines for Animal Blood Transfusion Food Security: Food Security: Given that India has the world’s largest livestock population, the guidelines are crucial for the health of livestock, which is a backbone of the country’s food security and rural livelihoods. Syllabus Relevance: Syllabus Relevance: GS Paper III: GS Paper III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment. Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life. Economic & Scientific Dimension: Economic & Scientific Dimension: Veterinary Infrastructure: Veterinary Infrastructure: The guidelines will encourage the establishment of a national network of veterinary blood banks, which will improve the overall veterinary infrastructure in the country. GS Paper II: GS Paper II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. Context: Context: Skill Development: Skill Development: The new framework will necessitate the training and upskilling of veterinary professionals in blood banking and transfusion medicine. This will create new job opportunities and improve the quality of veterinary care. The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying has released the first-ever national guidelines for animal blood transfusion and blood banking services. This is a significant step towards standardizing veterinary practices, ensuring animal welfare, and addressing the critical need for a regulated system for managing animal blood. Research: Research: The guidelines will lay the foundation for future research in advanced transfusion technologies, animal immunology, and blood typing. Animal Welfare & Ethical Dimension: Animal Welfare & Ethical Dimension: 30 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

31. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Way Forward: Way Forward: (IPC) on the safety and regulation of herbal medicine. The workshop is a significant step towards standardizing the quality of traditional medicines and promoting their safe and effective use globally. Implementation: Implementation: The guidelines must be effectively implemented across all states, with clear roles and responsibilities for government agencies, veterinary colleges, and private practitioners. The Need for Standardization: The Need for Standardization: Awareness & Education: Awareness & Education: A nationwide awareness campaign is needed to educate pet owners and farmers about the importance of blood donation and the new guidelines. Traditional and herbal medicines are widely used globally, but there is a lack of standardized regulations and quality control. This can lead to issues of safety, efficacy, and consumer trust. Investment: Investment: The government needs to invest in building the necessary infrastructure for veterinary blood banks, including cold chain facilities and advanced diagnostic equipment. The WHO has been advocating for the integration of traditional medicine into national healthcare systems, but it emphasizes the need for a scientific and regulatory framework to ensure its safety and effectiveness. Legal Framework: Legal Framework: A robust legal framework is needed to enforce the guidelines and penalize non- compliance. India’s Role and the Workshop’s Agenda: India’s Role and the Workshop’s Agenda: Conclusion: India, with its rich heritage of Ayurveda, Unani, and other traditional systems of medicine, is a natural leader in this field. The workshop is an opportunity for India to showcase its expertise and lead the global effort to standardize the quality of traditional medicines. The National Guidelines for Animal Blood Transfusion are a landmark step towards a more humane, scientific, and regulated approach to veterinary medicine. By focusing on animal welfare, public health, and scientific standards, the guidelines will not only improve the health of animals but also contribute to the broader goals of food security and sustainable development. The three-day technical workshop will bring together global experts and regulators to discuss key issues, including: Mains Practice Questions: Mains Practice Questions: Regulatory Frameworks: Regulatory Frameworks: Developing common regulatory frameworks for the manufacturing, quality control, and testing of herbal products. Discuss the significance of the recently released National Guidelines for Animal Blood Transfusion in India. How do these guidelines align with the ‘One Health’ principle and contribute to animal welfare and public health? Safety and Efficacy: Safety and Efficacy: Sharing best practices for ensuring the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines, including a focused discussion on specific herbs like Ashwagandha. “A robust veterinary infrastructure is essential for both animal welfare and India’s rural economy.” Elaborate on this statement, highlighting the role of government policies and initiatives in strengthening this sector. Pharmacovigilance: Pharmacovigilance: The workshop will also introduce the Ayush Suraksha (Pharmacovigilance) Programme, aimed at strengthening the safety monitoring of traditional medicines in India. HEALTH HEALTH Implications: Implications: The workshop is a significant step towards creating a global standard for herbal medicines, which will boost their credibility and acceptance. It will also help India to position itself as a global leader in traditional medicine and promote its export. WHO WHO- -IRCH IRCH Workshop on Herbal Medicine Workshop on Herbal Medicine Syllabus: Syllabus: GS2/Health, GS3/Science & Technology Context: Context: India is hosting a workshop in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission INDIAN POLIT INDIAN POLITY & GOVERNANCE Y & GOVERNANCE 31 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

32. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 1. Syllabus: GS2/Governance 1. Syllabus: GS2/Governance Emergency Emergency (Article 352) 2. State Emergency Emergency (Article 356), commonly known as President’s Rule 3. Financial Emergency Financial Emergency (Article 360) State In News In NewsThe Lok Sabha has given its approval to the statutory resolution regarding the extension of President’s Rule President’s Rule in Manipur for a further period of six months with effect from August 13, 2025. The Minister of State for Home Affairs, Nityanand Rai, asserted that the law and order situation in Manipur has significantly improved, citing only one incident of violence with one death incident of violence with one death reported in the last eight months, and no killings in the last four no killings in the last four months months since central rule was imposed on February 13, 2025. President’s Rule President’s RulePresident’s Rule refers to the imposition of a state of emergency in a State, often referred to as a ‘State Emergency’ ‘State Emergency’ or ‘Constitutional Emergency’ Emergency’. While commonly called ‘President’s Rule’, this specific term is not explicitly mentioned not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution in the Constitution itself. It is declared under Article 356 356 of the Constitution.Article 355 Article 355 places a duty on the Union government to protect every State against external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. Article 356(1) empowers the President to issue a Proclamation if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of a State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. This satisfaction can be based on the report of the Governor of the State Governor of the State or “otherwise” (i.e., even without the Governor’s report, if the President is satisfied).Upon the imposition of President’s Rule, the executive powers of the State are assumed by the Centre (exercised by the President through the Governor), and the legislative powers of the State are shifted to Parliament. However, the powers of the High High Court in the State remain unaffected Court in the State remain unaffected.Article 365 365 states that if any State fails to comply with, or to give effect to, any directions given by the Union in the exercise of its executive power, it shall be lawful for the President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, thereby enabling the imposition of a Constitutional Emergency. ‘Constitutional one Article Background BackgroundManipur was placed under President’s Rule in February 2025 after the resignation of Chief Minister N. Biren Singh, nearly two years after the devastating ethnic conflict erupted in the state. The conflict, which began on May 3, 2023, is primarily between the valley-based Meitei community and the hills-based Scheduled Tribe Kuki-Zo group of communities. The immediate trigger for the violence was the Meitei community’s demand for Meitei community’s demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, which was vehemently opposed by the Kuki-Zo communities who feared potential loss of land, job opportunities, and other affirmative action benefits meant for existing STs. The conflict led to immense loss of life, displacement, and destruction of property. As of November 22, 2024, government figures indicated 258 people killed 258 people killed and 60,000 displaced with 4,786 houses burnt 4,786 houses burnt and 386 religious structures vandalized structures vandalized. The extension of President’s Rule signals the Centre’s continued direct oversight in managing the volatile situation. Opposition MPs, however, questioned the rationale for the extension, arguing that it was imposed to “save the ruling party from embarrassment” and demanded fresh elections to restore a democratically elected government. report of the Article 60,000 displaced, 386 religious Conditions ConditionsA Proclamation imposing President’s Rule must be laid before both Houses of Parliament Parliament and must be approved by resolutions of both Houses both Houses within two months two months from the date of its issue. If approved by both Houses, the President’s Rule continues for six months six months. It can be extended for a maximum period of three years three years with the approval of Parliament every six months. However, it can be extended beyond one year only if two conditions are met: both Houses of Do you know? Do you know?– Emergency provisions are enshrined in Part XVIII of the Indian Constitution Part XVIII of the Indian Constitution (Articles 352 to 360) (Articles 352 to 360). – These provisions are designed to enable the Central government to effectively manage extraordinary situations that pose a threat to the nation’s sovereignty, unity, integrity, or security. – The inspiration for these provisions is often attributed to the Weimar Constitution of Germany Constitution of Germany. – There are three main types of emergencies: 1. National National resolutions of Weimar 32 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

33. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 A National Emergency (Article 352) National Emergency (Article 352) is in force in the whole of India, or in the whole or any part of the State. Constitutional Emergency: Constitutional Emergency: Requires approval by a simple majority simple majority of both Houses of Parliament within two months two months. It can initially last for six months and can be extended up to a maximum of three years three years (with six-monthly parliamentary approvals), subject to specific conditions beyond one year. The state government is either suspended or dissolved. maximum of The Election Commissi Election Commission of India certifies difficult to hold general elections to the Legislative Assembly of the State concerned. The Proclamation of President’s Rule can be revoked by the President at any time at any time by a subsequent Proclamation, and such a Proclamation does not require parliamentary approval. on of India certifies that it is revoked by the President Fundamental Rights: Fundamental Rights: National Emergency: National Emergency: Under Article 358 (freedoms) is automatically suspended. Under Article 359 Article 359, the President can suspend the right to move any court for the enforcement of other fundamental rights (except Articles 20 and 21) for the duration of the emergency. Article 358, Article 19 How is a ‘constitutional emergency’ different from a How is a ‘constitutional emergency’ different from a ‘national emergency’? ‘national emergency’?– A Constitutional Constitutional emergency emergency (Article 356) and a National emergency emergency (Article 352) differ significantly in purpose, scope, and procedural requirements:: National Purpose: Purpose:: : Constitutional Emergency: Constitutional Emergency: Unlike a national emergency, President’s Rule does not suspend citizens’ fundamental rights citizens’ fundamental rights.. does not suspend National Emergency: National Emergency: Declared when the security of India or any part of its territory is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. Judicial Review: Judicial Review:: : Constitutional Emergency (President’s Constitutional Emergency (President’s Rule): Rule): Imposed when the constitutional machinery of a specific state state fails, meaning the state government cannot function according to constitutional provisions. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced safeguards for National Emergency, making the President’s satisfaction subject to judicial review. The S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) judgment explicitly brought President’s Rule under Article 356 within the ambit of judicial review. Scope: Scope: National Emergency: National Emergency: Affects the entire nation substantial part of it. The Centre gains concurrent legislative powers over State subjects, and the fundamental rights of citizens can be suspended (with exceptions). entire nation or a Impacts Impacts Under President’s Rule: The President can assume all or any of the functions of the State Government, and all or any of the powers vested in or exercisable by the Governor or any body or authority in the State other than the High Court. Constitutional Emergency: Constitutional Emergency: Confined to a single state The executive power of the state is assumed by the Centre, and legislative power is transferred to Parliament, but it does not generally affect fundamental rights of citizens within that state. single state. The President may declare that the powers of the State Legislature shall be exercisable by or under the authority of Parliament. The President may make incidental and consequential provisions necessary or desirable for giving effect to the Proclamation. Parliamentary Approval & Duration: Parliamentary Approval & Duration: National Emergency: National Emergency: Requires approval by a special majority majority of both Houses of Parliament within one month month. Once approved, it can continue for an indefinite period indefinite period (subject to six-monthly parliamentary approval) with no maximum time limit. State governments continue to function, though under central control. special one The State administration is carried out by the Governor on behalf of the President, often aided by the Chief Secretary or appointed advisors. Article 357 Article 357 provides that when the powers of the State Legislature are declared to be exercisable by 33 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

34. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 or under the authority of Parliament, Parliament may confer legislative power on the President, or authorize the President to delegate such power. It also enables the President to authorize, when the Lok Sabha is not in session, expenditure from the State’s Consolidated Fund, pending parliamentary approval. The President’s power to dissolve the legislative assembly is not absolute and should be exercised only after parliamentary approval of the Proclamation. If Parliament disapproves, the dismissed government can be reinstated. In cases where President’s Rule is imposed unconstitutionally, the Supreme Court has the power to restore the dismissed state government restore the dismissed state government. Instances of Use Instances of Use Despite Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s hope that Article 356 would remain a “dead letter,” President’s Rule has been invoked frequently. It has been imposed nearly 134 times 134 times across 29 States and Union Territories since 1950. The Court clarified that the imposition of President’s Rule should be strictly limited to instances of actual ‘constitutional breakdown’ actual ‘constitutional breakdown’ and not for political expediency or to settle political scores.Source: Source: The Hindu, Indian Express The first application of President’s Rule was in Pun Punjab in 1951 jab in 1951. 3. Syllabus: GS2/Polity & Governance 3. Syllabus: GS2/Polity & Governance It has often been seen as a politically sensitive measure, with allegations of its misuse by the Union government to dismiss state governments run by opposition parties. In News In NewsThe Supreme Court has allowed the Election Commission of India (ECI) to publish Bihar’s draft voter list on August 1, 2025, following a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) Special Intensive Revision (SIR) process. However, the apex court issued a stern warning, stating that it would “immediately step in” “immediately step in” if there was evidence of “mass exclusion” “mass exclusion” of eligible voters from the electoral rolls. This directive comes amidst strong allegations from various petitioners and opposition leaders that the SIR process in Bihar was potentially disenfranchising lakhs of citizens. Manipur Manipur and Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh hold the record for the highest number of impositions, at 10 each each (Manipur’s latest extension making it 11 times). 10 Jammu & Kashmir Jammu & Kashmir holds the record for the longest cumulative period under President’s Rule (over 12 years), followed by Punjab (over 10 years) and Puducherry (over 7 years). Background Background: : Judicial Interp Judicial Interpretation landmark judgment in S.R. Bommai v. Union of India landmark judgment in S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) (1994) significantly redefined the scope and use of President’s Rule under Article 356. The Court emphasized that it should be a “last resort option” option” and ruled that: retationThe Supreme Court’s Supreme Court’s The Election Commission of India had initiated a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar, with July 1, 2025, as the qualifying date. This revision process typically involves house-to-house surveys by Booth Level Officers (BLOs) and updation of voter data. However, concerns were raised by several individuals and political parties, including the Opposition INDIA bloc, alleging that the SIR process was being carried out with overly stringent documentary requirements, leading to the exclusion of millions of existing voters exclusion of millions of existing voters. Specific allegations included marking a large number of voters as “dead” or “migrated” without proper verification, and a perceived reluctance to accept standard identification proofs like Aadhaar and Voter IDs as sufficient “citizenship proof.” The timing of this revision, just months before the State Assembly elections in Bihar, intensified political scrutiny. “last resort While India’s federal system has a centralizing tendency, States are not mere extensions of the Union; they are an independent constitutional entity. The power under Article 356 is conditional, not absolute absolute, and its exercise is subject to judicial review review. The Court can examine the material on which the President’s satisfaction is based. conditional, not judicial The burden is on the Union government to prove that the constitutional machinery in a state has indeed broken down. 34 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

35. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Key Points Key Points: : ensuring integrity of rolls and preventing disenfranchisement. S Supreme Court’s Directives: upreme Court’s Directives: The SC, while allowing the publication of the draft list, underscored the ECI’s constitutional mandate to ensure“mass inclusion” inclusion” and prevent the arbitrary exclusion of eligible voters. The Court explicitly stated that the Januar January 2025 voter list should form the y 2025 voter list should form the foundational base foundational base for the current revision. It directed the ECI to ensure a robust process for filing claims and objections, allowing a minimum of 30 days 30 days for citizens to apply for corrections, inclusions, or challenge exclusions. The Court also asked the ECI to produce detailed data regarding the number of deletions and the specific reasons cited for each deletion. Electoral Reforms: Electoral Reforms: Examine the ongoing need for electoral reforms to make the process more inclusive, transparent, and less susceptible to manipulation. “mass Judicial Activism/Review: Judicial Activism/Review: Analyze the Supreme Court’s role in safeguarding fundamental rights and ensuring constitutional adherence by statutory bodies like the ECI. Citizenship and Documentation: Citizenship and Documentation: Discuss the challenges faced by vulnerable populations in proving identity and citizenship for electoral purposes. Allegations of Disenfranchisement: Allegations of Disenfranchisement: Petitioners and opposition leaders alleged that the SIR process was effectively acting as an indirect “citizenship test,” disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups as migrant laborers, women (especially those who have moved after marriage and may lack updated address proofs), and marginalized communities who might not possess extensive documentation. They argued that strict requirements for “proper citizenship proof” beyond standard IDs were uncalled for and violated the right to vote. 6. Syllabus: GS2/Governance & Social Justice 6. Syllabus: GS2/Governance & Social Justice In News In NewsThe Supreme Court has reserved its judgment on a set of petitions challenging the age related eligibility criteria related eligibility criteria for intending parents under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021. The court’s observations suggest a critical view of the restrictions, indicating that laws should not “frustrate the wish of childless couples, widows and divorcees to become parents through surrogacy.” age- - vulnerable groups such Background Background The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, along with the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021, came into force in January 2022. These laws were enacted with the stated objective of regulating surrogacy in India, primarily to prohibit commercial surrogacy and promote altruistic surrogacy (where the surrogate mother receives no monetary compensation beyond medical expenses and insurance). However, various provisions of these acts, particularly those related to eligibility, have faced legal challenges for being overly restrictive and potentially infringing upon fundamental rights. Election Commission’s Defence: Election Commission’s Defence: The ECI defended its process, stating that the SIR is a standard procedure undertaken to maintain the accuracy and integrity of electoral rolls. It emphasized that draft rolls are always published, followed by a window for objections and corrections, and deletions are only finalized after a thorough due process, including opportunities for individuals to be heard. The ECI also highlighted that political parties are involved and provided with lists of voters for their scrutiny. UPSC Relevance (for Mains): UPSC Relevance (for Mains): Key Provisions of Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 Key Provisions of Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021 (under challenge): (under challenge): Right to Vote: Right to Vote: Discuss its constitutional basis (Article 326) and how it is a fundamental pillar of democracy. Type of Surrogacy: Type of Surrogacy: Only altruistic surrogacy permitted, strictly banning commercial surrogacy. altruistic surrogacy is Role of Election Commission of India (ECI): Role of Election Commission of India (ECI): Analyze its powers (Article 324) and responsibilities in preparing and maintaining electoral rolls, ensuring free and fair elections. Discuss the balance between Eligibility for Intending Couples: Eligibility for Intending Couples: Must be legally married legally married for at least five years. 35 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

36. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 The intending mother must be between 23 and 50 years years of age. 23 and 50 Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty): Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty): This broadly includes the right to reproductive autonomy and the right to make choices about one’s family and parenthood. The court specifically stated that the void in the life of a widow or divorcee could be addressed by surrogacy, implying a broader interpretation of reproductive rights. The intending father must be between 26 and 55 years years of age. 26 and 55 They must not have any living biological, adopted, or surrogate child, with exceptions for children with mental or physical disabilities or those suffering from a life-threatening disorder. Exclusion of Unmarried Women: Exclusion of Unmarried Women: The law’s complete bar on unmarried women (who are not widows or divorcees) from pursuing surrogacy has been challenged as discriminatory and lacking a rational basis. Eligibility for Single Women: Eligibility for Single Women: Only widows or divorcees divorcees between 35 and 45 years 35 and 45 years of age are eligible to opt for surrogacy. Unmarried women are not eligible. widows or Law’s Intent vs. Impact: Law’s Intent vs. Impact: While the law aims to prevent commercial exploitation and ensure ethical practices, the court stressed that it should not become an unreasonable barrier for genuine intending parents to have children. Sur Surrogate Mother Criteria: rogate Mother Criteria: Must be a close relative relative of the intending couple, married, and have at least one biological child of her own. Her age must be between 25 and 35 years 25 and 35 years. She can act as a surrogate only once in her lifetime. close UPSC Relevance (for Mains): UPSC Relevance (for Mains): Certification Requirement: Certification Requirement: A “Certificate of Essentiality” from a District Medical Board is required, including proof of infertility of the intending couple. Bioethics and Law: Bioethics and Law: Discuss the ethical dilemmas surrounding assisted reproductive technologies and how laws attempt to regulate them. Fundamental Rights: Fundamental Rights: Analyze the scope of Article 14 and Article 21 concerning reproductive autonomy, the right to form a family, and gender equality. Issues Highlighted by the Supreme Issues Highlighted by the Supreme Court/Petitioners: Court/Petitioners: Retroactive Application and Lack of Transitional Retroactive Application and Lack of Transitional Provision: Provision: Many petitioners had initiated their fertility treatment (e.g., embryo freezing) before the law came into effect but are now disqualified due to the new age limits. The court questioned the fairness of this retroactive application and the absence of a “grandfather clause” to protect such cases. Judicial Review: Judicial Review: Examine the role of the Supreme Court in reviewing legislation and safeguarding fundamental rights. Social Justice: Social Justice: Discuss the implications of such laws on diverse family structures, individuals facing infertility, and the rights of single parents. Women’s Rights: Women’s Rights: Analyze the impact of surrogacy laws on women’s autonomy and their choices related to motherhood. questioned the rationale behind fixed age limits for intending parents, especially when natural pregnancies at older ages are not prohibited. It pondered why a couple in their 50s or 60s can adopt a child but are barred from having a child through altruistic surrogacy due to age. 7. Syllabus: GS2/Polity; GS1/History 7. Syllabus: GS2/Polity; GS1/History In News In News Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi recently sparked a debate by criticizing the “linguistic division of states” after India’s Independence, asserting that it has inadvertently led to the creation of “second “second- -class citizens” class citizens” within these linguistically demarcated states. Violation of Fundamental Rights: Violation of Fundamental Rights: Petitioners argue that these age restrictions and other limitations violate: Article 14 (Right to Equality): Article 14 (Right to Equality): By creating arbitrary distinctions between different categories of individuals seeking surrogacy. Background BackgroundThe reorganization of states in India along linguistic lines was a contentious issue during the post-independence period. Initially, leaders like 36 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

37. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Jawaharlal Nehru were hesitant, fearing that linguistic states might foster fissiparous tendencies and undermine national unity. However, strong popular movements, most notably the agitation led by Potti Sreeramulu for an Andhra state, eventually led to the government’s acceptance of the principle. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 States Reorganisation Act of 1956 was the landmark legislation that largely formalized the linguistic basis for state boundaries. Outcome: Outcome: The Act led to the creation of 14 and 6 union territories and 6 union territories, largely along linguistic lines, abolishing the old Part A, B, C, D classification. 14 states states - -Arguments and Impact of Linguistic Reorganization: Arguments and Impact of Linguistic Reorganization: National Integration: National Integration: Many historians and political scientists argue that linguistic reorganization, despite initial fears, actually strengthened national integration integration. By accommodating strong linguistic identities within federal units, it “tamed and domesticated secessionist tendencies” that might otherwise have spiraled into more serious separatist movements. Examples of countries that faced severe internal conflict by suppressing linguistic identities (e.g., Pakistan’s breakup leading to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict) are often cited as a contrast. strengthened national Key Points Key Points: : Governor Ravi’s Criticism: Governor Ravi’s Criticism: Governor Ravi argued that while India was inherently united before Independence despite its diversity, the creation of linguistic states fostered a sense of “linguistic nationalism” and created divisions. He cited his own state, Tamil Nadu, where he claimed that people speaking different languages (Telugu, Kannada, Gujarati, Marathi, Hindi) now live but might feel like “second-class citizens” compared to the dominant linguistic group. He further implied that “something went wrong after Independence” which led to internal conflicts and the creation of ethnicity-based states that have not always resolved internal security issues (e.g., Nagaland, Mizoram). Administrative Efficiency: Administrative Efficiency: Governing in local languages improved administration, enhanced public participation, and made governance more accessible to the common people. Cultural Preservation: Cultural Preservation: It helped in the development and preservation of regional languages and cultures. Challenges: Challenges: While beneficial, linguistic reorganization also led to: Historical Context of States Reorganisation Act, Historical Context of States Reorganisation Act, 1956: 1956: Boundary disputes Boundary disputes betweenstates (e.g., Maharashtra-Karnataka border dispute). Demand for Linguistic States: Demand for Linguistic States: Post-independence, there was a widespread demand for states based on linguistic homogeneity, driven by cultural identity and administrative convenience (governing in local languages). Minority issues Minority issues within linguistic states, where non- dominant linguistic groups faced challenges. Demands for further regional identities (e.g., Gorkhaland, Bodoland). further sub sub- -states states based on ethnic or Dar Commission (1948) & JVP Committee Dar Commission (1948) & JVP Committee (1948): (1948): Initially advised against linguistic reorganization, favoring administrative convenience. UPSC Relevance (for Mains): UPSC Relevance (for Mains): Federalism in India: Federalism in India: Discuss the evolution of Indian federalism and the role of linguistic reorganization in shaping its nature. Fazl Ali Commission (1953): Fazl Ali Commission (1953): Appointed after widespread agitation (e.g., Andhra movement), it broadly accepted language as the basis for reorganization but emphasized national unity, financial viability, and administrative efficiency. Its recommendations led to the States Reorganisation Act. National Integratio National Integration: n: Analyze how India has managed unity in diversity, particularly through the accommodation of linguistic identities. Post Post- -Independence Consolidation: Independence Consolidation: Examine the challenges faced by the Indian state in consolidating its territory and identity after independence. 37 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

38. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Centre Centre- -State Relations: State Relations: Discuss the powers of the Governor and their role in state politics, particularly in expressing views that may differ from the state government’s or prevailing historical consensus. Highways and the network of roads and bridges under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) (PMGSY), enhancing intra-regional and inter- regional connectivity. Air Connectivity: Air Connectivity: The UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) Scheme Nagrik) Scheme has been instrumental, with 90 routes routes operationalized, connecting 12 airports/heliports airports/heliports in the region, significantly boosting accessibility and tourism. 9. Syllabus: GS2/Governance; GS3/Economy, 9. Syllabus: GS2/Governance; GS3/Economy, Infrastructure Infrastructure: : 90 12 In News In NewsThe Press Information Bureau (PIB) reported significant progress in infrastructure development and economic growth in the North Eastern Region (NER) Eastern Region (NER) of India. This update follows the recent ‘Rising North East Investors Summit ‘Rising North East Investors Summit 2025’ 2025’, which successfully garnered substantial investment interest from both domestic and international players, totaling ₹ ₹4.3 lakh crore North Digital Connectivity: Digital Connectivity: Initiatives like BharatNet connecting Gram Panchayats with high-speed internet, and there has been a significant increase in mobile tower installations, bridging the digital divide. BharatNet are 4.3 lakh crore. PM PM- -DevINE Scheme: DevINE Scheme: The Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North Eastern Region Development Initiative for North Eastern Region (PM (PM- -DevINE) DevINE) is a crucial Central Sector Scheme with an outlay of ₹ ₹6,600 crore 6,600 crore for the period FY 2022-23 to FY 2025-26 (recently extended to 2028- 29 as per other reports). Its objectives include: Prime Minister’s Background BackgroundThe North Eastern Region, comprising eight states, has historically faced developmental challenges due to its unique geographical location, difficult terrain, and connectivity issues. Recognizing its strategic importance, both economically and geopolitically (as a gateway to Southeast Asia), the Government of India has launched multiple initiatives to accelerate its development under the broad framework of the “Act East Policy.” Funding infrastructure projects in the spirit of PM GatiShakti. Supporting social development projects based on felt needs.. Key Points Key Points: : Enabling livelihood activities for youth and women. Investment Mobilization: Investment Mobilization: The ‘Rising North East Investors Summit 2025’, inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, served as a crucial platform to showcase the NER’s potential. It led to significant investment commitments, including: Filling development gaps in various sectors. Hydro Electric Projects: Hydro Electric Projects: A scheme with an outlay of ₹ ₹4,136 crore 4,136 crore (FY 2024-25 to FY 2031-32) has been approved for Central Financial Assistance towards Equity Participation by State Governments of NER for the development of Hydro Electric Projects, aiming to support a cumulative hydro capacity of about 15,000 MW. Reliance Industries: Reliance Industries: Pledging ₹ ₹75,000 crore next five years. 75,000 crore over the Adani Group: Adani Group: Committing ₹ ₹50,000 crore next decade. 50,000 crore over the Strategic Importance and “Act East Policy”: Strategic Importance and “Act East Policy”: The comprehensive development of the NER, especially improved connectivity (roads, railways, air, waterways), is critical for India’s“Act East Policy.” facilitates stronger trade linkages, cultural exchange, and people-to-people connections with Southeast Asian nations, positioning the region as India’s gateway to the ASEAN bloc. Other major domestic and international investors contributing to the ₹ ₹4 4.3 lakh crore .3 lakh crore total.. “Act East Policy.” It These investments are expected across various sectors, including energy, logistics, tourism, and manufacturing. Robust Infrastructure Growth: Robust Infrastructure Growth: UPSC Relevance (fo UPSC Relevance (for Mains): r Mains): Road Connectivity: Road Connectivity: Substantial improvements have been made in the development of National 38 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

39. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Regional Development: Regional Development: Discuss the challenges and strategies for inclusive development of geographically disadvantaged regions like the NER. ₹ ₹20,000 crore from the open market 20,000 crore from the open market over the four- year period. This leveraging mechanism is designed to significantly boost the financial resources available to the cooperative sector. Government Policies and Initiatives: Government Policies and Initiatives: Analyze the effectiveness of schemes like PM-DevINE, UDAN, and PMGSY in transforming the NER. Purpose of Funds: Purpose of Funds: The mobilized funds will be utilized by NCDC primarily for: Infrastructure Development: Infrastructure Development: Examine the role of multi-modal connectivity (roads, air, rail, waterways) in fostering economic growth and regional integration. Granting loans to cooperatives loans to cooperatives across various sectors. Financing the setting up projects projects. setting up of new cooperative of new cooperative International Relations/Foreign Policy: International Relations/Foreign Policy: Discuss the strategic significance of the NER in the context of India’s “Act East Policy” and its engagement with Southeast Asia. Supporting the expansion, modernization, and expansion, modernization, and technological upgradation technological upgradation of existing cooperative plants and facilities. Meeting the working capital requirements working capital requirements of cooperatives to ensure their smooth and efficient operation. Public Public- -Private Partnership: Private Partnership: Analyze the role of private investment in supplementing government efforts for regional development. Ben Beneficiaries and Reach: eficiaries and Reach:The scheme is poised to benefit approximately 2.9 crore 2.9 crore members members associated with 13,288 cooperative societies societies across the country. India boasts a vast cooperative network with over 8.25 lakh cooperatives cooperatives and more than 29 crore members with 94% of farmers 94% of farmers linked to cooperatives in some form. 10. Syllabus: GS2/G 10. Syllabus: GS2/Governance; GS3/Economy overnance; GS3/Economy: :: : In News In NewsThe Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister, has approved a new Central Sector Scheme Scheme titled “Grant in aid to National Cooperative “Grant in aid to National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)” Development Corporation (NCDC)” with an outlay of ₹ ₹2,000 crore 2,000 crore for a period of four years, from FY 2025-26 to FY 2028-29. 13,288 cooperative Central Sector 8.25 lakh 29 crore members, Background BackgroundThe cooperative sector plays a pivotal role in India’s rural economy, particularly in agriculture, dairy, fisheries, and handicrafts. Cooperatives, as autonomous associations of people united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise, are critical for inclusive growth and grassroots development. The NCDC, established in 1963, is a statutory corporation under the Ministry of Cooperation, responsible for planning, promoting, and financing cooperative programs for the production, processing, marketing, storage, export, and import of agricultural produce and other notified commodities. Targeted Sectors for Support: Targeted Sectors for Support: The scheme will specifically focus on providing financial assistance to vital but often weaker or underserved cooperative sectors, including: , Poultry & Livestock: , Poultry & Livestock: Essential for rural livelihoods and food security. Fisheries: Fisheries: Supporting the blue economy. Sugar & Textiles: Sugar & Textiles: Traditional agro-based industries. Food Processing, Storage & Cold Storage: Food Processing, Storage & Cold Storage: Critical for value addition and reducing post-harvest losses. Labor Coopera Labor Cooperatives & Women Cooperatives: Cooperatives: Promoting inclusive growth and empowering marginalized groups. tives & Women- -led led Key Points Key Points: : Expected Impact and Benefits: Expected Impact and Benefits: Scheme Outlay Scheme Outlay and Leverage: provides ₹ ₹2,000 crore 2,000 crore as grant-in-aid from the Union Budget (₹500 crore each year). Crucially, this grant will enable NCDC to raise an additional and Leverage: The scheme Economic Benefits: Economic Benefits: Creation of income-generating capital assets, providing much-needed liquidity to raise an additional 39 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

40. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 cooperatives, enhancing their efficiency and profitability. Broader Perspective & Analysis: Broader Perspective & Analysis: Access to Justice as a Fundamental Right: Access to Justice as a Fundamental Right: Reinforce its status under Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) and its link to Articles 14 (Equality Before Law), 22 (Protection Against Arrest), and DPSP Article 39A (Free Legal Aid). Explain how legal aid is not charity but an entitlement. Employment Generation: Employment Generation: Expected to create widespread employment opportunities, especially in rural and semi-urban areas. Socio Socio- -Economic Bridging: Economic Bridging: By adhering to principles of democracy, equality, and community concerns, cooperatives are viewed as a powerful tool to bridge socio-economic gaps and increase women’s participation in the workforce. Impact on Vulnerable Grou Impact on Vulnerable Groups: legal aid disproportionately affects undertrials, women, children, Scheduled Castes/Tribes, migrants, and the poor, perpetuating cycles of injustice and poverty. ps: Detail how lack of Execution Strategy: Execution Strategy: NCDC will be the executing agency, responsible for disbursement, follow-up, monitoring, and loan recovery. It will provide loans directly to cooperatives that meet specific criteria or through state governments, adhering to NCDC guidelines. Challenges in Legal Aid Delivery (Deeper Dive): Challenges in Legal Aid Delivery (Deeper Dive): Quality of Legal Aid La Quality of Legal Aid Lawyers: motivation, training, and experience of empanelled lawyers due to low remuneration. wyers: Concerns about UPSC Relevance (for Mains): UPSC Relevance (for Mains): Cooperative Movement in India: Cooperative Movement in India: Discuss the historical evolution, significance, and challenges faced by the cooperative sector. Bureaucratic Hurdles: Bureaucratic Hurdles: Procedural complexities, delays in sanctioning legal aid, and lack of accountability within the system. Rural Development and Agriculture: Rural Development and Agriculture: Analyze the role of cooperatives in agricultural finance, marketing, processing, and overall rural economic development. Geographic Reach: Geographic Reach: Limited physical presence and outreach in remote rural and tribal areas. Awareness Deficit: Awareness Deficit: Lack of legal literacy among the masses about their rights and available legal aid services. Inclusive Growth: Inclusive Growth: Examine how strengthening cooperatives contributes to inclusive growth and poverty alleviation. Resource Constraints: Resource Constraints:Inadequate funding for NALSA/SLSAs compared to the scale of need. Government Initiatives for Cooperatives: Government Initiatives for Cooperatives: Evaluate the impact of government support and policy frameworks for the cooperative sector. Digital Divide: Digital Divide: While technology offers solutions, it can also exacerbate the divide for those without internet access or digital literacy. Institutional Finance: Institutional Finance: Discuss the role of NCDC and other financial institutions in supporting grassroots economic activities. Digital Justice Initiatives (Opportunities & Digital Justice Initiatives (Opportunities & Limitations): Limitations): Tele Tele- -Law Scheme: Law Scheme: Its potential to connect rural citizens with legal advice via CSCs, but also challenges in ensuring quality and follow-up. Strengthening Legal Aid and Judicial Reforms Strengthening Legal Aid and Judicial Reforms GS Papers: GS Papers: GS II (Polity and Governance, Social Justice, Human Rights) Online Dispute Resolution (ODR): Online Dispute Resolution (ODR): Its potential for resolving minor disputes quickly and affordably, reducing burden on courts. Core Issue: Core Issue: Bridging the gap between the constitutional promise of equal access to justice and the ground reality, by reforming and expanding India’s legal aid system through institutional strengthening, technological integration, and grassroots outreach. E E- -Courts Project: Courts Project: Making court records accessible, streamlining processes, but needs to be user- friendly for non-tech-savvy individuals. 40 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

41. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Legal Aid Mobile Apps: Legal Aid Mobile Apps: Their role in providing information and direct access to legal services. undertrial prisoners in India. What are the ethical obligations of the legal profession towards ensuring justice for the vulnerable?” (10 Marks) NALSA (JAGRITI) Scheme, 2025: NALSA (JAGRITI) Scheme, 2025: Analyze its key objectives – institutionalizing legal awareness, deep integration with Local Self-Government Institutions, leveraging PLVs and community workers, using innovative methods (Nukkad Nataks, mobile vans) for outreach. This is a significant step towards grassroots empowerment. Electoral Integrity, P Electoral Integrity, Parliamentary Functioning, and arliamentary Functioning, and Federalism Federalism: : GS Papers: GS Papers: GS II (Polity & Governance, Election Commission, Parliament, Federalism, Political Parties) Core Issue: Core Issue:: : The ongoing controversy surrounding the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls has ignited debates over the Election Commission’s neutrality, parliamentary deadlock, and the sanctity of electoral processes, highlighting critical challenges to India’s democratic fabric. Role of Lok Adalats & Mediation: Role of Lok Adalats & Mediation: Their importance as alternative dispute resolution mechanisms for speedy justice and reducing pendency. Way Forward: Way Forward: Adequate Funding & Autonomy: Adequate Funding & Autonomy: Provide greater financial autonomy and sustained funding to NALSA and SLSAs. Broader Perspective & Analysis: Broader Perspective & Analysis: Election Commission’s Credibility Under Election Commission’s Credibility Under Scrutiny: Scrutiny: Professionalization of Legal Aid: Professionalization of Legal Aid: Enhance training, remuneration, and performance incentives for legal aid lawyers. Allegations of Bias: Allegations of Bias: The Opposition’s accusation of the ECI “abusing power” and “attempting to reshape political demographics” through the SIR in states like Tamil Nadu (alleged inclusion of Bihar migrants, missing 36 lakh voters from Bihar) significantly erodes public trust in the independence and impartiality of a vital constitutional body. Mandatory Pro Bono Work: Mandatory Pro Bono Work: Explore making a certain number of pro bono hours mandatory for practicing lawyers. Legal Literacy Missi Legal Literacy Missions: sustained legal literacy campaigns using diverse media, especially in vernacular languages. ons: Launch large-scale, Transparency and Accountability: Transparency and Accountability: The ECI’s dismissal of “false figures” without detailed public explanation, coupled with its letter to Tejashwi Yadav, while necessary, needs to be part of a larger transparent process to build confidence. The public expects more than just a denial; it expects proof of robust, fair, and auditable processes. Technology for Inclusion: Technology for Inclusion: Design user-friendly digital platforms that account for the digital divide, perhaps through a ‘phygital’ (physical + digital) approach. Synergy with Social Welfare Schemes: Synergy with Social Welfare Schemes: Integrate legal aid awareness with other government social welfare programs. Parliamentary Deadlock and Democratic Discourse: Parliamentary Deadlock and Democratic Discourse: Government Government- -Opposi “deadlock” in Parliament due to the Opposition’s demand for a discussion on SIR reflects a deepening chasm between the ruling and opposition benches. The government’s stance citing a former Speaker’s ruling (that Parliament cannot discuss administrative work of constitutional bodies) is legally plausible but politically fraught. Opposition Stalemate: tion Stalemate: The continued Potential Mains Questions: Potential Mains Questions: “Access to justice, while a constitutional right, remains elusive for many in India. Critically analyze the systemic and institutional challenges in India’s legal aid delivery mechanism. How can the NALSA (JAGRITI) Scheme, 2025, coupled with technological interventions, bridge this gap and promote ‘justice at the doorstep’?” (15 Marks). Erosion of Deliberative Function: Erosion of Deliberative Function: Persistent disruptions over key issues, as seen with the SIR debate, undermine Parliament’s primary role as a forum for legislative business and meaningful “Discuss the role of free legal aid in promoting prison reforms and reducing the burden of 41 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

42. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 debate on matters of national importance. This impacts the quality of governance and law-making. Enhanced ECI Transparency: Enhanced ECI Transparency: The ECI should consider greater public outreach, regular press briefings with detailed data, and engagement with all political parties to explain the SIR process, address concerns, and demonstrate impartiality. Federalism and Inter Federalism and Inter- -State Migration in Electoral State Migration in Electoral Context: Context: “Ordinary Resident” Definition: “Ordinary Resident” Definition: The controversy brings to the fore the complexities of defining “ordinary resident” for electoral purposes, especially in the context of significant inter-state labour migration. While citizens have the right to vote where they ordinarily reside, the process must prevent manipulation and ensure that genuine residents are registered. Technological Audits: Technological Audits: Independent technological audits of the electoral roll management system could enhance trust and identify vulnerabilities. Cross Cross- -Party Dialogue: Party Dialogue: Political parties must engage in constructive dialogue to find solutions for parliamentary functioning, prioritizing legislative business while allowing for robust debate. Political Implications: Political Implications: Allegations of demographic manipulation can exacerbate regional and linguistic tensions, impacting social cohesion and federal harmony. Strengthening Electoral Laws: Strengthening Electoral Laws: Reviewing and strengthening laws related to voter registration and electoral offenses to deter manipulation and ensure accountability. Integrity of Electoral Rolls Integrity of Electoral Rolls – – A Persistent Ch A Persistent Challenge: allenge: Public Awareness Campaigns: Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating citizens about the voter registration process and their rights to challenge incorrect entries can empower them to safeguard electoral integrity. Voter List Accuracy: Voter List Accuracy: The dual voter ID allegation against Tejashwi Yadav and the “missing voters” from Bihar underscore the perennial challenge of maintaining accurate, updated, and de-duplicated electoral rolls across India’s vast and mobile population. Press Freedom and Media Scrutiny in India Press Freedom and Media Scrutiny in India News Highlights: News Highlights: Press Club of India urges Himachal Pradesh CM to withdraw FIR against a journalist and a news portal. Technological Solutions vs. Human Oversight: Technological Solutions vs. Human Oversight: While technology can aid in de-duplication, the SIR process still relies heavily on ground-level enumeration and human verification, making it susceptible to errors or deliberate manipulation. PCI terms the FIR “a clear attempt to intimidate and silence independent journalism.” Challenges Challenges: : The incident occurred after the journalist reported on an alleged land scam involving a prominent politician. Rebuilding and maintaining the ECI’s image as an impartial and independent body. UPSC Relevance: UPSC Relevance: Ensuring that electoral roll revisions are transparent, foolproof, and free from political influence. GS Paper II: Polity GS Paper II: Polity & Governance: Speech & Expression (Article 19(1)(a)), Role of Media, Press Freedom, Sedition Law (indirectly), Accountability of Public Officials, Fundamental Rights.. & Governance: Freedom of Finding a constructive way for Parliament to address critical issues of governance and public concern without resorting to frequent deadlocks. GS Paper IV: Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude: GS Paper IV: Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude: Media Ethics, Probity in Public Life, Conflict of Interest. Developing clear, consistent national guidelines for voter registration of migrant workers that are fair and prevent misuse. Broader Perspective & Analysis: Broader Perspective & Analysis: Way Forward: Way Forward: Pillars of Democracy Under Threat: Pillars of Democracy Under Threat: A free and independent press is considered the fourth pillar of 42 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

43. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 democracy, crucial for holding power accountable, informing the public, and facilitating transparent governance. An FIR against a journalist for reporting on an alleged scam is a direct assault on this foundational principle. Way Forward: Way Forward:: : Review of Laws: Review of Laws: Government should review laws that are prone to misuse against journalists (e.g., defamation laws, and ensuring sedition laws are not applied in such cases) to safeguard press freedom. Chilling Effect on Independent Journalism: Chilling Effect on Independent Journalism: Such actions, especially by state authorities, create a “chilling effect” where journalists may self-censor or shy away from reporting on sensitive issues involving powerful individuals or the government, fearing legal repercussions. This undermines the media’s ability to act as a watchdog. Journalist Protection Act: Journalist Protection Act: Consider a specific law for the protection of journalists that defines their rights and provides safeguards against arbitrary arrests or harassment. S Stronger Self tronger Self- -Regulation: journalist bodies should reinforce self-regulatory mechanisms and ethical guidelines to ensure responsible journalism. Regulation: Media houses and Misuse of Legal Provisions: Misuse of Legal Provisions: Often, legal provisions (like defamation, or even sedition in some cases) are allegedly misused to silence dissent or critical reporting. This case, involving an alleged land scam, highlights the vulnerability of journalists reporting on corruption or misconduct by public figures. Public Awareness: Public Awareness: Educate the public about the importance of press freedom for a healthy democracy and the role of investigative journalism. Accountability of Public Officials: Accountability of Public Officials: The essence of such reporting is to bring alleged misconduct of public officials into the public domain, which is vital for probity and integrity in governance. Suppressing such reports undermines the very idea of public accountability. Judicial Vigilance: Judicial Vigilance: The judiciary has a crucial role to play in upholding press freedom and swiftly quashing frivolous cases against journalists. Potential Mains Questions: Potential Mains Questions: “A free and fearless press is indispensable for the functioning of a vibrant democracy. In light of recent incidents of FIRs against journalists, critically examine the challenges to press freedom in India and suggest measures to safeguard independent journalism.” (15 Marks) Role of Press Bodies: Role of Press Bodies: The intervention by the Press Club of India (PCI) is crucial. Such professional bodies play a vital role in defending press freedom, advocating for journalists’ rights, and drawing attention to threats faced by the media. “Discuss the ethical responsibilities of journalists when reporting on alleged corruption involving public officials. How can a balance be struck between the public’s right to know and the right to reputation?” (10 Marks) Challenges: Challenges: Balancing Freedom with Responsibility: Balancing Freedom with Responsibility: While press freedom is paramount, it must be balanced with responsible journalism and ethical reporting, avoiding sensationalism or baseless allegations. 3. Supreme Court Upholds Power of PCBs to Impose 3. Supreme Court Upholds Power of PCBs to Impose ‘Restitutionary Damages’ ‘Restitutionary Damages’:: :: Legal Harassment: Legal Harassment: Journalists often face prolonged legal battles (SLAPPs – Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation) that drain their resources and time. Syllabus: Syllabus: GS-2/Polity & Governance; GS- 3/Environment, Conservation In News: In News: In a landmark judgment, the Supreme Court of India ruled that Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) have the statutory power to impose “restitutionary damages” on polluting entities, even in cases where a formal pollution threshold has not been breached. The ruling reinforces the “Polluter Physical Safety: Physical Safety: Beyond legal threats, journalists, especially those investigating sensitive topics, face threats to their physical safety. Economic Vulnerability: Economic Vulnerability: The financial fragility of many media houses can make them susceptible to pressure. 43 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

44. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Pays Principle” and gives more teeth to environmental regulators. the Constitution. This was followed by the passage of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which downgraded the state to two Union Territories: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh. Detailed Analysis of the Judgment: Detailed Analysis of the Judgment: Legal Basis: Legal Basis: The court’s decision is rooted in the powers granted to PCBs under Section 33A of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and Section 31A of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. These sections give PCBs wide-ranging powers to issue directions to protect the environment. The government’s stated rationale was to fully integrate the region into the Indian Union, end dynastic politics, and eliminate the “terror ecosystem” that had plagued the area for decades. It was argued that Article 370 and its related provisions were a major impediment to economic development, good governance, and the extension of central welfare schemes to the people of J&K. Restitution vs. Penalty: Restitution vs. Penalty:The court clearly distinguished between restitutionary damages and punitive penalties. Restitutionary damages are a remedial measure intended to compensate for the harm done to the environment and restore it to its original state. Punitive penalties, on the other hand, are meant to punish violations and can only be imposed through a judicial process. Government’s Narrative of Progress: Government’s Narrative of Progress: On the sixth anniversary, the Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, Manoj Sinha, delivered a speech in Srinagar, celebrating the “birth of a new Jammu and Kashmir.” He highlighted the perceived benefits of the abrogation, including a significant reduction in terrorism-related incidents and stone- pelting, a more responsive administration, and the implementation of central laws. Precedent: Precedent: The judgment drew on the principles laid down in landmark cases like the Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996), which first articulated the idea of environmental restitution as a constitutional obligation. The government also pointed to a boom in tourism, increased investment, and the empowerment of local bodies through the holding of Panchayat elections. It also mentioned the provision of jobs to the kin of civilians killed by terrorists, an initiative that was presented as a way to provide justice and healing. Implications: Implications: This ruling is a game-changer for environmental governance. It empowers PCBs to take a more proactive and effective role, not just in punishing violations, but also in ensuring that environmental harm is rectified, which is often a more critical step. Opposition’s Critique and Continued Concerns: Opposition’s Critique and Continued Concerns: Anniversary of Article 370 Abrogation Anniversary of Article 370 Abrogation: : In contrast to the official narrative, major regional political parties, including the National Conference (NC), Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), and others, held protests to mark the day. Leaders like former Chief Ministers Mehbooba Mufti and Omar Abdullah decried the move as unconstitutional and a subversion of democracy. They argued that the promises of peace and development have not been fulfilled. Syllabus: Syllabus: GS2/Polity & Governance Context: Context: August 6, 2025, marks the sixth anniversary of the abrogation of Article 370’s provisions in Jammu and Kashmir. The day was observed with contrasting sentiments, highlighting the deep political and social divide that continues to exist in the region. While the government celebrated it as a day of integration and progress, opposition parties and several civil society groups marked it as a “Black Day,” protesting the move. Critics of the abrogation point to the continued presence of a large number of security forces, the prolonged internet shutdowns, and the delay in holding assembly elections as evidence of the political and democratic vacuum in the region. They also claim that the new policies have been largely top-down and have failed to address the aspirations Background and Rationale: Background and Rationale: On August 5, 2019, the Government of India, through a presidential order, revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of 44 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

45. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 of the local population. The legal challenge to the abrogation is still pending before the Supreme Court, which adds to the political and constitutional uncertainty. argued that the open office concept is fundamentally incompatible with the nature of government work. Reasons for Opposition: Reasons for Opposition: 2. ‘Kartavya Bhavan’ Inauguration and Concerns 2. ‘Kartavya Bhavan’ Inauguration and Concerns over ‘Open Office Concept’ over ‘Open Office Concept’: : Confidentiality and Security: Confidentiality and Security: Government work often involves handling classified and sensitive information. The forum argued that in an open office, it would be impossible to maintain the necessary level of confidentiality. Private conversations and confidential documents could be easily overheard or viewed, posing a significant risk to national security. Syllabus: Syllabus: GS2/Polity & Governance, GS3/Infrastructure Context: Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated “Kartavya Bhavan,” the first of the new Common Central Secretariat buildings, as part of the Central Vista redevelopment project. While the building is a symbol of a modern and ambitious India, its internal design, based on an ‘open office’ concept, has drawn criticism from government officials. Productivity and Efficiency: Productivity and Efficiency: Officials expressed concern that the lack of private cabins and the constant noise and interruptions would severely hamper their ability to concentrate on complex tasks and files. They argued that this could lead to a decline in productivity and an increase in errors. Central Vista Project and ‘Kartavya Bhavan’: Central Vista Project and ‘Kartavya Bhavan’: The Central Vista project is a flagship initiative of the government to redevelop the country’s administrative core in New Delhi. The project includes a new Parliament building, a new residence for the Prime Minister and Vice President, and a Common Central Secretariat (CCS) that will house all the ministries. Work Work Culture and Hierarchy: Culture and Hierarchy: The forum also highlighted that the traditional government work culture is built on a clear hierarchy and defined protocols. A uniform, open workspace, they argued, could undermine this structure, leading to confusion and a lack of accountability. Implications: Implications: The debate over the ‘open office concept’ highlights a crucial tension between modernization and the practical realities of government functioning. While the government aims to create a more dynamic and collaborative work environment, the concerns raised by the officials point to the need for a careful and nuanced approach to administrative reforms, one that takes into account the specific requirements of public administration. ‘Kartavya Bhavan’ is designed as a state-of-the-art, green building with a focus on modern, efficient, and technologically integrated workspaces. The aim is to consolidate the ministries that are currently scattered in different buildings, thereby improving inter-departmental coordination and reducing logistical challenges. The Debate over the ‘Open Office Concept’: The Debate over the ‘Open Office Concept’: The design of ‘Kartavya Bhavan’ and other buildings in the CCS incorporates an ‘open office’ layout, which is a departure from the traditional compartmentalized government offices. This concept, popular in the private sector, aims to foster collaboration, break down hierarchical barriers, and improve communication among employees. UPSC’s New Outreach Initiative UPSC’s New Outreach Initiative: : Syllabus: Syllabus: GS2/Polity & Governance Context: Context: The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has launched a new outreach initiative to provide direct email alerts about its recruitment advertisements to educational and professional institutions. The initiative is a simple yet effective administrative reform aimed at improving the recruitment process for government jobs. However, the Central Secretariat Service (CSS) Forum, representing a large body of government officials, has raised serious concerns. In a formal letter to the Prime Minister’s Office, the forum The Challenge and the Solution: The Challenge and the Solution:: : 45 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

46. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 The UPSC conducts examinations for a wide range of government positions, including highly specialized posts that require specific qualifications and experience. Often, many eligible and qualified candidates, especially those from niche academic fields or remote areas, may not be aware of these opportunities. welfare of Indian seafarers. The previous act was criticized for being bulky and fragmented, failing to address modern challenges or fully implement India’s obligations under various International Maritime Organization (IMO) conventions. Analysis: Analysis:: : The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025, represents a significant leap forward for India’s maritime sector, with advantages and implications across several domains. To address this, the UPSC has launched a new email alert system. It will maintain a database of educational and professional institutions and will send them direct email notifications whenever a new recruitment advertisement is released. Modernization and Ease of Doing Business: Modernization and Ease of Doing Business: The new bill consolidates and simplifies the legal framework, making it more agile and responsive to the needs of the modern shipping industry. It introduces provisions for mandatory registration of all vessels, regardless of their propulsion method or tonnage. A key change is the relaxation of ownership criteria, which now allows for partial ownership by Indian citizens, companies registered in India, and even Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs). This opens up the sector to wider domestic and global investment, promoting a more competitive and dynamic market. The bill also allows Indian entities to register chartered foreign vessels as Indian, which is expected to boost the country’s ship recycling business and strengthen its maritime economy. This streamlined and investor-friendly approach is crucial for India to become a leading player in the global shipping industry. Objectives and Benefits: Objectives and Benefits:: : Wider Reach: Wider Reach: The initiative is expected to significantly increase the reach of the advertisements, ensuring that a larger number of potential candidates are aware of the opportunities. Improved Candidate Pool: Improved Candidate Pool: By targeting specific institutions, the UPSC hopes to attract a more diverse and highly qualified pool of applicants, which will improve the quality of the public service. Transparency and Efficiency: Transparency and Efficiency: The new system will make the recruitment process more transparent and accessible. It is a proactive step by the UPSC to leverage technology to improve the efficiency and fairness of its selection process. Relevance to Governance: Relevance to Governance: This initiative is a clear example of administrative reform. It shows how a government body can use a simple technological solution to address a long-standing problem. It is highly relevant to the UPSC syllabus on governance, as it highlights the efforts to improve the efficiency, transparency, and accessibility of public services. Safety, Security, and Environmental Protection: Safety, Security, and Environmental Protection:: : The new legislation is a significant step towards ensuring a safer and more sustainable maritime environment. It fully incorporates key international conventions, such as the MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) and the Wreck Removal Convention. The bill mandates that all vessels, irrespective of their tonnage, must have pollution prevention certification. It also strengthens penalties for a range of offenses, including endangering life and environmental violations, which will act as a strong deterrent. The redesignation of the Director- General of Shipping to the Director-General of Marine Administration, with expanded powers to regulate maritime education, training, and security, will ensure a more robust and responsive regulatory system. The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025 The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025 Syllabus: Syllabus: Governance; Economy Context: Context: The Parliament has passed the Merchan Shipping Bill, 2025 Shipping Bill, 2025, a landmark piece of legislation that repeals the outdated Merchant Shipping Act of 1958. This new bill is a comprehensive reform package designed to modernize India’s maritime governance, aligning its laws with contemporary international standards and practices. The bill aims to streamline regulatory processes, boost the country’s maritime economy, and enhance the Merchant t 46 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

47. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 Seafarer Welfare and Empowerment: Seafarer Welfare and Empowerment: A critical and long-overdue aspect of the new bill is its focus on the welfare and protection of Indian seafarers. The bill expands provisions for social security, improved working conditions, and access to justice for all Indian seafarers, whether they are on Indian or foreign-flagged vessels. This is a crucial move to ensure that India’s seafarers, who are a vital part of the global maritime workforce, are not left vulnerable to exploitation. The bill also includes provisions for better training and skill development, which will help Indian seafarers meet the demands of a technologically advanced industry. and a report from the Praja Foundation. The issue revolves around the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, which sets the age of consent at 18. While the Act is a crucial piece of legislation designed to protect minors from sexual abuse, its rigid application in cases involving consensual relationships between teenagers has led to unintended and complex socio-legal consequences. Many young people, especially girls from marginalized communities, are facing legal and social repercussions for relationships that they entered into willingly. The debate has been highlighted in the Indian Express and other publications, with experts arguing for a more nuanced approach to the law. Disadvantages/Challenges: Disadvantages/Challenges: While the bill is a welcome development, its success hinges on effective implementation. The new regulatory body, the Director-General of Marine Administration, must be adequately staffed and resourced to handle its expanded mandate. There is a risk that the bureaucracy, accustomed to the old system, may be slow to adapt to the new, more streamlined approach. Analysis: Analysis: The debate over the age of consent is not a simple one, and it touches on the fundamental principles of law, social justice, and child rights. Socio Socio- -Legal Paradox: Legal Paradox: The POCSO Act, in its current form, treats any sexual activity involving a minor below 18 as an offense, regardless of consent. This is a critical provision for protecting children from genuine predatory behavior. However, it creates a paradox when applied to cases of teenage relationships, particularly those involving elopement. A Praja Foundation report highlighted that over half of POCSO cases involve partners, friends, or known persons, often linked to elopement. In these scenarios, the law’s rigid application can lead to the arrest and prosecution of the male partner, forced pregnancies, and the confinement of the girl in a shelter home, often isolating her from her family and support systems. This can perpetuate a cycle of trauma and social stigma for the very individuals the law is meant to protect. Way Forward: Way Forward: For the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025, to achieve its full potential, a coordinated effort is needed. The government must focus on building the capacity of its regulatory bodies, investing in digital platforms for efficient and transparent governance, and launching awareness campaigns to inform all stakeholders about the new provisions. Continued dialogue with industry players and seafarer unions will be essential to ensure that the implementation is smooth and inclusive. Conclusio Conclusion: n: The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025, is a transformative piece of legislation that promises to modernize India’s maritime sector. By streamlining governance, boosting the economy, and enhancing seafarer welfare, it is poised to propel India onto the global stage as a major maritime power. Its success will be a litmus test for India’s ability to implement comprehensive reforms and adapt to a rapidly changing global environment. Vulnerability of Marginalized Girls: Vulnerability of Marginalized Girls: The issue is particularly acute for girls from marginalized communities. Many engage in sexual relationships or elope to escape domestic violence, sexual abuse, or forced marriage within their own families. When they are caught, the POCSO Act, instead of offering them a way out of an abusive situation, often lands them and their partners in legal trouble. This can lead to a more precarious future, as they may be forced to return to their abusive homes or live in The Age of Consent Debate and the POCSO Act The Age of Consent Debate and the POCSO Act Syllabus: Syllabus: Social Issues, Governance (Social Justice) Context: Context: The debate surrounding India’s age of consent has intensified, fueled by recent court cases 47 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

48. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 confinement with a criminal record against their partner. The law’s strictness can therefore have a disproportionately negative impact on vulnerable girls, undermining their agency and freedom of choice. Conclusion: Conclusion: The debate over the age of consent and the POCSO Act is a critical one for India’s legal and social landscape. While the Act is essential for protecting children, its rigid application in certain cases is causing unintended harm. A more nuanced and rights-based approach is needed to ensure that the law truly serves its purpose of protecting children while also safeguarding the dignity and well-being of young people from all backgrounds. Evolving Concept of Consent: Evolving Concept of Consent: The legal framework around consent needs to be reconsidered in the context of teenage relationships. While protecting minors is paramount, the law must also recognize that teenagers are not a homogenous group. There is a vast difference between a child and a young person who, while not legally an adult, has the capacity to make informed decisions about their own life. The current “one-size-fits-all” approach fails to account for this nuance. The debate calls for a re-examination of the law to see if it can be reformed to differentiate between predatory behavior and consensual relationships between minors, perhaps by introducing a graded system or by providing a judicial mechanism to assess the maturity and agency of the individuals involved. Speaker Initiates Process to Remove High Court Speaker Initiates Process to Remove High Court Judge Judge Syllabus: Syllabus: GS Paper II – Structure, organization and functioning of the Judiciary; Parliament and State Legislatures. Context: Context: The Lok Sabha Speaker has initiated the process for the removal of a High Court judge. This is a rare constitutional action following an impeachment notice signed by 146 Members of Parliament, raising serious concerns about judicial integrity. The move comes after a prolonged period of public and legal scrutiny regarding the judge’s conduct. Solutions / Analysis: Solutions / Analysis: A multi-dimensional approach is needed to resolve this complex issue. Review and Reform: Review and Reform: A comprehensive review of the POCSO Act is needed to address its unintended consequences. This does not mean weakening the law but rather making it more nuanced and effective. The law should be reformed to differentiate between predatory sexual abuse and consensual relationships between minors who are close in age. Detailed Analysis: Detailed Analysis: Constitutional and Legal Basis: Constitutional and Legal Basis: Article Article 124(4) and 217: 124(4) and 217: These articles of the Constitution outline the procedure for the removal of a Supreme Court or High Court judge. The grounds for removal are ‘proved misbehaviour or incapacity’. Support Systems: Support Systems: The government must invest in robust support systems for teenage girls, especially those from vulnerable communities. These systems should provide them with safe spaces, education, and economic opportunities, reducing their dependency on others and giving them a genuine choice in their lives. The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968: The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968: This act governs the process. The Speaker, upon receiving a signed notice from a certain number of MPs, forms a three- member inquiry committee to investigate the allegations. Inquiry Committee Composition: Inquiry Committee Composition: The committee typically comprises a Supreme Court judge, a Chief Justice of a High Court, and an eminent jurist. Its role is to determine the validity of the charges. Raising Awareness: Raising Awareness: A massive public awareness campaign is needed to educate parents, teachers, and communities about the importance of consent, safe relationships, and the legal implications of the POCSO Act. This will help to create a more supportive and understanding environment for young people. Parliamentary Vote: Parliamentary Vote: If the committee finds the judge guilty, the removal motion must then be passed by both houses of Parliament with a special majority— a majority of the total membership and a majority 48 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

49. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting. sides of the same coin, both essential for a healthy and functioning democracy. Judicial Independence vs. Accountability: Judicial Independence vs. Accountability: The outcome of this process will be keenly watched, as it could set an important precedent for judicial oversight in the future. Safeguard for Independence: Safeguard for Independence: The process is designed to be deliberately difficult to protect the judiciary’s independence from political interference. It ensures that a judge cannot be removed on frivolous grounds. Mains Question: Mains Question: Critically analyze the constitutional process for removing a High Court judge in India. Discuss the safeguards in place to ensure judicial independence and how the recent initiation of the removal process impacts the judiciary’s credibility. (250 words) Mechanism for Accountability: Mechanism for Accountability: However, the process also serves as a crucial check and balance against judicial misconduct, reinforcing that no constitutional functionary is above the law. This is vital for maintaining the judiciary’s credibility and public trust. Parliament Passes the Women’s Reservation Bill Parliament Passes the Women’s Reservation Bill Syllabus Syllabus GS Paper GS Paper- -II: II: Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure. Parliament and State Legislatures—structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these. Precedents: Precedents: While several impeachment motions have been initiated in the past, none have resulted in the final removal of a judge by Parliament. The most famous case was that of Justice V. Ramaswami in 1993 in 1993, where the motion failed in the Lok Sabha. Justice V. Ramaswami Significance of the Current Move: Significance of the Current Move: Context Context In a historic and landmark move, the Indian Parliament has passed the Constitution (128th Amendment) Bill, 2025, popularly known as the Women’s Reservation Bill. The bill seeks to reserve one-third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha, state legislative assemblies, and the Delhi Legislative Assembly. This marks a new era in Indian politics and is seen as a major step towards gender parity and the empowerment of women in governance. The bill’s passage comes after decades of political debate, and its journey reflects the complex dynamics of Indian democracy. Robustness of Institutions: Robustness of Institutions: The Speaker’s action, after receiving a multi-party notice, demonstrates the strength and functioning of India’s democratic institutions. It shows that the mechanism for judicial accountability is alive and can be invoked when needed. Restoring Public Trust: Restoring Public Trust: A thorough and transparent inquiry, irrespective of the final outcome, can help restore public trust in the judiciary by signaling that allegations of misconduct against judges are taken seriously. In In- -depth Analysis and depth Analysis and UPSC UPSC- -Relevant Points Relevant Points Broader Implications: Broader Implications: This event could also lead to a renewed debate on judicial reforms, including the need for a more transparent and expedited process for handling complaints against judges and the role of the ‘in-house procedure’ of the judiciary itself. The passage of the Women’s Reservation Bill is a watershed moment, but its significance extends beyond a simple legislative act. It’s a culmination of a long and arduous struggle, and its implementation, while a positive step, presents its own set of challenges. Conclusion: Conclusion: The initiation of the removal process for a High Court judge is a testament to the robustness of India’s democratic institutions and its constitutional checks and balances. Historical and Legislative Context: Historical and Legislative Context: The demand for women’s reservation has a long history, dating back to the Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI) report in 1974. The idea gained momentum with the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in 1992, which successfully reserved one-third of This move reinforces the principle that judicial independence and judicial accountability are two 49 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

50. PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER PM IAS ACADEMY SEPTEMBER CA Compilations 2025 CA Compilations 2025 seats for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and urban local bodies. The success of this grassroots-level reservation provided the political impetus for a similar law at the national and state levels. The previous attempts to pass the bill in 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2008 failed due to a lack of political consensus, highlighting the resistance to ceding political power. The present bill, introduced as the Constitution (128th Amendment) Bill, finally garnered the necessary two-thirds majority in both houses of Parliament, signifying a rare cross-party political will on a contentious issue. Challenges of the Reservation Model: Challenges of the Reservation Model: While the bill is a welcome step, it has also been criticized. Some arguments against the bill include: Perpetuating a Quota Perpetuating a Quota- -based System: argue that reservation in legislative bodies is a form of tokenism and that it does not address the underlying social and economic barriers that prevent women from entering politics. They advocate for a system based on merit and performance. based System: Opponents Exclusion of OBCs: Exclusion of OBCs: A major point of contention has been the absence of a sub-quota for women from Other Backward Classes (OBCs). Critics argue that this will not ensure a truly inclusive political system and will exclude a large section of women from the benefits of the reservation. Key Provisions and Implementation Challenges: Key Provisions and Implementation Challenges: The bill mandates the reservation of one-third of seats for women, including those for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). A key provision, which also poses a significant challenge, is that the law will come into effect only after the next census and a subsequent delimitation exercise. This means the bill will not be implemented for the immediate upcoming elections, which has drawn criticism from a section of the opposition and women’s rights groups. The government, however, has argued that a fresh census is necessary to determine the new population demographics and a delimitation exercise is required to ensure that the reservation is not a ‘floating’ quota but is implemented in a fair and transparent manner. This delayed implementation is a crucial point for analysis, as it tempers the immediate impact of the bill. Rotating Constituencies: Rotating Constituencies: The bill’s provision for rotating reserved constituencies could disrupt the continuity of local development, as elected representatives would not have the incentive to build a long-term relationship with their constituency. Comparison with Global Models: Comparison with Global Models: India’s move to a gender quota system is in line with a global trend. Countries like Rwanda, Bolivia, and Mexico have a much higher percentage of women in their parliaments due to similar quota systems. The success of these models, however, is debated. While they have been effective in increasing women’s representation, their impact on policy and governance is a subject of ongoing research. Theories of Representation and Impact on Theories of Representation and Impact on Governance: Governance: The bill is a move towards achieving “substantive representation” as opposed to mere “descriptive representation.” Descriptive representation focuses on the presence of women in legislative bodies, while substantive representation aims to ensure that their presence translates into a change in policy priorities and governance. A higher number of women in legislative bodies can lead to greater focus on issues such as education, healthcare, sanitation, and women’s safety. Studies on the impact of women’s reservation in Panchayati Raj Institutions have shown that it has led to a greater focus on these issues at the grassroots level. The bill also has the potential to break the traditional political power structures and bring a new generation of women leaders to the forefront of Indian politics. Mains Question: Mains Question: The passing of the Women’s Reservation Bill is a landmark moment in India’s political history. Discuss the key features of the bill and analyze its potential impact on gender parity and the nature of Indian democracy, while also critically examining the implementation challenges and long-standing debates surrounding the issue. India India- -France Joint Naval Exercise in Arabian Sea France Joint Naval Exercise in Arabian Sea Syllabus Syllabus GS Paper GS Paper- -II: II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests. 50 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in