PMIAS Academy UPSC Current Affairs May 2025

1. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 1 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

2. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 S.NO. S.NO. PARTICULARS PARTICULARS GS 1 ART AND CULTURE PAGE NO. PAGE NO. 11 11 1. Pushkar Kumbh 58th Jnanpith Award Rajon ki Baoli PM Modi to Launch Revamped Manuscripts Mission Shirui Lily Festival Significance of Buddhist Teachings in Modern World Agamas Gond and Madhubani Art Saraswati Pushkaralu 11 2. 11 3. 11 4. 12 5. 12 6. 13 7. 14 8. 15 9. 15 HISTORY 16 1. 50 Years of End of the Vietnam War Importance of Ahilyabai Holkar 16 2. 17 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 18 1. Early Onset of Indian Monsoon Invisible Scars: Threat of Gully Erosion Magnetic Flip-Flop Birth Rates in Delhi, Kerala, and T.N. Declining at Twice the Rate of National Average Sagarmatha Sambaad Suez Canal offers 15% Discount to Cargo Ships Jarosite Maths of How India’s Coastline Lengthened without Gaining Land 18 2. 19 3. 20 4. 21 5. 23 6. 24 7. 25 8. 25 2 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

3. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 9. Madden-Julian Oscillation Helped Trigger the Early Onset of the Monsoon 26 PLACES 27 1. New Caledonia 27 28 SOCIETY 1. Disproportionate Burden on Women in Risk Society 28 GS 2 29 EDUCATION 29 1. Govt School Enrolment Drops in 23 States Experiential Learning 29 2. 30 GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION 31 Supreme Court Flags Concerns Over Free Ration Distribution Mismatch Between MGNREGS Coverage and Delivery Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) Syllabus: GS2/Government Policy and Intervention; 1. 31 2. 32 3. 33 HEALTH 34 1. India’s latest MMR Shows a Declining Trend Shingles Vaccine WHO Adopts Pandemic AgreemenT India Awarded with Certificate of Elimination of Trachoma Sugar Boards in Schools Cholera Zoonotic Outbreaks INDIAN POLITY & GOVERNANCE 34 2. 36 3. 36 4. 39 5. 39 6. 40 7. 40 40 3 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

4. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 1. Cabinet Approves Caste Enumeration in Upcoming Census Right To Digital Access Part of Article 21 SC upholds courts’ power to modify arbitral awards under limited circumstances President Stresses On Mediation To Resolve Conflicts Appointment to Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Supreme Court Publishes Assets of 21 Judges Bureaucracy in India Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL) Canal SC Rules Rohingya Refugees Subject to Foreigners Act CJI Forwards ‘In-House’ Panel Probe Report To President 10 Years of Three Jan Suraksha Schemes Disqualification of MPs Total Fertility Rate Remains Constant at 2.0 in 2021 B.R. Gavai Sworn in as Chief Justice of India Presidential Reference to SC on Timeline to Act on State Bills Sikkim’s 50th Statehood Day PM E-Drive Cyberbullying & Legal Framework in India SC Direction to Take Back Forest Land Illegally Allotted to Private Entities United States Birthright Citizenship Follow OROP Principle for All Retired HC Judges: SC SC Mandates 3-Year Practice for Judicial Services Examinations GeM Celebrates 8th Incorporation Day K. Veeraswami vs Union of India Judgment Jal Jeevan Scheme: MPs Flag ‘Irregularities’ 40 2. 42 3. 43 4. 43 5. 45 6. 46 7. 47 8. 49 9. 51 10. 52 11. 53 12. 54 13. 56 14. 57 15. 58 16. 59 17. 60 18. 61 19. 61 20. 62 21. 63 22. 63 23. 66 24. 68 25. 68 4 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

5. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 Amrit Bharat Station Scheme Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) Rising North East Investors Summit 2025 Supreme Court Needs to Change from Being a Chief Justice- Centric Court NITI Aayog’s Governing Council Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) Version 2.0 Government mulls 15-year Stay Requirement for Ladakh Domicile Tag Importance of the Deputy Speaker in Lok Sabha Appraisal of CSSs and CSs Ahead of the 16th Finance Commission Cycle Swachh Survekshan Grameen (SSG) 2025 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS India’s Growing Engagement in Arctic Region India–UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Negotiations Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Signed Between UK-India Pakistan-Türkiye Nexus & India Stands IMF Loan to Pakistan India rolls over $50 million worth Treasury Bill to help Maldives Colombia Joins Belt and Road Initiative US Remittance Tax Plan Raises Concerns Chabahar port & INSTC India and the European Union (EU) India’s Relationship with Türkiye and Azerbaijan US Passes Take It Down Act India & Russia Eye Collaboration on Nuclear Energy and Advanced Technologies 26. 69 27. 69 28. 70 29. 72 30. 73 31. 73 32. 74 33. 75 34. 77 35. 78 79 1. 79 2. 80 3. 4. 81 82 5. 84 6. 86 7. 87 8. 88 9. 89 10. 90 11. 91 12. 92 13. 93 5 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

6. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 Virtual Capacity Building Session on Digital Transformation in BRICS Financial Action Task Force (FATF) India-Maldives 2nd High Level Core Group (HLCG) Meeting Push for Russia-India-China Revival India and New Zealand: Strengthening Defence and Security Ties GS 3 AGRICULTURE Genome-Edited Seeds to Mark Beginning of Second Green Revolution Agriphotovoltaics: Integrating Solar Energy with Agriculture Why Farmers Prefer Growing Rice and Wheat Why is the Agriculture Sector Missing from India’s FTAs? Bananas Cultivation Promotion of Organic Farming Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan DEFENCE Psychological Warfare Gallantry Awards Theatre Commands: A New Era of Military Reforms in India Government Notifies Inter-services Organisations (Command, Control and Discipline) Rules, 2025 ENVIRONMENT India Opposes Inclusion of Chlorpyrifos at Stockholm Convention 14. 94 15. 95 16. 96 17. 98 18. 99 100 100 1. 100 2. 101 3. 102 4. 104 5. 105 6. 106 7. 107 108 1. 108 2. 109 3. 110 4. 112 113 1. 113 6 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

7. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 2. New Rules for Access and Benefit Sharing of Biodiversity Northeast’s First Geothermal Production in Arunachal Pradesh CAQM unveils 19-point plan to stamp out stubble burning in Delhi-NCR IEA’s Global Methane Tracker Geotubing: A Breakthrough in Coastal Erosion Control Centre Approves Additional FCI Rice for Ethanol Production Natural Farming Certification System World’s First Commercial-scale e-methanol Plant Opens in Denmark How is the Shipping Industry Tackling Emissions? India Launches First Cluster of CCU Testbeds For Cement Industry Plastic Waste in Himalayas SC Bans Retrospective Environment Permits Govt. to Allow Private Operators in Nuclear Energy Sector International Day for Biodiversity 2025 Syllabus: GS3/ Environment Needs for Stable Urban Forests in India Oil Spill off Kerala Coast Global Temperature Likely to Breach 1.5°C in Next Five Years: WMO Only 24% Present-Day Glaciers Will Remain if World Gets Warmer by 2.7°C South Asia’s ‘largest’ Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Inaugurated HISTORY AND CULTURE Nalanda University INDIAN ECONOMY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 114 3. 115 4. 116 5. 117 6. 118 7. 120 8. 121 9. 122 10. 123 11. 125 12. 125 13. 126 14. 127 15. 128 16. 129 17. 131 18. 132 19. 133 20. 135 135 1. 135 136 7 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

8. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 1. World Audio Visual and Entertainment Summit (WAVES), 2025 UN Pushes for Reforms in Three Key Areas to meet SDGs Strengthening Entrepreneurship Ecosystems in India Port Economy to Drive India’s Growth Report on “Enhancing Competitiveness of MSMEs in India Report for Framework on Repairability Index (RI) in Mobile and Electronic Sector Revised SHAKTI (Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating Koyala Transparently in India) Policy for Coal Allocation CCI Notifies New Definitions to Curb Predatory Pricing Supreme Court Flags Bitcoin Trading as a Way for Hawala US & China have Agreed to Temporarily Slash Tariffs Syllabus: GS3/Economy/Trade India’s Rising E-Waste and the Need to Recast Its Management India’s Major Ports Achieve Historic Milestones in FY 2024- 25 Cabinet Approves Semiconductor Unit in Uttar Pradesh Account Aggregators: Blueprint for Consent Managers under India’s DPDP Act Unemployment at 5.1%, Women Labour Force Rises: PLFS Data India’s Trade Deficit Widens to $8.65 Billion RBI Surplus Transfer to the Government India has Ambitious Expansion Plans in the Port Sector Globally The New Oil Conflict Net FDI slumps 96% in FY25 to $353 mn Revised Economic Capital Framework of the Reserve Bank of India India Becomes the World’s 4th Largest Economy India’s Outward remittances Decreases under Liberalised Remittance Scheme 136 2. 137 3. 138 4. 139 5. 6. 141 142 7. 144 8. 145 9. 146 10. 147 11. 148 12. 150 13. 151 14. 153 15. 154 16. 17. 155 156 18. 156 19. 158 20. 21. 159 160 22. 161 23. 163 8 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

9. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 24. India’s Farm Trade and Impact of FTAs with US, EU and UK Microfinance Loan Delinquencies Jump 163% in FY2025 NITI Aayog Releases Report on “Designing a Policy for Medium Enterprises” India’s Cotton Area May Shrink Due to Low Yields Honey Production In India ED Listed CPM in Money Laundering Case Poverty Fell Significantly Last Year Karnataka’s Platform-Based Gig Workers (Social Security and Welfare) Ordinance, 2025 Government Achieves Fiscal Deficit Target of 4.8% for FY25 INFRASTRUCTURE Human Development Report 2025: UNDP Strengthening Inland Water Transport in India India’s Northeast – Kolkata Link via Myanmar Aizawl Joins National Railway Network SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY S8 Tension and Clumpiness of Universe Sun’s Subsurface Weather Tied to Its 11-Year Activity Cycle World’s Largest Fusion Project Reaches Milestone With India’s Help Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) to Enable Movement in People with Paralysis ‘One Day One Genome’ Initiative to Harness the Microbial Potential Hydrogen Versus Battery as Fuel Source Cloud-Seeding Trials Across National Capital Region (NCR) Air Defence Systems: India & World 164 25. 165 26. 167 27. 168 28. 168 29. 168 30. 170 31. 172 32. 173 174 1. 174 2. 175 3. 177 4. 179 179 1. 179 2. 180 3. 181 4. 182 5. 183 6. 184 7. 185 8. 9 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

10. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 9. National Technological Day India & 6G Technology Breakthrough in Making 2D Metals Put Pakistan Nuclear Arsenal under Watch: India Samudrayaan’: India’s First Manned Deep Ocean Mission To Be Launched by 2026 Gene Editing Therapy Used to Cure a Rare Disease 70 Applications Received for Scheme to Produce Electronic Components Fatigue of Li Metal Anode in Solid-State Batteries Programme MR Srinivasan: A Key Architect of India’s Nuclear Coal Sector in India: A Strategic Engine for Sustainable Growth and Global Leadership Mendel’s Work with Laws of Inheritance Biostimulants SECURITY AGENCIES IN INDIA Terror Financing Hybrid & Proxy Warfare Disinformation Concerns in India SPACE Lupex Mission Tamil Nadu Adopted a Space Sector Policy 186 10. 187 11. 189 12. 191 13. 193 14. 194 15. 196 16. 196 17. 197 18. 198 19. 200 20. 202 203 1. 203 2. 205 3. 206 207 207 1. 2. 208 10 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

11. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 GS 1 GS 1 ART AND CULTURE ART AND CULTURE Pushkar Kumbh Pushkar Kumbh Bharatiya Jnanpith Bharatiya Jnanpith is a literary and research organization founded by Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain and Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain and Smt. Rama Jain. Smt. Rama Jain. Syllabus: GS1/ Art & Culture Syllabus: GS1/ Art & Culture In News In News  It is awarded for the work in 22 languages languages recognized by the Constitution of India and, from 2013, in the English language. 22  After a 12-year interval, Uttarakhand is hosting the Pushkar Kumbh Mela Pushkar Kumbh Mela at Keshav Prayag in Mana village. Prayag in Mana village. Keshav oOnce a language receives the award, it becomes ineligible for the next 3 ineligible for the next 3 years. years. About Pushkar Kumbh About Pushkar Kumbh  Pushkar Kumbh is a sacred Vaishnavite pilgrimage pilgrimage held every 12 years at Keshav Prayag Prayag, the confluence of the Alaknanda and Saraswati rivers in Mana village, Saraswati rivers in Mana village, Uttarakhand Uttarakhand, when Jupiter enters Gemini. Vaishnavite 2 years at Keshav Alaknanda and  It is awarded annually awarded annually to an Indian author for their outstanding contribution to literature.  The prize carries The prize carries a cash award, a citation, and a bronze replica of Vagdevi (Saraswati), the goddess of learning.  It holds deep spiritual significance as the site where Ved Vyas Ved Vyas Mahabharata. Mahabharata. Saints like Ramanujacharya and Madhvacharya are believed to have and Madhvacharya are believed to have received divine knowledge from Goddess received divine knowledge from Goddess Saraswati here Saraswati here. composed composed Ramanujacharya the the  The first recipient of the award was the Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup who received the award in 1965 for his collection of poems, Odakkuzhal (The Bamboo Flute). Odakkuzhal (The Bamboo Flute).  Though smaller than traditional Kumbhs, it attracts devotees, especially from South India, and is seen as a bridge uniting India’s diverse spiritual traditions. Rajon ki Baoli Rajon ki Baoli Syllabus: Syllabus: GS1/Culture Syllabus: Syllabus: GS1/Culture Context Context 58th Jnanpith Award 58th Jnanpith Award  The Archaeological Survey of India restored the 16th- century stepwell, Rajon ki Baoli. Syllabus: Syllabus: GS1/ Culture Syllabus: Syllabus: GS1/ Culture Context Context About the Rajon ki Baoli About the Rajon ki Baoli   President Droupadi the 58th Jnanpith Award 58th Jnanpith Award on Sanskrit scholar Jagadguru Rambhadracharya and Jagadguru Rambhadracharya and Urdu poet and lyricist Gulzar. Urdu poet and lyricist Gulzar. Murmu conferred Built around 1506 the Lodi dynasty the Lodi dynasty (at the reign of the Ibrahim Lodi), Rajon ki Baoli stands as a testament to Lodhi Lodhi- -era architecture and traditional era architecture and traditional water engineering. water engineering. 1506 by the Daulat Khan d Daulat Khan during uring About Jna About Jnanpith Award (also spelled Gyanpeeth npith Award (also spelled Gyanpeeth Award) Award) oThe name ‘Rajon Ki Baoli’ comes from the masons (Raj Mistri) masons (Raj Mistri) who were living at the Baoli and using its water. It is India’s highest literary honor, instituted in India’s highest literary honor, instituted in 1961 1961 by the Bharatiya Jnanpith. Bharatiya Jnanpith. 11 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

12. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  This four four- -tiered stepwell tiered stepwell was thoughtfully designed not only to store water but also to offer shade and rest to travellers. a Central Sector Scheme Central Sector Scheme for the period 2024 31 31. period 2024- - The key objectives of the Mission include: The key objectives of the Mission include:  Its elegant arched colonnades, ornate stucco medallions with floral and geometric patterns, and finely carved stone elements reflect the artistic sophistication of the time. Survey and Documentation: Survey and Documentation: Conducting a nationwide survey and registration of manuscripts to maintain a comprehensive record. Conservation and Preser Conservation and Preservation: conservation and preventive preservation of manuscripts across repositories in India. vation: Scientific Digitization: Digitization: Large-scale digitization of manuscripts to create a National Digital Manuscripts Library for wider accessibility. Publication and Publication and Research: publishing rare and unpublished manuscripts to promote scholarly research. Research: Editing, translating, and Capacity Building: Capacity Building: Organizing training programs in manuscriptology, paleography, and conservation to build expertise. About Lodi Dynasty (1451 About Lodi Dynasty (1451– –1526) 1526)  Ruled: Ruled: Delhi Sultanate (1451–1526)  Dynasty Origin: Dynasty Origin: Founded by Bahlul Lodi, the first Afghan ruler of Delhi. Collaboration with Instit Collaboration with Institutions: academic institutions in India and industry leaders for manuscript research and preservation efforts. utions: Engaging with  Significance: Significance: The last dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate before the rise of the Mughals.  Territorial Reach: Territorial Reach: Dominated Punjab, Jaunpur, Gwalior, and the Upper Ganga Valley. Shirui Lily Festival Shirui Lily Festival Syllabus: GS1/Culture Syllabus: GS1/Culture Context Context PM Modi to Launch Revamped Manuscripts Mission PM Modi to Launch Revamped Manuscripts Mission  The Shirui Lily festival returns to Manipur after a two-year pause because of the long- drawn conflict in the state. Syllabus: GS1/Culture Syllabus: GS1/Culture Context Context  The Prime Minister will launch the revamped National National Mission, Mission, which was announced in the Union Budget this year. About the Festival About the Festival Manuscripts Manuscripts  Organised by Organised by Manipur Department of Manipur Department of Tourism Tourism, first held in 2017 2017.  Named after Named after the Shirui Lily (state flower of Manipur), Manipur), the festival coincides with the flower’s blooming season blooming season (April to June). (state flower of About About  National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) is aimed to preserve, document, and preserve, document, and disseminate India’s rich manuscript heritage. disseminate India’s rich manuscript heritage.  Held annually in Ukhrul district the Tangkhul Naga community. Tangkhul Naga community. Ukhrul district, home to  The Mission has been restructured with the nomenclature ‘Gyan Bhara ‘Gyan Bharatam Mission’ tam Mission’ as 12 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

13. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  oSamudaya: Samudaya: Suffering is caused by craving and attachment (tanhā). This will promote eco-tourism, cultural heritage, and awareness endangered Shirui Lily. about the oNirodha: Nirodha: The cessation of suffering is possible by letting go of craving. oMagga: Magga: The path to the cessation of suffering is the Eightfold Path.  The Noble Eightfold Path: The Noble Eightfold Path: Grouped into three categories: wisdom, ethical conduct, and mental discipline.  The Three Marks of Existence The Three Marks of Existence oAnicca (Impermanence): Anicca (Impermanence): All things are in constant change. oDukkha (Suffering): Dukkha (Suffering): Existence is filled with dissatisfaction. Significance of Buddhist Teachings in Modern World Significance of Buddhist Teachings in Modern World oAnattā (Non Anattā (Non- -self): permanent, unchanging self. self): There is no Syllabus: GS1/Culture Syllabus: GS1/Culture Context Context  The Goal The Goal: Nirvana (Nibbāna) : Nirvana (Nibbāna)  The reference to Buddhist philosophy Buddhist philosophy— particularly the idea that the self is an illusion illusion—is both potent and relevant in the potent and relevant in the modern world. modern world. oA state beyond suffering and rebirth. self is an oAchieved through wisdom, ethical living, and mental discipline. About About oNirvana is the ultimate liberation and peace.  The world is increasingly focused on self promotion promotion as a pathway to peace and pathway to peace and progress. progress. focused on self- - Buddhism’s Role in Shaping Modern India: Buddhism’s Role in Shaping Modern India:  Anti Anti- -caste foundation: caste foundation: Early Buddhism rejected the rigid Brahmanical caste system, promoting egalitarian values.  Social media, particularly selfie culture, reinforces a curated, often artificial sense of identity. identity. artificial sense of  Appeal to the marginalized: Appeal to the marginalized: Attracted marginalized castes, women, and those outside Vedic traditions.  This external validation This external validation fosters anxiety, fear of inadequacy, and a desire for more— leading to widespread emotional distress.  Monastic communities (Sangha): Monastic communities (Sangha): Fostered social equality by allowing people of various backgrounds to live, learn, and teach together.  The Buddha taught that the idea of a permanent “self” permanent “self” is a false construct and the root of suffering. idea of a oLetting go of the self allows Letting go of the self allows us to understand the interdependent causes that shape our existence. causes that shape our existence.  Modern movements: Modern movements: Buddhism became a symbol of social justice, especially in Dalit movements led by B.R. Ambedkar in 20th- century India. interdependent Core Teachings of the Buddha Core Teachings of the Buddha  Community integration: Community integration: Buddhist practices like dana (generosity) and communal rituals promoted interdependence.  The Four Noble Truths The Four Noble Truths oDukkha: Dukkha: Life is suffering unsatisfactory. or The Continuing Relevance of Buddhism The Continuing Relevance of Buddhism 13 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

14. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025   Mindfulness and meditation, Mindfulness and meditation, central to Buddhism, are widely used today to manage stress, anxiety, and depression. Buddhism is not bound by dogma or Buddhism is not bound by dogma or conversion, conversion, making it accessible to people from all religious, cultural, or secular backgrounds. oPractices like Vipassana and Zen meditation help individuals find clarity and calm in fast-paced lifestyles. oIts flexible, inclusive philosophy makes it especially relevant in pluralistic societies.  Modern Modern consumerism consumerism, promotion, especially through social media. society society often often promotes promotes and Conclusion Conclusion comparison, self-  In an age obsessed with image and identity, the Buddha’s message—to let go of the self is more relevant than ever. is more relevant than ever. to let go of the self— — oBuddhism teaches non humility, and selflessness, humility, and selflessness, offering a path away from dissatisfaction and ego-driven living. teaches non- -attachment, attachment,  Buddhism offers not just spiritual insight but a framework for societal transformation. a framework for societal transformation. spiritual insight but  Rediscovering Buddhist thought could help address contemporary crises of ego, contemporary crises of ego, inequality, and disconnection inequality, and disconnection  The Buddhist emphasis on compassion The Buddhist emphasis on compassion (karu (karuṇ ṇā) ā) and (mettā) (mettā) encourages empathy and ethical action. loving loving- -kindness kindness Aga Agamas mas oThis is especially important in today’s world marked by inequality, conflict, and environmental crisi conflict, and environmental crisis. s. Syllabus: GS1/ Culture Syllabus: GS1/ Culture inequality, Context Context  The Supreme Court has allowed the Tamil Nadu government to appoint ‘archakas’ (priests) (priests) to the state’s temples not governed by Agama tradition. Agama tradition.  The principle of interdependence The principle of interdependence reminds us that all life is connected. ‘archakas’ oBuddhist teachings support non- violence (ahiṃsā) and respect for nature, promoting sustainable and mindful living. Background Background  Tamil over caste autonomy, and ritual conformity. autonomy, and ritual conformity. Nadu caste- -based priesthood, based priesthood, temple has witnessed debates temple  Buddhism Buddhism has been a voice against caste discrimination and inequal discrimination and inequality Ambedkarite Buddhism). caste ity (e.g.,  Identifying Agamic temples ensures that appointments (archakars/maniyams) follow traditional constitutional norms. oIt advocates a classless and casteless society, aligning democratic and human rights values. procedures and with modern What are Agamas? What are Agamas?  Peaceful approach to coexistence: Peaceful approach to coexistence: Its universal values—compassion, moderation, and wisdom—appeal across cultures and belief systems.  Agamas are a collection of scriptures that lay down rituals, temple a down rituals, temple architecture, idol worship methods, worship methods, and daily worship procedures in temples. lay rchitecture, idol  The principle of moderation (the Middle The principle of moderation (the Middle Way) Way) encourages indulgence and austerity. balance between  They are distinct from the Veda distinct from the Vedas and form the scriptural foundation of temple-based Hinduism, particularly in South India. oThis can be a guide for simplifying life, reducing focusing on what truly matters. distractions, and  Agamas are central to the Shaiva, Vaishnava, and Shakta traditions. 14 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

15. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 oShaiva Agamas: Shaiva Agamas: Focused on the worship of Lord Shiva; widely followed in Tamil Shaiva temples. oVaishnava Agamas (Pancharatra and Vaishnava Agamas (Pancharatra and Vaikhanasa): Vaikhanasa): These deal with the worship of Lord Vishnu Lord Vishnu and are prevalent in many major South Indian Vaishnava Tirupati. temples like oShakta Agamas (Tantras): Shakta Agamas (Tantras): Worship of Goddess Shakti.  Gonds are one of the prominent tribes in India. They are mainly settled in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh Gond and Madhubani Art Gond and Madhubani Art Syllabus :GS 1/Art and Culture Syllabus :GS 1/Art and Culture o The Akbar Nama, a history of Akbar’s reign, mentions the Gond kingdom of Garha Katanga that had 70,000 villages. In News In News  The artists of Gond art and Madhubani artists of Gond art and Madhubani art art met President Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan as part of the Artists in Residence programme- Kala Utsav.  Gond tribals belong to the Dravida race, and are very fond of dance, music and storytelling. Madhubani Paintings Madhubani Paintings  Gond paintings, also called Thingna paintings, also called Thingna, often feature geometrical designs and motifs like horses, elephants, birds, and human figures, painted using earth colours (white, red, yellow, black). oHomes are decorated with these motifs, especially around doors, windows, and courtyards, often with relief work made from cow dung and rice husk. Saraswati Pushkaralu Saraswati Pushkaralu  They originated in the Madhubani district of Bihar’s Mithila region. Syllabus: GS1/ Culture Syllabus: GS1/ Culture Context Context  They are known for their intricate line drawings filled with bright, earthy colors and tribal motifs.  The 11th day of the ongoing Saraswati Pushkaralu witnessed a massive turnout of pilgrims at Kaleshwaram.  They were traditionally created by women on mud walls of bridal chambers. Saraswati Pushkaralu Saraswati Pushkaralu   They mythology and local beliefs, symbolizing marriage and fertility. featured themes from Hindu Saraswati Pushkaram or Pushkaralu is a Hindu river festival that occurs once every 12 years 12 years, aligned with the entry of Jupiter (Brihaspati) Jupiter (Brihaspati) into the Gemini (Mithuna) (Mithuna) zodiac sign. entry of Gemini  The paintings show human beings, animals, trees, flowers, birds, etc Gond paintings Gond paintings 15 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

16. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  oIt is observed for 12 days, observed for 12 days, starting from the exact moment Jupiter enters the Mithuna rasi. North Vietnam: Led by Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Party, supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies.   The festival Saraswati, Saraswati, often referred to as Antarvahini— the invisible river believed to flow beneath the Triveni Sangam. Triveni Sangam. is dedicated to River River South Vietnam: Initially led by Ngo Dinh Diem, later by various leaders after multiple coups. oSupported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand, and others.  The Triveni Sangam at Kaleshwaram The Triveni Sangam at Kaleshwaram— where Godavari, Pranahi Godavari, Pranahita, and the invisible Saraswati Saraswati are believed to meet—is a key pilgrimage site during the festival. ta, and the invisible Reasons for the War  Division of Vietnam: After the First Indochina War, the 1954 Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel into North and South Vietnam. HISTORY HISTORY 50 Years of End of the Vietnam War 50 Years of End of the Vietnam War  Cold War tensions: The U.S. saw the spread of communism in Asia as a threat (the Domino Theory). Syllabus: GS1/World History Context  Internal conflict: The Communist-aligned Viet Cong insurgency in the South sought to reunify Vietnam under communist rule.  The Vietnamese celebrated the 50th anniversary of the end of the Vietnam War. Background Background Key Phases  Vietnam had been a French colony since the mid-19th century, part of French Indochina (along with Laos and Cambodia).  Advisory Phase (1955–1963): The U.S. provided military advisers and aid to support the South Vietnamese government.  During World War II, the Japanese occupied Vietnam but allowed the French to maintain some control. oNgo Dinh Diem’s regime became increasingly unpopular and was overthrown in a U.S.-backed coup in 1963.  After Japan’s defeat in 1945, Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Viet Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam), declared Vietnam’s independence in 1945.  Escalation (1964–1969): oGulf of Tonkin Incident (1964): Alleged attacks on U.S. ships led to congressional approval for expanded U.S. involvement.  The French, however, tried to reassert colonial control, leading to the First Indochina War. oU.S. troop levels peaked at over 500,000 by 1969. The Vietnam War  The Vietnam War — also known as the Second Indochina War — was a prolonged conflict from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam (Communist) and South Vietnam (anti- Communist), with heavy U.S. involvement on the side of the South. oMajor battles: Tet Offensive (1968), Battle of Hue, Khe Sanh. oHeavy use of napalm, Agent Orange, and carpet bombing sparked international outrage.  Withdrawal (1969–1973): Under President Richard Nixon, the U.S. began 16 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

17. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 “Vietnamization” — training South Vietnamese forces to take over the war. In News  Madhya Pradesh is marking the 300th birth anniversary of Maratha queen Devi Ahilyabai Holkar with a major state-led campaign. oU.S. forces gradually withdrew; the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973.  Final Collapse (1973–1975): Fighting continued after U.S. withdrawal. Ahilyabai Holkar oFall of Saigon (April 30, 1975): North Vietnamese forces captured the capital of South Vietnam, ending the war.  Vietnam was reunified under communist control as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Agent Orange – Agent Orange was a powerful herbicide used by the United States military during the Vietnam War as part of Operation Ranch Hand (1961–1971). – It became one of the most controversial aspects of the war due to its devastating health and environmental effects. 1. The manufacturing process of 2,4,5-T created a dangerous dioxin contaminant called TCDD, one of the most toxic chemicals. – The U.S. military used Agent Orange to: 1. Defoliate forests and jungles to reduce enemy cover (especially for the Viet Cong). 2. Destroy crops used to feed North Vietnamese forces. – Over 20 million gallons of herbicides were sprayed across South Vietnam, particularly in dense jungles and rural farmlands. – Aftermath: 1. Agent Orange remains a symbol of the war’s human and moral cost. 2. Programs by the Vietnamese Red Cross, USAID, and international NGOs are working to support victims and clean up the environment. 3. Many advocate for continued support, justice, and recognition of all those affected.  Early Life: She was the Holkar Queen of the Maratha-ruled Malwa kingdom in India. oShe was Born in Chaundi village, Maharashtra, to Mankoji Rao Shinde. oShe received an education from her father despite the norms against women’s education at the time.  Personal Tragedies: Ahilyabai Holkar’s husband, Khanderao, died in the Battle of Kumbher in 1754. Twelve years later, her father-in-law, Malhar Rao Holkar, also passed away. oHer son Malerao, who was mentally ill, died in 1767.  Role as a queen : In 1767, she became the queen of the Malwa kingdom. oShe moved the capital to Maheshwar south of Indore on the Narmada River. oShe defended her kingdom from invaders, led armies herself, and appointed Tukojirao Holkar as Chief of Army. Importance of Ahilyabai Holkar Importance of Ahilyabai Holkar Syllabus :GS 1/History 17 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

18. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 oShe broke another tradition when she married her daughter to Yashwantrao, a brave but poor man after he succeeded in defeating the dacoits. In Context In Context  As per the IMD, there are chances of early onset of the southwest monsoon. The normal onset date of the monsoon over Kerala is June 1 and it usually takes about 10 days for the system to reach Kerala from the Nicobar islands.  Contributions : In the 18th century, she was instrumental in spreading the message of dharma and propagating industrialization. She was a devout ruler known for her charitable works. Mechanism of the Indian Monsoon: The Driving Mechanism of the Indian Monsoon: The Driving Forces Forces  Differential Heating of Land and Sea: Differential Heating of Land and Sea: In summer, India’s landmass heats faster than the ocean, creating low pressure over land and drawing in moisture-laden winds from the sea. oShe built hundreds of Hindu temples and rest houses (Dharmashalas) across India. oOne of her most notable contributions was the renovation of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in 1780.  Inter Inter- -Tropical Convergence Zone Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ): (ITCZ): The ITCZ, where trade winds meet near the equator, shifts north during summer, intensifying low pressure over the Indo-Gangetic plain and drawing in monsoon winds. oShe also established a textile industry in Maheshwar, which today is very famous for its Maheshwari sarees.  Tibetan Plateau: Tibetan Plateau: Its high elevation heats up, creating an upper-air low-pressure zone that strengthens vertical circulation and attracts monsoon winds. o She held daily public audiences to address people’s issues and engaged in extensive philanthropic work, including building temples, ghats, wells, tanks, and rest-houses across India.  Tropical Easterly Jet Tropical Easterly Jet: Develops during summer, strengthening monsoon trough and rainfall.  Legacy: She was known as the ‘Philosopher Queen,’ she passed away on 13 August 1795 at the age of 70.  ENSO: ENSO: oEl Niño: Warms Pacific waters, usually weakening Indian monsoon. oHer reign is remembered as a period of peace, prosperity, and religious tolerance. oLa Niña: Cools Pacific, often strengthening monsoon. oShe was a capable and respected ruler, and after her death, she was revered as a saint by the people.  Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): oPositive IOD: Positive IOD: Strengthens monsoon with warm western Indian Ocean. oHer legacy endures through the many public works she commissioned. oNegative IOD: Negative IOD: Weakens monsoon. Onset and Advancement Onset and Advancement  Arabian Sea Branch: Arabian Sea Branch: Hits Kerala around June 1, moves up the west coast, bringing heavy rain to Western Ghats and inland states. PHYSCIAL GEOGRAPHY PHYSCIAL GEOGRAPHY Early Onset of Indian Early Onset of Indian Monsoon Monsoon  Bay of Bengal Branch: Bay of Bengal Branch: Reaches Northeast India in early June, then moves westward Syllabus: GSI/ Indian Physical Geography Syllabus: GSI/ Indian Physical Geography 18 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

19. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  along the Indo-Gangetic plain. India is usually fully covered by mid-July. A Scientific Reports paper highlights that gully erosion can derail progress on at least nine of the 17 Sustainable Development nine of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goals (SDGs), especially zero hunger, clean water and sanitation, and climate action.  Retreat of the Mon Retreat of the Monsoon: October from northwest India. Clear skies and residual moisture cause hot, humid conditions called “October heat.” soon: Retreat begins in What is Gully Erosion? What is Gully Erosion?   Reversal of wind direction brings rain to the southeastern coast, notably Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Gully erosion is a severe form of land severe form of land degradation degradation, marked by the carving of deep channels (gullies) channels (gullies) into soil due to surface and subsurface runoff. deep Impact of th Impact of the Monsoon e Monsoon  It differs from other erosive forms due to its deeply erosive nature, high specific soil losses, and unpredictable behaviour.  Agriculture: Agriculture: Essential for Kharif crops like rice and maize rice and maize. A good monsoon improves yields; a poor one leads to drought.  Status of Gully Erosion: Status of Gully Erosion:  o51 global locations 51 global locations have reported gully-related disasters; with Nigeria alone hosting 15. alone hosting 15. Economy: Economy: Monsoon-linked agriculture influences GDP, rural income, and food prices. Nigeria  oIn India, gully landforms are observed in 19 states and 19 states and Delhi. Delhi. Most affected regions are Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Water Resources and Hydropower Water Resources and Hydropower: Rains recharge rivers and reservoirs, crucial for drinking water, irrigation, and electricity.  Environment and Culture: Environment and Culture: Supports biodiversity and cultural traditions like festivals celebrating rain. Causes of Gully Erosion Causes of Gully Erosion   Disasters: Disasters: Heavy rains can trigger floods, landslides, and other disasters, especially in vulnerable regions. Vegetation Loss: Vegetation Loss: The absence of trees and grasses weakens soil structure, making it vulnerable to erosion during rain.  Recent Government Initiatives to Improve Monsoon Recent Government Initiatives to Improve Monsoon Forecasting Forecasting Irregular weather patterns Irregular weather patterns—long dry spells followed by heavy rain—reduce vegetation and increase runoff, worsening gully erosion.  Monsoon Mission: Monsoon Mission: Launched in 2012 by the Ministry of Earth Sciences it was a major initiative aimed at enhancing the accuracy of monsoon forecasting.  Improper disposal of solid waste Improper disposal of solid waste in drainage channels blocks flow, creating turbulence that deepens and widens gullies during storms.  National Supercomputing Mission: National Supercomputing Mission: Aimed at enhancing computational infrastructure needed for running high-end dynamical weather models.  Weak Soils: Weak Soils: Sandy or loosely packed soils erode more easily under water pressure, especially in regions like Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.  ICAR & IMD Collab: ICAR & IMD Collab: The IMD, in collaboration with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), provides Agromet Advisory Services. Invisible Scars: Threat of Gully Erosion Invisible Scars: Threat of Gully Erosion Syllabus: GS1/ Geography, GS3/ Environment Syllabus: GS1/ Geography, GS3/ Environment Context Context 19 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

20. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 reduce water speed, promote sediment deposition, and help in gully bed stabilisation. Concluding remarks Concluding remarks  Gully erosion is a silent yet devastating form of land degradation that has been overlooked in mainstream environmental discourse.  As India has pledged to restore 26 million million hectares of degraded land by 2030 under the UN Convention to Combat UN Convention to Combat Desertification Desertification, it is imperative that it should adopt both preventive and remedial strategies to manage gully erosion effectively. 26 Impact of Gully Erosion Impact of Gully Erosion  Loss of Topsoil: Loss of Topsoil: Gully erosion removes the fertile topsoil layer, which is essential for agriculture. Once lost, it takes decades or centuries to regenerate. Magnetic Flip Magnetic Flip- -Flop Flop oThe removal of fertile land leads to declining agricultural productivity, threatening food security (SDG 2: Zero Hunger Zero Hunger) and farmer livelihoods. Syllabus: GS1/ Geography, GS3/ Science and Syllabus: GS1/ Geography, GS3/ Science and technology technology (SDG 2: Context Context  Recent studies indicate that Earth’s magnetic field is weakening and shifting, raising concerns over possible magnetic excursions or even a full-scale polarity reversal.  Water Scarcity: Water Scarcity: Gully erosion disrupts the natural water natural water- -holding capacity holding capacity of the land, increasing surface runoff and reducing groundwater recharge, leading to water stress and droughts. (SDG 6: Clean Water (SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation) and Sanitation) disrupts the Earth’s magnetic field Earth’s magnetic field  It is generated by the complex flow of molten metallic material in the outer core of the planet.  Ecosystem Degradation: Ecosystem Degradation: Erosion leads to habitat fragmentation habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss, loss, impacting local flora and fauna. and biodiversity  The flow of this material is affected both by the rotation of Earth and the presence of a solid iron core, which results in a dipolar magnetic field magnetic field where the axis roughly aligns with the rotational axis of the planet.  Sediment Pollution: Sediment Pollution: The displaced soil often ends up in rivers and reservoirs, leading to siltation, water pollution, and reduced storage capacity. dipolar Way Ahead Way Ahead Cause of magnetic field reversal Cause of magnetic field reversal  Reforestation: Reforestation: Planting native species in degraded catchments restores ecological balance and controls erosion over the long term.  Short Short- -term variations term variations (milliseconds to days) are caused by solar activity and interaction with charged particles in space.  Long Long- -term changes, term changes, such as reversals and excursions, excursions, result from turbulent flows in the outer core, driven by heat released from the inner core and modulated by planetary rotation. reversals and  Land Use Planning: Land Use Planning: Adopting land use practices appropriate to soil and topography, such as terracing, agroforestry, and contour farming, reduces erosion risk.  Check Da Check Dams: stones, logs, or concrete across gullies ms: Small check dams made of 20 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

21. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025   A reversal happens when the flow of molten material in the core changes direction—for instance, from clockwise to anticlockwise— altering the magnetic field’s orientation. Biological Impact: Biological Impact: Many animals, such as birds, sea turtles, and whales, rely on Earth’s magnetic field for navigation. A flip or fluctuation could disrupt migratory patterns and breeding cycles. Concluding Remarks Concluding Remarks  Though Earth’s magnetic field has reversed and fluctuated many times in geological history, the precise timing and triggers of such events remain uncertain.  However, as human society grows increasingly dependent on electromagnetic infrastructure, understanding and predicting the behavior of the magnetic field becomes vital. Magnetic Reversals and Excursions Magnetic Reversals and Excursions  Magnetic reversal Magnetic reversal is a phenomenon where the magnetic north and south poles swap places. It occurred 183 times in the past 83 million million years. 83 Birth Rates in Delhi, Kerala, and T.N. Declining at Birth Rates in Delhi, Kerala, and T.N. Declining at Twice the Rate of National Average Twice the Rate of National Average oThe last major reversal was the Brunhes Brunhes- -Matuyama reversal, reversal, about 780,000 years ago. Syllabus: GS1/Human Geography Syllabus: GS1/Human Geography Matuyama 780,000 years ago. Context Context  The The annual crude birth rates annual crude birth rates for Tamil Nadu, Delhi and Kerala are declining at twice the are declining at twice the rate of the national average. rate of the national average. oIt can take thousands of years to complete, estimated at 22,000 years.  Magnetic excursions Magnetic excursions are temporary and incomplete shifts in the magnetic field direction. It occurs 10 times 10 times more frequently than full reversals. Theexamples are as: are as: About About  The data from the Sample Registration Sample Registration System (SRS) Statistical Report 2021, System (SRS) Statistical Report 2021, was released by the Registrar General of India. Registrar General of India. Theexamples oNorwegian-Greenland Sea event (64,500 years ago),  The SRS is the largest demographic largest demographic survey survey in the country, meant to provide annual estimates on fertility and annual estimates on fertility and mortality indicators mortality indicators such as birth rates, death rates, etc. oLaschamps and Mono Lake (34,500 years ago), oBagwalipokar excursions ( Uttarakhand): researchers found evidence of two excursions— 15,500–14,700 years ago and 8,000–2,850 years ago.  The crude birth rate (CBR) The crude birth rate (CBR) is a demographic measure that indicates the number of live births pe births per 1,000 people in a r 1,000 people in a population population during a specific time period, usually a year. number of live Concerns Arising from Field Instability Concerns Arising from Field Instability Major Findings Major Findings  Atmospheric Vulnerability: Atmospheric Vulnerability: During weak- field phases, Earth’s atmosphere is more exposed to harmful solar wind and cosmic rays.  India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has remained constant at 2.0 in 2021, the same as in 2020. oThe average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.  Technological I Technological Impacts: power grids, satellite operations, and communication systems. mpacts: It could disrupt 21 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

22. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 oA TFR of 2.1 replacement level needed to maintain a stable population. 2.1 is considered the  All All- -India crude birth rate India crude birth rate was 19.3 in 2021, dropping at a rate of 1.12% every year from 1.12% every year from 2016 to 2021. 2016 to 2021.  The birth rate for Tamil Nadu The birth rate for Tamil Nadu has been declining declining at a rate of 2.35% every year, Delhi’s has been declining at a rate of 2.23% and Kerala’s is dropping at a rate of 2.05%.  Birth rates were seen declining faster than Birth rates were seen declining faster than the national average the national average for Maharashtra (1.57%), Gujarat (1.24%), Odisha (1.34%), Himachal Pradesh (1.29%), Haryana (1.21%), and Jammu and Kashmir (1.47%). Concerns Concerns  Uneven Decline in Birth Rates Across Uneven Decline in Birth Rates Across States: States: Some states (e.g., Bihar, UP, MP, Rajasthan) show slow or minimal decline in birth rates, contributing to regional population imbalances.  The slowest rate of decline in birth rate The slowest rate of decline in birth rate was seen in States such as Rajasthan (0.48%), Bihar (0.86%), Chhattisgarh (0.98%), Jharkhand (0.98%), Assam (1.05%), Madhya Pradesh (1.05%), West Bengal (1.08%), and Uttar Pradesh (1.09%). oThese high-birth-rate states may continue to drive overall population growth, putting pressure on resources, infrastructure, and services.  Rise in the number of registered births Rise in the number of registered births were seen in about 11 States and union territories: Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Nagaland.  Demographic Divergence Between Demographic Divergence Between Regions: Regions: Southern and western States are moving toward or below replacement-level fertility, while northern and eastern States remain above it.  Total fertility rate (TFR): Total fertility rate (TFR): States such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh had a TFR higher than the national average. oThis creates policy and planning complexity —a “two-speed” demographic transition in the country. oThe TFR measures the average number of children expected to be number of children expected to be born per woman during her entire born per woman during her entire span of rep span of reproductive period. roductive period. average  Aging Population Risk in Low Fertility Aging Population Risk in Low Fertility States: States: States with low TFR (e.g., Kerala, West Bengal) risk aging population challenges shrinking labor force, increased burden on healthcare and pensions, and need for revised economic and social policies.  Gross reproduction rate (GRR): Gross reproduction rate (GRR): The GRR for India stood at 1, meaning that on an average, each woman in India is having one daughter who survives to reproductive age and has children of her own.  Persistent High Fertility in Some Persistent High Fertility in Some States: States: Despite national TFR at 2.0, states like Bihar (TFR 3.0) and UP (TFR 2.7) still report high fertility. oIn Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh the GRR was significantly higher than the India average. 22 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

23. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 oIndicates gaps in education, healthcare, and awareness, particularly in rural and underserved areas. historic historical CO₂ emissions. al CO₂ emissions. Yet, developing countries like India bear disproportionate impacts of climate change. oAnd, developed countries are falling short on climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity building. Way Ahead Way Ahead  Enhance Family Planning Services: Enhance Family Planning Services: Expand access to contraception and reproductive health, especially in high-fertility states.  He called for transboundary cooperation under the International Big Cats Alliance for International Big Cats Alliance for species species like snow leopards, tigers, and leopards & also reiterated India’s progress under Project Snow Leopard. Project Snow Leopard.  Promote Female Education: Promote Female Education: Focus on girl child education and awareness to delay marriage and childbirth. Five Five- -Point Global Action Plan Proposed by India Point Global Action Plan Proposed by India  Improve Data Quality: Improve Data Quality: Align and strengthen SRS and CRS systems; expedite the delayed Census for accurate planning.  Enhanced Scientific Enhanced Scientific Cooperation: Cooperation: Strengthening research collaboration, and monitoring cryospheric changes, hydrological cycles, and biodiversity.  Prepar Prepare for Aging Population: e for Aging Population: In low- fertility states, build systems for elderly care, healthcare, and pensions.  Building Climate Resilience: Building Climate Resilience: Investing in climate adaptation measures, early warning systems for disasters like Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), and climate- resilient infrastructure in mountain areas.  Address Regional Imbalances: Address Regional Imbalances: Promote development in high-growth regions through jobs, education, and infrastructure.  Policy Coordination: Policy Coordination: Ensure Centre-State collaboration and flexible funding for population control programs.  Empowerering Mountain Empowerering Mountain Communities: Communities: Ensuring that the welfare, needs and aspirations of local communities are at the heart of policy-making and their benefit from green livelihoods and sustainable tourism. Their traditional knowledge is an invaluable resource. Sagarmatha Sambaad Sagarmatha Sambaad Syllabus: GS1/ Indian Geography, GS3/Environment Syllabus: GS1/ Indian Geography, GS3/Environment In News In News  Union Minister for Environment addressed the 1st Sagarmatha Sambaad in Nepal 1st Sagarmatha Sambaad in Nepal, presenting a five-point global action plan to protect fragile mountain ecosystems, with a focus on the Himalayas.  Providing Green Finance: Providing Green Finance: Making available adequate and predictable climate finance as per the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement for mountain Nations to implement adaptation and mitigation strategies effectively. Key Highlights From the Address Key Highlights From the Address  Re Recognizing Mountain cognizing Mountain Perspectives: Perspectives: Ensuring that the unique vulnerabilities and contributions of mountain ecosystems are suitably featured in global climate negotiations and sustainable development agendas.  “Sagarmatha” “Sagarmatha”, meaning ‘Head of the Sky’ symbolizes both the majesty and responsibility of protecting mountain ecosystems. Sambaad (di Sambaad (dialogue) after the world’s tallest mountain Sagarmatha (Mt. Everst). Sagarmatha (Mt. Everst). ‘Head of the Sky’, alogue) is named Importance of Himalayas Importance of Himalayas  He emphasized the shared cultural and shared cultural and ecological bonds ecological bonds between India and its Himalayan neighbours.  Climate Regulator: Climate Regulator: The Himalayas act as a barrier against cold Central Asian winds and influence the Indian monsoon, ensuring rainfall across northern plains.  South Asia houses 25% of the global population population, contributing only 4% to 25% of the global only 4% to 23 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

24. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  Water Source: Water Source: They are the origin of major rivers like the Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra, supporting water and food security for over a billion people. a 15% discount on transit fees for large container ships from May 15, 2025. Securit Security Crisis in the Red Sea y Crisis in the Red Sea  The crisis began in 2023 when Iran Houthi rebels in Yemen Houthi rebels in Yemen started targeting commercial ships linked to Israel or its allies, in retaliation to the conflict in Gaza. Iran- -backed backed  Biodiversity Hotspot Biodiversity Hotspot: Home to diverse flora and fauna, including endangered species like the snow leopard and red panda.  Cultural Significance: Cultural Significance: Sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism, the region hosts many pilgrimage sites like Amarnath, Badrinath, and Kailash Mansarovar.  In response, major shipping lines avoided the Red Sea and re rerouted ships via the Cape routed ships via the Cape of Good Hope, of Good Hope, significantly increasing Voyage duration by 10–14 days, Fuel consumption and Freight rates.  Strategic Importance: Strategic Importance: Serving as a natural frontier with China, Nepal, and Bhutan, the Himalayas are vital to India’s national security. About Suez Canal About Suez Canal  The Suez Canal is a 193 waterway waterway that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, Sea to the Red Sea, making it the shortest maritime route between Europe and Asia. 193- -km artificial km artificial Mediterranean Initiatives Taken to Protect Himalayas Initiatives Taken to Protect Himalayas  National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan E Ecosystem (NMSHE): cosystem (NMSHE): Part of India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), it focuses on sustainable development, glacier monitoring, and biodiversity conservation in the Himalayan region. oIt was officially opened to ships in 1869. 1869.  The Canal does not have locks does not have locks and it is essentially a sea-level waterway. oThis characteristic allows for a smoother, more efficient passage of smoother, more efficient passage of vessels vessels, thus supporting a high volume of maritime traffic.  Secure Himalaya Project: Secure Himalaya Project: Launched with UNDP support, it promotes conservation of high-altitude biodiversity and supports sustainable livelihoods in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Ladakh  It is one of the busiest waterways in the world through which 12 commerce passes. 12– –15% 15% of global  Project Snow Leopard: Project Snow Leopard: Aims to protect snow leopards and their habitat through community-based conservation and scientific research in five Himalayan states. Importance of Suez Canal Importance of Suez Canal  Reduced Transit Time: Reduced Transit Time: The Suez Canal reduces the maritime distance between Europe and Asia by approximately 7,000 kilometers kilometers.  International Big Cats Alliance (IBCA): International Big Cats Alliance (IBCA): India- led initiative to foster global cooperation in protecting big cats like snow leopards and tigers across transboundary Himalayan regions. 7,000  World trade: World trade: It’s a major factor in the world’s economy, with roughly 12% global trade, 7% 7% of the world’s oil, and 30% 30% of daily container traffic passing through it. 12% of Suez Canal offers 15% Discount to Suez Canal offers 15% Discount to Cargo Ships Cargo Ships Syllabus: GS1/ Geography Syllabus: GS1/ Geography Context Context  Revenue Generation: Revenue Generation: The Suez Canal is one of Egyp Egypt’s t’s primary sources of revenue.  In response to the Red Sea security crisis that severely disrupted maritime trade, the Suez Canal Authority (SCA) has announced Jarosite Jarosite 24 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

25. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 Syllabus :GS 1/Geography Syllabus :GS 1/Geography oThis change stems not from any territorial acquisition or natural geological expansion, but from enhanced mapping precision enhanced mapping precision, underscoring the “coastline paradox.” paradox.” In News In News  Jarosite has been found to potentially serve as a natural geological clock on Mars. natural geological clock on Mars. “coastline Jarosite Jarosite Coastline Paradox Coastline Paradox  It is a potassium potassium- -iron hydroxysulfate iron hydroxysulfate mineral mineral commonly found in acidic environments, such as acid sulfate soils (ASS) and acid mine drainage environments.  Definition: Definition: The coastline paradox states that the length of a coastline depends on the scale at which it is measured. The more detailed the measurement (smaller ruler), the longer the coastline appears.  It is a yellow yellow- -brown mineral brown mineral that contains potassium, iron, and sulphate.  Euclidean Ge Euclidean Geometry: shapes and straight lines/smooth curves, where length is straightforward. ometry: Deals with ideal  It plays an important role as a scavenger of trace and major elements in ASS, as well as in other natural and engineered systems.  Fractal Geometry Fractal Geometry: Coastlines exhibit fractal- like properties, meaning they display self- similar patterns at different scales. This concept was popularized by Benoît Mandelbrot. Recent Research Recent Research  Researchers in India analyzed jarosite veins from Gujarat, whose environment resembles that of Mars.  Hypothetical Infinity: Hypothetical Infinity: Theoretically, measuring a coastline down to the size of a water molecule would result in its length approaching infinity.  By studying the mineral’s luminescence — the light it emits due to stored radiation — they discovered that jarosite could survive heating from a rover’s drill without losing its ability to luminesce. New Measurement Methodology and Technology New Measurement Methodology and Technology  Agencies Involved: Agencies Involved: National Hydrographic Office (NHO) and the Survey of India.  Given Mars’ natural radiation rate, jarosite can record events from the past 25,000 years.  Finer Scale: Finer Scale: Electronic navigation charts at a much finer resolution of 1:250,000. Importance Importance  Technologies Used: Technologies Used: Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Satellite Altimetry, LIDAR- GPS & Drone-based imaging.  As jarosite is common on Mars, durable, and easily analyzed with small heaters and LEDs, it could be used by future rovers to date dust storms, flood deposits, and volcanic ash.  Measurement Reference: Measurement Reference: Highwater lines prepared by the NHO based on 2011 data on electronic navigation charts. River mouths and creeks were closed off at a fixed inland threshold. Maths of How India’s Coastline Lengthened without Maths of How India’s Coastline Lengthened without Gaining Land Gaining Land Syllabus: GS1/ Geography Syllabus: GS1/ Geography  Inclusion of Islands: Inclusion of Islands: Islands exposed at low tide were also included in the review. In Context In Context  Future Revisions: Future Revisions: The coastline length will be revised every 10 years from 2024-2025, ensuring continuous accuracy.  The Ministry of Home Affairs, in its 2023– 24 report, updated India’s coastline length to 11,098.8 km, a significant increase from the previously recorded 7,516.6 km. Implications of the Revised Coastline Length Implications of the Revised Coastline Length 25 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

26. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025   Disaster Management and Climate Disaster Management and Climate Adaptation: Adaptation: India’s east coast is prone to cyclones (e.g., Fani, Yaas) and tsunamis. Technological Upgradation: Technological Upgradation: Continued investment in advanced technologies for mapping and monitoring is necessary.  oAccurate coastline data improves early warning systems, evacuation route planning, CRZ (Coastal Regulation Zone) zoning. Capac Capacity Building: ity Building: Training and capacity building for personnel involved in coastal management and security. Madden Madden- -Julian Oscillation Helped Trigger the Early Julian Oscillation Helped Trigger the Early Onset of the Monsoon Onset of the Monsoon oSupports climate vulnerability assessments and resilient coastal infrastructure development. Syllabus: GS1/ Geography Syllabus: GS1/ Geography Context Context  Economic Zoning and Blue Economy Economic Zoning and Blue Economy Expansion: Expansion:  The early onset of the southwest monsoon over Kerala this year has caught the attention of meteorologists. oInfluences the computation of India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). oAccording to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the Madden Madden- -Julian Oscillation Julian Oscillation (MJO) (MJO) played a significant role in this development. oExtends reach over marine fisheries, deep-sea mining, bioprospecting, and offshore energy. oEnhances viability of Sagarmala, coastal industrial corridors, and port-led growth models. What is Madden What is Madden- -Julian Oscillation (MJO) Julian Oscillation (MJO)  The MJO is a moving system of winds, clouds, and pressure clouds, and pressure that brings rain as it circles around the equator. winds, oCoastal Governance and Urban Planning  It was discovered in 1971 Madden and Paul Julian. Madden and Paul Julian. 1971 by Roland Roland  Better data supports: Better data supports: oShoreline management plans  The system travels eastward at 4 4– –8 m/s circles the globe typically every 30–60 days, though it can take up to 90 days. 8 m/s and oUrban zoning laws 90 days. oPort placement and dredging  As it moves, strong MJO activity often splits the planet into two parts the planet into two parts — one in which the MJO is in active phase active phase and brings rainfall, and the other in which it suppresses rainfall. splits oHelps states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Gujarat, and Odisha optimize coastal investments. Challenges and Way Forward Challenges and Way Forward Geographical Influence Geographical Influence  Dynamic Nature of Coastlines: Dynamic Nature of Coastlines: Coastlines are constantly changing due to tidal fluctuations, sedimentation, erosion, and sea-level rise. Regular revisions are crucial.  The effect of the MJO is witnessed mainly in the tropical region, tropical region, in the band between 30 degrees North and 30 degrees South degrees North and 30 degrees South of the equator, even though the mid-latitude regions in both hemispheres also feel its impact. 30  Inter Inter- -agency Coordination: agency Coordination: Continued collaboration between agencies like the NHO, Survey of India, and other relevant ministries (e.g., Ministry of Earth Sciences, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change) is vital. oIt also includes India, making it a crucial player in the South Asian monsoon system. 26 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

27. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  During an active MJO phase, regions within its influence experience above-average rainfall, often due to increased cloud formation, convection, and cyclonic activity. formation, convection, and cyclonic activity. in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal fuel intense convection, which helps develop cloud bands and low-pressure systems needed for monsoon formation. cloud oIn 2025, sea surface temperatures in the region were higher than average, aiding early cloud development. Concluding remarks Concluding remarks  While the early onset of the monsoon offers critical advantages for agriculture and water resource management, it also intensifies climate-related vulnerabilities.  As monsoon patterns become increasingly erratic under climate change, strengthening early warning systems and forecasting models remains essential for safeguarding lives, livelihoods, and ecosystems. Contribution of MJO to the Early Monsoon Contribution of MJO to the Early Monsoon  This year, the MJO was observed in Phase 4 4 with an amplitude greater than 1 amplitude greater than 1 around May 22, originating in the Indian Ocean. Phase PLACES PLACES  Phase 4 with strong amplitude is indicative of intense rainfall and storm systems, conducive for monsoon initiation. New Caledonia New Caledonia Syllabus: GS1/Places in News Syllabus: GS1/Places in News  This setup contributed to frequent cyclonic activity and cloud build-up over the Bay of Bengal, helping trigger the early arrival of the monsoon over Kerala. In News In News  New Caledonia New Caledonia is facing deepened political uncertainty ahead of the November 2025 provincial elections. Other reasons for Early Monsoon Other reasons for Early Monsoon About About  Transition to La Niña: Transition to La Niña: In early 2025, global climate models indicated El Niño weakening and possible La Niña La Niña development development — a pattern historically associated with stronger and earlier monsoon seasons in India.  It is classified as a French overseas collectivity collectivity, enjoying significant autonomy under French sovereignty. French overseas  Colonised in 1853 Colonised in 1853 by France as a penal colony, its history is marked by resistance from the Indigenous Kanak population. Indigenous Kanak population.  Stronger Stronger- -than winds: winds: During May, winds from the southern hemisphere begin to blow across the equator and enter the Arabian Sea. than- -usual cross usual cross- -equatorial equatorial  The 1998 Nouméa Accord 1998 Nouméa Accord granted autonomy and led to three referendums, all rejecting independence, though the 2021 vote was boycotted by pro-independence groups, casting doubt on its legitimacy. oWhen these winds are stronger and more organised, they push moisture-laden air toward the Indian coast more quickly, hastening the monsoon’s arrival.  The push for independence continues independence continues due to unresolved historical grievances and contested po political status. litical status.  Above Above- -normal sea surface normal sea surface temperatures: temperatures: Warmer-than-usual waters New Caledonia New Caledonia 27 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

28. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025   New Caledonia is located in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean, approximately 1,500 km east of Australia. Use of solid fuels Use of solid fuels for cooking leads to chronic respiratory diseases due to indoor air pollution.   It lies within a geopolitically sensitive area, surrounded by Australia (west), Vanuatu (north), and Fiji (northeast) — placing it within the Indo Indo- -Pacific strategic sphere. Pacific strategic sphere. Gender norms such as eating last or less nutritious food during scarcity worsen health outcomes. As per NFHS 57% 57% of Indian women suffer from anaemia, compared to 25% of men. NFHS- -5 (2019 5 (2019– –21), 21),  The Nouméa Accord (1998) Nouméa Accord (1998) granted New Caledonia enhanced autonomy and set the path for independence referendums. Economic Vulnerability: Economic Vulnerability:  Women are more likely to work in the informal sector informal sector, with limited job security or savings. work in the  Under the Noumea Accord signed in 1998, the French State retains sovereignty for defence, foreign affairs, law and order, monetary policy, and tertiary education and research.  They also have limited ownership of land limited ownership of land and property, and property, reducing post-disaster recovery ability. SOCIETY SOCIETY  Lower access to credit and institutional credit and institutional su support pport, making them more dependent and less resilient during crises. Disproportionate Burden on Women in Risk Society Disproportionate Burden on Women in Risk Society Syllabus: GS1/ Society Syllabus: GS1/ Society  Unpaid care work Unpaid care work places additional physical and emotional strain. Context Context  In a risk society shaped by modern crises, women disproportionately bear the burden due to existing gender inequalities and caregiving roles.  Political and Institutional Political and Institutional Exclusion: Exclusion: Women’s perspectives are often underrepresented in decision-making on disaster preparedness, climate policies, and health systems. This results in: What is Risk Society? What is Risk Society?  Gender Gender- -blind policies blind policies or insufficiently responsive to women’s needs.  The term ‘risk society’ describes a shift from an industrial society to one increasingly an industrial society to one increasingly shaped by uncertainty and hazards shaped by uncertainty and hazards created by technological and environmental developments. shift from  Missed opportunities Missed opportunities to harness women’s local knowledge and community networks for risk mitigation.  Industrial societies brought prosperity but also created complex, global risks—like climate change and pandemics—that stem from human progress rather than natural causes. Way Ahead Way Ahead  Gender M Gender Mainstreaming: ainstreaming: Risk mitigation strategies, including climate resilience and pandemic responses, must include a gender perspective.  The term risk society was coined by sociologist Ulrich Beck Ulrich Beck in his 1986 book Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. coined by German  Economic Empowerment: Economic Empowerment: Land rights, access to finance, and social protection schemes must prioritise women to strengthen recovery capacity. Gendered Impacts in the Risk Society Gendered Impacts in the Risk Society Environmental and Health Risks: Environmental and Health Risks:  Investing in Care Infrastructure: Investing in Care Infrastructure: Recognising and supporting unpaid care work through services like crèches, health insurance, and community kitchens can reduce women’s disproportionate burden.  Water collection duties Water collection duties of women expose them to contaminated sources, increasing vulnerability to water borne diseases. 28 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

29. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  Participation in Governance: Participation in Governance: From disaster management authorities to local planning bodies, women’s representation must be institutionalised. students availing midday meals fell by 97,000 in 2024-25 versus 2023-24. oIn Uttar Pradesh, meal coverage dropped by 5.41 lakh students, by 3.27 lakh in Rajasthan and 8.04 lakh in West Bengal. GS 2 GS 2 EDUCATION EDUCATION oSome States reported students bringing their own tiffin. Govt School Enrolment Drops in 23 States Govt School Enrolment Drops in 23 States Syllabus: GS2/Education/Governance Syllabus: GS2/Education/Governance Possible Reasons for the Decline Possible Reasons for the Decline Context Context  The first is a change in data change in data- -collection methodology methodology—from school-wise reporting (just total numbers) to student-wise reporting, this ongoing “data cleansing” may have removed “ghost” entries. have removed “ghost” entries. collection  Minutes of meetings held by the Ministry of Education (MoE) Education (MoE) with 33 States and UTs show that student enrolment dipped in 23 student enrolment dipped in 23 states. states. Ministry of “data cleansing” may  Several States have suggested enrolment may be moving from government to private moving from government to private schools schools in the post-Covid years, reversing pandemic-era trends. About About  The drop first came to light late last year in drop first came to light late last year in the UDISE+ report for 2023 the UDISE+ report for 2023- -24, pointed to a sharp fall of around 1.5 crore in overall school enrolment (government and private) compared to the 2018-19 to 2021- 22 average. 24, which Implications Implications  Nutritional Risk: Nutritional Risk: Lower participation could impact child health and learning outcomes. oPM-POSHAN minutes show the trend continuing into 2024 trend continuing into 2024- - 25, 25, triggering fresh concern in the government.  Administrative Gaps: Administrative Gaps: Transition to Aadhaar- based data is essential but may cause temporary disruption.  Policy Reflection: Policy Reflection: Need to re-evaluate strategies to maintain enrolment and ensure scheme utilization.  At least eight witnessed declines exceeding At least eight witnessed declines exceeding 100,000: 100,000: led by Uttar Pradesh (21.83 lakh), Bihar (6.14 lakh), Rajasthan (5.63 lakh) and West Bengal (4.01 lakh). MoE’s Response MoE’s Response  The ministry has expressed “deep concern” concern” and asked states to investigate causes and submit reports by June 30. causes and submit reports by June 30. “deep investigate  It emphasized on improving the meal improving the meal coverage and quality assurance coverage and quality assurance for concerns of some students reportedly bringing their own food. PM PM- -POSHAN POSHAN – PM-POSHAN — Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman, formerly known as the midday-meal scheme, is a centrally sponsored Scheme centrally sponsored Scheme under the Ministry of Education. of Education. 1. It operates on a 60:40 funding model 60:40 funding model between the Centre and the states. Centre and the states. – Provides hot cooked meals to 11.20 crore hot cooked meals to 11.20 crore  Compared to 2023 Compared to 2023- -24, enrollment fall by around 2 lakh; Assam by 1.68 lakh, Tamil Nadu by 1.65 lakh and Delhi by 1.05 lakh. 24, Karnataka saw its  The PM The PM- -POSHAN meetings flagged low POSHAN meetings flagged low scheme coverage: scheme coverage: In Delhi, the number of 29 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

30. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 students students in Balvatika and classes 1 to 8. – Covers 10.36 lakh govt. & govt.-aided schools. – Under the scheme, material cost is provided material cost is provided for procurement of ingredients such as pulses, vegetables, oil, spices and condiments, and fuel required for cooking the meals. 1. The Centre also supplies around 2.6 million metric tonnes of food grains annually through the Food Corporation of India (FCI), covering 100% of the cost. – Besides addressing child nutrition, a cooked meal in school is known to boost attendance, in school is known to boost attendance, learning outcomes and attention spans. classes 1 to 8. a cooked meal Benefits of Experient Learning: Benefits of Experient Learning: Experient Experiential Learning ial Learning  Improves critical thinking and problem- solving. Syllabus: GS2/Education Syllabus: GS2/Education Context Context  Enhances engagement and motivation.  The current education system current education system needs to integrate experiential learning. integrate experiential learning.  Encourages collaboration and communication. About About  Builds transferable, real-world skills.  The Nature of Learning and the Changing The Nature of Learning and the Changing Landscape: Landscape: Humans are inherently learning beings, and today’s digital world has transformed access to information. Challenges Challenges  Requires more time, planning, and resources. oWith AI and bots capable of teaching concepts, traditional schools are at risk of becoming obsolete if their role is limited to content delivery.  Difficult to implement uniformly in large classrooms.  Not all students may be initially ready for self-directed learning. What is Experiential Learning? What is Experiential Learning? Need for the Reforms in Need for the Reforms in India India  Experiential learning Experiential learning is a method of learning through di through direct experience, reflection, and rect experience, reflection, and application. application. learning  Schools are affected by infrastructure gaps, teacher shortages, and unequal access, especially in rural and under-resourced contexts.  David A. Kolb David A. Kolb is widely credited with developing and popularizing the theory of experiential learning. experiential learning. theory of  Current systems are overly exam-centric and reward memorisation, which limits critical thinking and creativity.  Instead of just reading about a concept or listening to a lecture, learners actively engage in activities that allow them to “learn by doing.” “learn by doing.”  Neuroplasticity supports the idea that brains can adapt and learn through varied experiences over time.  The focus is on the process of learning rather than just the outcome. Best Models of Education System around the world Best Models of Education System around the world  Finland: Finland: Known for its focus on student well-being and a lack of academic pressure, 30 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

31. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 Finland’s system emphasizes play-based learning in early years and focuses on critical thinking and problem-solving. Syllabus: GS2/Welfare Schemes; Government Policy Syllabus: GS2/Welfare Schemes; Government Policy & Intervention & Intervention Context Context  Singapore: Singapore: High Standards and Rigorous Outcomes.  Recently, the Supreme Court of India has raised concerns over the free ration distribution system, questioning its long- term sustainability and impact on economic policies. oWorld-leading performance in Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) rankings (math, reading, science). Development Perspective: Economic Sustainability Development Perspective: Economic Sustainability  Supreme Court’s Concerns: Supreme Court’s Concerns: It observed that while States procure food grains from the Centre and distribute them for free, the financial burdenultimately falls on financial burdenultimately falls on taxpayers. taxpayers. oCarefully structured curriculum. oHigh investment in teacher development.  Japan: Japan: Discipline and Consistency. oIt questioned whether India, in 2025, is still grappling with the same poverty levels as in 2011 same poverty levels as in 2011, when the last Census was conducted. oStrong cultural value on education and respect. oUniform national curriculum. oEmphasis on character education and responsibility (e.g., students clean classrooms).  Need for Employment and Infrastructure Need for Employment and Infrastructure Development: Development: The court stressed that free ration distribution alone cannot be a long- term solution to poverty. oStrong work ethic and moral development. oIt urged policymakers to focus on job creation and infrastructure growth to ensure economic stability. Conclusion Conclusion  The challenges facing the Indian education system are deep-rooted but not invincible.  Concerns Over Welfare Dependency: Concerns Over Welfare Dependency: The court cautioned against excessive reliance on freebies, arguing that such policies might discourage people from seeking employment.  Addressing them requires a multi-pronged approach involving government policy, community participation, teacher empowerment, and technological innovation. oJustice B.R. Gavai remarked that free benefits should not create a should not create a ‘parasitic existence’, ‘parasitic existence’, where individuals lose the motivation to work.  By investing in inclusive, adaptive, and learner-centric reforms, India can build an education system that equips its citizens for the challenges and opportunities of a rapidly evolving world. Welfare Argument: Welfare Argument: Ensuring Food Security Ensuring Food Security  Public Distribution System (PDS): NFSA Public Distribution System (PDS): NFSA 2013 2013 entitles 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population to to receive highly subsidised foodgrains under two categories of beneficiaries: two categories of beneficiaries: – the Antodaya Anna Yojana households Antodaya Anna Yojana households, and the priority Households. priority Households. GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION Supreme Court Flags Concerns Over Free Ration Supreme Court Flags Concerns Over Free Ration Distribution Distribution 31 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

32. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 oThe Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) provides free food grains to 81.35 crore beneficiaries beneficiaries for five years, ensuring basic nutrition and affordability. unmoderated continuation risks creating long-term inefficiencies. 81.35 crore  The real challenge is to integrate welfare into a developmental trajectory — where safety nets evolve into springboards for self-reliance.  Support to Vulnerable Section: Support to Vulnerable Section: Free ration schemes protect low-income families from food insecurity, especially during economic downturns and crises. M Mismatch Between MGNREGS Coverage and ismatch Between MGNREGS Coverage and Delivery Delivery Syllabus: GS2/Policy and Intervention; Syllabus: GS2/Policy and Intervention; GS3/Economy GS3/Economy oThe One Nation One Ration Card One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) initiative (ONORC) initiative allows migrants to access food grains anywhere in India, improving accessibility. Context Context  A recent report by LibTech India questions about the effectiveness of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) (MGNREGS) for the financial year 2024–25. LibTech India has raised Balancing Welfare and Balancing Welfare and Development Development  Targeted Welfare Programs: Targeted Welfare Programs: Instead of universal free ration, policies should focus on need-based distribution, ensuring that only the most vulnerable receive assistance. Key Findings of the Report Key Findings of the Report  Diversification of Food Basket: Diversification of Food Basket: Inclusion of millets, pulses, and oils can improve nutritional outcomes and support diverse farming.  Increase in Coverage: Increase in Coverage: The number of registered households under MGNREGS rose by 8.6% 8.6%, from 13.80 crore in FY 2023 13.80 crore in FY 2023– – 24 24 to 14.98 crore in FY 2024 14.98 crore in FY 2024– –25 25.  Strengthening Employment Strengthening Employment Initiatives: Initiatives: Expanding skill development programs and entrepreneurship support can help beneficiaries transition from welfare dependence to self-sufficiency.  Decline in Employment Days: Decline in Employment Days: Despite higher registration, persondays fell by 7.1% persondays fell by 7.1%. Average employment per household dropped from 52.42 days to 50.18 days 52.42 days to 50.18 days, a 4.3% decrease 4.3% decrease. oEncourage eligible and financially able families to voluntarily opt out of government subsidies, as was done under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana Ujjwala Yojana. oOnly about 7% Only about 7% of households received the full 100 days of employment guaranteed under the Act. Pradhan Mantri  Regional Disparities: Regional Disparities: States like Odisha (34.8%), Tamil Nadu (25.1%), and Rajasthan (15.9%) saw a sharp decline in employment days, while Maharashtra (39.7%), Himachal Pradesh (14.8%), and Bihar (13.3%) recorded increases.  Fiscal Responsibility and Policy Fiscal Responsibility and Policy Reforms: Reforms: The government must ensure efficient allocation of resources, balancing food security with economic growth. oPeriodic review of welfare schemes based on updated poverty data can improve effectiveness. Key Features of MGNREGA (2005) Key Features of MGNREGA (2005) – Employment Guarantee: Employment Guarantee: Ensures 100 days of wage employment to rural households. rural households. – Funding Structure: Funding Structure: 90:10 (Centre & State Government) 1. Budget allocations vary based on demand. vary based on demand. – Legal Entitlement: Legal Entitlement: Workers have a legal right to employment under the Act. – Compensation is provided if work is not a Conclusion Conclusion  Free ration distribution in India is both a welfare imperative and a developmental dilemma. While it is indispensable in times of crisis and for vulnerable populations, its if work is not assigned ssigned 32 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

33. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 Syllabus: GS2/Government Policy and Intervention; Syllabus: GS2/Government Policy and Intervention; GS3/Cyber Security GS3/Cyber Security within 15 days of demand. within 15 days of demand. – Wage Payment and Worksite Facilities: Wage Payment and Worksite Facilities: Wages must be paid within 15 days of work completion. 1. Worksites must provide basic facilities like drinking water, shade, and first aid. Key Objectives Key Objectives – Asset Creation: Asset Creation: Focuses on durable and productive rural assets productive rural assets such as water conservation structures, roads, and irrigation facilities. – Social Inclusion: Social Inclusion: Prioritizes employment for women, Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Scheduled Tribes (STs). – Decentralized Planning: Decentralized Planning: Strengthens Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) by involving them in planning and implementation. Implementation and Impact Implementation and Impact – Nationwide Coverage: Nationwide Coverage: Initially launched in 200 districts in 2006, it was later expanded to cover all rural districts. –Women’s Participation: Women’s Participation:Women’s involvement in MGNREGA has risen from 48% in FY 2013-14 to over 58% in FY 2024-25. – Rural Asset Development: Rural Asset Development: Over 8.07 crore rural assets have been created under the scheme. Context Context  Recently, the Department of Department of Telecommunications (DoT) Telecommunications (DoT) has launched the Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) as part of the Digital Intelligence Digital Intelligence Platform Platform (DIP) to safeguard financial systems and telecom infrastructure. durable and About Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) About Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI)  FRI is a risk-based metric that classifies mobile numbers into three categories Medium, High, or Very High risk Medium, High, or Very High risk—based on their likelihood of being involved in fraudulent activities. three categories— —  This classification is derived from multiple data sources, including the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre’s National Cybercrime Reporting Portal Cybercrime Reporting Portal, the DoT’s Chakshu platform Chakshu platform, and information shared by banks and financial institutions. National DoT’s  When a mobile number is flagged, it undergoes a multi multi- -dimensional analysis dimensional analysis to assess its risk level. The FRI assessment is then shared with stakeholders in real-time. Challenges Affecting MGNREGS Delivery Challenges Affecting MGNREGS Delivery  Budget Constraints: Budget Constraints: The Union government allocated only ₹86,000 crore for MGNREGS in FY 2024-25, significantly lower than the ₹2.64 lakh crore recommended by People’s ecommended by People’s Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG) Action for Employment Guarantee (PAEG).  Major UPI platforms like PhonePe, Paytm, and Google Pay are now integrating FRI alerts.  Delayed Wage Payments: Delayed Wage Payments: Persistent delays in wage disbursement have discouraged participation in the scheme. Cyber Fraud in India Cyber Fraud in India  It has become a growing concern in India, with financial scams, identi financial scams, identity theft, and digital crimes digital crimes increasing at an alarming rate. ty theft, and  High Deletion Rates: High Deletion Rates: Between 2022 and 2024, 7.8 crore workers were removed from the scheme, while only 1.92 crore were added, leading to concerns about accessibility. oAs digital transactions expand, so do the risks associated with cyber fraud. Way Forward Way Forward  It includes Hacking, Phishing, Identity Theft, Cyber Espionage, and Cyberbullying etc.  Timely budget revisions to ensure adequate funding.  Streamlining wage payments to improve worker participation.  Better monitoring mechanisms to track employment trends and prevent exclusion Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI) 33 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

34. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  e e- -Zero FIR Initiative under I4C of MHA: Zero FIR Initiative under I4C of MHA: It allows victims to file FIRs online, eliminating jurisdictional barriers and expediting law enforcement responses. oThe Indian Cyber Crime Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) Coordination Centre (I4C) has been established to tackle cybercrime, and the National Cyber Crime National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal Reporting Portal allows citizens to report incidents online.  RBI’s AI based tool ‘MuleHunter’: RBI’s AI based tool ‘MuleHunter’: For identification of money mules and advised the banks and financial institutions for its uses. Data on Cyber Frauds in India Data on Cyber Frauds in India  Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Citizen Financial Cyber Fraud Reporting and Management System: Management System: This system has helped recover over ₹1,200 crore from fraudulent transactions.  Blocking Fraudulent Blocking Fraudulent SIM Cards: 3.2 lakh SIM cards and 49,000 IMEIs linked to cyber fraud have been blocked. SIM Cards: More than  Cyber Awareness Campaigns: Cyber Awareness Campaigns: The government promotes cybersecurity awareness through social media, radio campaigns, and educational programs. HEALTH HEALTH India’s la India’s latest MMR Shows a Declining Trend test MMR Shows a Declining Trend Syllabus :GS 2/Health Syllabus :GS 2/Health In News In News  India’s latest Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) data was released by the Registrar- General of India. Government Initiatives Against Cyber Financial Government Initiatives Against Cyber Financial Fraud Fraud Do you know? Do you know? – The Registrar-General arrives at estimates on fertility and mortality using the Sample Registration System, one of the largest demographic sample surveys in the country.  Key Legislative Measures: Key Legislative Measures: Cyber Crimes cases are handled under the provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO Act). Maternal death Maternal death  It It is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its  Chakshu Facility on the Sanchar Saathi Chakshu Facility on the Sanchar Saathi Platform: Platform: It allows citizens to report suspicious calls and messages. 34 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

35. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  management but not from accidental or incidental causes. India has committed to the UN target for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for MMR at 70 per 1,00,000 live births by 2030 and NHP (National Health Policy) 2017 target for MMR less than 100 per 1,00,000 live births by 2020. oOne of the key indicators of maternal mortality is the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Mortality Ratio (MMR) which is defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period. Maternal o India has accomplished the National Health Policy (NHP) target for MMR.   The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim at reducing global MMR to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. than 70 per 100,000 live births. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) supports all States/UTs in implementation of Reproductive, Maternal, Reproductive, Maternal, New New- -born, Child, Adolescent health and born, Child, Adolescent health and Nutrition (RMNCAH+N) Nutrition (RMNCAH+N) strategy under National Health Mission (NHM) based on the Annual Programme Implementation Plan (PIP) submitted by States/ UTs to reduce MMR & Neonatal Mortality Rate. MMR to less Recent Findings Recent Findings  Maternal Mortality Ratio in India dropped to 93 per 100,000 93 per 100,000 live births in 2019–21, down from 97 (2018–20) and 103 (2017– 19).  Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): Launched in 2005, it promotes institutional deliveries among poor and marginalized women (SC/ST/BPL) to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality.  The highest MMR occurs in the 20 group group, and the second highest in the 30-34 age group. 20- -29 age 29 age  Several States, including Madhya Pradesh (175), Assam (167), Uttar Pradesh (151), Odisha (135), Chhattisgarh (132), West Bengal (109), and Haryana (106), have high MMRs.  Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY): (PMMVY): A maternity benefit scheme offering ₹5,000 for the first live birth to eligible women. Under PMMVY 2.0 (from April 2022), additional incentives are given if the second child is a girl, to promote positive behavioural change. Global Statistics (2023) Global Statistics (2023) – Over 700 women die daily from preventable pregnancy-related causes. – Maternal deaths occurred every 2 minutes. – More than 90% happened in low- and lower- middle-income countries. – Global MMR fell by about 40% from 2000 to 2023.  Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK): Started in 2011, it eliminates out-of-pocket costs for pregnant women and sick newborns by providing free delivery, transport, medicines, diagnostics, and diet in public facilities. Issues and Concerns Issues and Concerns  Maternal mortality remains a critical public health issue in India.  Surakshit M Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan (SUMAN atritva Aashwasan (SUMAN): Launched in 2019, it ensures free, respectful, and quality healthcare for all pregnant women and newborns, aiming to eliminate preventable deaths. oIt serves as a key indicator of healthcare quality and accessibility, reflecting the effectiveness of maternal health services.  Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA): (PMSMA): Initiated in 2016, it provides free antenatal care on the 9th of every month.  Most maternal deaths occur due to complications from pregnancy, childbirth, or abortion, not from accidental causes. oThe e-PMSMA extension targets high-risk pregnancies with individual tracking and financial Government Initiatives to Reduce MMR Government Initiatives to Reduce MMR 35 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

36. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 incentives. Over 5.9 crore women have benefited by March 2025. WHO Adopts Pandemic AgreemenT WHO Adopts Pandemic AgreemenT Syllabus :GS 2/Health Syllabus :GS 2/Health Conclusion and Way Forward Conclusion and Way Forward The World Health Organization (WHO) recently adopted a landmark Pandemic Agreement, marking a significant step towards a more coordinated and equitable global response to future health crises. This agreement, the second international legal instrument under Article 19 of the WHO Constitution (the first being the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control), aims to address the systemic failures and inequities exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. For UPSC Mains, understanding this agreement requires a comprehensive analysis of its provisions, significance, challenges, and implications for India.  India has made significant progress in reducing maternal mortality, successfully achieving the National Health Policy (NHP) target of an MMR below 100 by 2020. However, continued efforts are required to reach the SDG target of MMR below 70 by 2030.  Strengthening healthcare infrastructure, expanding maternal health programs, and addressing socioeconomic barriers will be critical in further reducing maternal mortality in the country. Shingles Vaccine Shingles Vaccine I. Introduction: The Imperative for a Global I. Introduction: The Imperative for a Global Pandemic Accord Pandemic Accord Syllabus: GS2/Health Syllabus: GS2/Health Context Context The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare critical vulnerabilities in global health preparedness and coordination. It highlighted fragmented national responses, severe inequities in access to life-saving health products (vaccines, diagnostics, therapeutics), and the devastating economic and social costs of uncoordinated action. The WHO Pandemic Agreement, after three years of intensive negotiations, represents a collective commitment to build a more resilient, fair, and coordinated global health architecture, guided by principles of equity, solidarity, transparency, and scientific evidence, while respecting national sovereignty.  A recent study highlighted that shingles vaccination vaccination can lower the development of cardiovascular conditions by 23%. shingles About Shingles About Shingles  It is a viral infection that causes painful viral infection that causes painful rashes and is caused rashes and is caused by varicella virus (VZV) virus (VZV), the same virus that causes chickenpox. varicella- -zoster zoster  Once a person has chickenpox, the virus stays in their body. The virus can reactivate later in life and cause shingles. later in life and cause shingles. reactivate II. Key Provisions of the WHO Pandemic Agreement II. Key Provisions of the WHO Pandemic Agreement  Though, the people who never had chickenpox or didn’t get chickenpox vaccine can get infected with VZV from someone infected with VZV from someone who has shingles. who has shingles. The agreement encompasses a broad range of measures designed to enhance pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response: P Pandemic Prevention and Surveillance: andemic Prevention and Surveillance:  These people can get the virus through: These people can get the virus through: National Plans: National Plans: Countries are obligated to develop and implement comprehensive national pandemic prevention and preparedness plans. oDirect contact with the fluid from shingles rash blisters. oBreathing in virus particles that come from the blisters. Early Detection: Early Detection: Emphasis on strengthening early detection and control of infectious diseases, including routine immunization, laboratory safety protocols, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and zoonotic disease prevention (One Health approach).  Vaccination: Vaccination: The shingles vaccine, which prevents the reactivation of the varicella- zoster virus, is recommended primarily to individuals o over the age of 50 years. ver the age of 50 years. 36 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

37. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 Equitable Access to Health Products: Equitable Access to Health Products: mandates, or travel restrictions. Countries retain full autonomy over their public health measures. Sustainable Local Production: Sustainable Local Production: Encourages nations to build local and regional capacity for manufacturing pandemic-related health products to reduce dependence on a few global suppliers. III. Significance of the Agreement III. Significance of the Agreement  Enhanced Global Solidarity and Enhanced Global Solidarity and Cooperation: Cooperation: The agreement is a testament to multilateralism and a collective recognition that health security is a shared responsibility. It aims to build trust and foster coordinated action. Technology Transfer: Technology Transfer: Promotes technology and knowledge sharing, especially with low- and middle-income countries, through voluntary licensing, financing, and regulatory incentives. It also supports the creation of regional and global technology hubs coordinated by the WHO.  Addressing Vaccine Inequity: Addressing Vaccine Inequity: Directly confronts the glaring disparities in vaccine access witnessed during COVID-19 by mandating benefit-sharing and promoting local production and technology transfer. Pathogen Access and Benefit Pathogen Access and Benefit- -Sharing System (PABS): (PABS): A crucial element still under negotiation (to be finalized by May 2026). This system aims to establish a framework for rapid sharing of pathogen samples and genomic data by countries. In return, manufacturers receiving such data are expected to provide 20% of their real-time production of pandemic-related health products to WHO (10% as donations and 10% at affordable prices). Sharing System  Improved Preparedness and Improved Preparedness and Response: Response: Establishes a legally binding framework for early detection, rapid information sharing, and equitable distribution of resources, thus strengthening global pandemic readiness.  Protecting Developing Nations: Protecting Developing Nations: Aims to ensure developing countries have equitable access to innovation, treatments, and the capacity to produce them, bridging the North-South divide in health. Global Supply Chain and Logistics Network Global Supply Chain and Logistics Network (GSCL): (GSCL): Establishment of a WHO-coordinated network to ensure equitable, timely, and need- based distribution of medical supplies during emergencies, overcoming supply chain disruptions.  On One Health Approach: e Health Approach: Integrates human, animal, and environmental health, promoting a holistic view of pandemic prevention and early detection of zoonotic diseases. Strengthening Health Systems: Strengthening Health Systems: Resilience: Resilience: Directs participating countries to develop, strengthen, and maintain resilient health systems, promoting universal health coverage.  Health Workforce: Health Workforce: Calls for the mobilization of a global pool of trained and multidisciplinary health professionals. Economic Protection: Economic Protection: By institutionalizing preparedness mechanisms, it seeks to mitigate the severe global health and economic disruptions caused by future pandemics. Financing Mechanism: Financing Mechanism: A coordinated financial mechanism for pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response, especially for lower- income countries, is to be established. IV. Challenges and Concerns IV. Challenges and Concerns  USA’s Absence: USA’s Absence: The United States, historically a major WHO funder and key player in global health, was absent from the final adoption. Its non-participation casts a shadow on the agreement’s universal effectiveness and potential funding mechanisms. Combating Mis/Disinform Combating Mis/Disinformation: importance of addressing the spread of false information during public health emergencies. ation: Highlights the Respect for National Sovereignty: Respect for National Sovereignty: Explicitly states that the agreement does not grant WHO authority to direct, order, or prescribe national laws or policies, such as imposing lockdowns, vaccine  Enforcement Mechanisms and Enforcement Mechanisms and Funding: Funding: While legally binding, the 37 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

38. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 agreement’s true impact will depend on the political will of signatory nations to comply. Concerns remain regarding the lack of strong enforcement mechanisms and the need for sustained and adequate funding pathways. “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (the world is one family).  Improved Domestic Preparedness: Improved Domestic Preparedness: The obligation to strengthen national pandemic prevention and preparedness plans will push India to invest further in its health infrastructure, surveillance systems, and public health workforce.  Finalizing PABS: Finalizing PABS: The Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing system, a critical component, is still under negotiation. Its final structure and operational modalities will be crucial for the agreement’s success.  Equitable Access: Equitable Access: India, as a developing nation, stands to benefit from the provisions ensuring equitable access to essential health products during future pandemics, reducing dependence on wealthier nations.  Technology Transfer (Voluntary vs. Technology Transfer (Voluntary vs. Mandatory): Mandatory): The agreement calls for technology transfer on “mutually agreed terms,” which was a contentious point. Some argue that without mandatory provisions, technology transfer may remain limited.  “One Health” Implementation: “One Health” Implementation: The agreement’s focus on the One Health approach aligns with India’s efforts to address zoonotic diseases and environmental health concerns, which are critical given its diverse ecosystems.  National Ratification: National Ratification: The agreement will only enter into force once ratified by at least 60 countries, a process that could take time and face domestic political hurdles.  Legal Framework Adjustments: Legal Framework Adjustments: India may need to review and potentially amend existing national laws, such as the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, to align with the access and benefit-sharing provisions, particularly once the PABS system is finalized.  Geopolitical Landscape: Geopolitical Landscape: The current complex geopolitical environment could pose challenges to collaborative efforts and trust-building required for effective implementation.  Investment in R&D: Investment in R&D: The agreement encourages publicly funded R&D to include equitable access obligations, which could benefit Indian research institutions and pharmaceutical companies. V. Implications for India (UPSC Mains Perspective) V. Implications for India (UPSC Mains Perspective) India, having actively participated in the negotiations and adopted the agreement, stands to play a crucial role and stands to benefit in several ways: VI. Conclusion VI. Conclusion  Strengthening India’s Role as a Global Strengthening India’s Role as a Global Pharma Hub: Pharma Hub: The emphasis on sustainable local production and technology transfer provides India with an opportunity to further enhance its position as a reliable and affordable pharmaceutical and vaccine manufacturing hub for the world, particularly for the Global South. The WHO Pandemic Agreement is a historic milestone in international public health diplomacy, reflecting lessons learned from the devastating impact of COVID-19. While significant challenges remain, particularly regarding funding, enforceability, and the finalization of key mechanisms like PABS, its adoption signifies a collective global commitment to preventing a repeat of past inequities. For India, the agreement presents both opportunities to solidify its leadership in global health and responsibilities to strengthen its domestic health security and contribute to a more equitable world. Successful implementation, driven by sustained political will  Enhanced Voice in Global Health Enhanced Voice in Global Health Governance: Governance: The agreement strengthens India’s voice in shaping global health policies and promoting South-South cooperation, aligning with its vision of 38 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

39. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 and collaborative action, will be paramount in translating this agreement into meaningful protection for all. Syllabus: GS 2/Health Syllabus: GS 2/Health In News In News  The CBSE has directed over 24,000 affiliated schools in India to set up ‘sugar boards’ boards’ that display information educating students about the health risks of excessive health risks of excessive sugar consumption. sugar consumption. India Awarded with Certificate of Elimination of India Awarded with Certificate of Elimination of Trachoma Trachoma ‘sugar Syllabus: GS2/Health Syllabus: GS2/Health Context Context oStudies show children consume far more sugar than recommended, with 13–15% of their daily calories from sugar, compared to the advised limit of 5%. limit of 5%.  India has been awarded the Certificate of Elimination of Trachoma Elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem by the World Health Organisation World Health Organisation (WHO) at the 78th World Health Assembly (WHO) at the 78th World Health Assembly in in Geneva. Geneva. Certificate of advised What are Sugar boards? What are Sugar boards? About About  They are educational displays set up in educational displays set up in schools schools to visually show the amount of sugar in popular drinks and foods in popular drinks and foods, aiming to raise awareness among students about the dangers of excessive sugar consumption.  Last year, Last year, the WHO declared that the Government of India had eliminated Trachoma as a public health problem. Trachoma as a public health problem. amount of sugar eliminated  India also became the third country in the Southeast Asia region Southeast Asia region to reach this public health milestone. third country in the  The National Commission for Protection of National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) Child Rights (NCPCR) has advocated for their introduction in all schools, citing high sugar intake sugar intake from easily available snacks and drinks and drinks as a major contributor. high  The government has taken various steps under the National Programme for Control National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCBVI) (NPCBVI) to eliminate Trachoma. snacks  These boards include information on recommended sugar intake recommended sugar intake, health risks of high sugar consumption, and healthier alternatives. Trachoma Trachoma  Trachoma Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. trachomatis.  Sugar boards Sugar boards are necessary due to the rising incidence of Type 2 Diabetes among Type 2 Diabetes among children children, a condition once mostly seen in adults.  It is a public health problem in 38 countries countries and is responsible for the blindness or visual impairment of about 1.9 visual impairment of about 1.9 million people. million people. 38 India’s Policy & Regulatory India’s Policy & Regulatory Framework Framework  India’s regulatory stance on High Fat, Salt, and Sugar (HFSS) content and Sugar (HFSS) content in foods, particularly school meals, is still evolving. High Fat, Salt, oBlindness from trachoma is Blindness from trachoma is irreversible. irreversible.  Infection spreads Infection spreads through personal contact (via hands, clothes, bedding or hard surfaces) and by flies that have been in contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person.  Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is the apex regulatory body for food safety. It has directed food companies for mandatory nutrition labelling for packaged foods, banning HFSS food in schools & creating “Eat Right India” Campaign for safe, healthy, and sustainable diets.  There isn’t a commercially available trachoma vaccine, research is ongoing to develop one. Sugar Boards in Schools Sugar Boards in Schools 39 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

40. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025   Also, India imposes higher GST (18 on processed on processed, sugary items like carbonated drinks, packaged snacks, and chocolates. higher GST (18– –28%) 28%) Prevalence of Zoonotic Outbreaks: Prevalence of Zoonotic Outbreaks: Over 8% (583 out of 6,948) of the reported outbreaks were zoonotic (spread from animals to humans). Cholera Cholera  Peak Seasonality: Peak Seasonality: Zoonotic outbreaks consistently peaked during the months of June, July, and August. Syllabus :GS 2/Health Syllabus :GS 2/Health In News In News  Leading Zoonotic Diseases: Leading Zoonotic Diseases: Japanese encephalitis accounted for the largest share (29.5%) then Leptospirosis (18.7%) & scrub typhus (13.9%).  A cholera outbreak has killed many people in the war-torn Sudan. Cholera Cholera  It is a serious diarrheal illness serious diarrheal illness caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with the bacterium V bacterium Vibrio cholerae ibrio cholerae.  Geographical Distribution: Geographical Distribution: The Northeast part of India contributed the highest proportion (35.8%) of zoonotic disease outbreaks followed by the southern region (31.7%) & western region (15.4%).  It remains a significant global public health concern, reflecting deep social and economic inequalities. Why is Zoonotic Surveillanc Why is Zoonotic Surveillance Significant? e Significant?  Symptoms Symptoms: Cholera typically causes sudden, severe watery diarrhea that can lead to death within hours if not treated.  Due to climate change, deforestation, and expanding urbanisation, human contact is increasing contact is increasing which can elevate the chances of pathogen spillover from animals pathogen spillover from animals to humans to humans & threatens to strain India’s already burdened public health infrastructure. human- -wildlife wildlife  Effect Effect: A 2024 World Health Organisation (WHO) report noted that cholera deaths have shown an uptick in recent years and attributed the cause to climate change and poor sanitation. Initiatives Taken to Combat Zoonotic Diseases Initiatives Taken to Combat Zoonotic Diseases  Preventing Preventing cholera and other waterborne diseases relies heavily on access to clean water, adequate sanitation, and proper hygiene.  Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) (IDSP) was launched in 2004 to track epidemic-prone diseases.  The National One Health Mission The National One Health Mission envisioned under the Department of Biotechnology aims to integrate animal health, human health, and environment monitoring. oWhile most cholera cases involve mild to moderate diarrhea and can be treated effectively with oral be treated effectively with oral rehydration solution (ORS) rehydration solution (ORS), the illness can escalate quickly. can  National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) (Zoonosis Division) (Zoonosis Division) conducts outbreak investigations and develops standard treatment protocols for zoonotic diseases like JE, leptospirosis, brucellosis, and rabies. Zoonotic Outbreaks Zoonotic Outbreaks Syllabus: GS2/ Health Syllabus: GS2/ Health In News In News INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE  As per the Integrated Disease Surveillance Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP) Program (IDSP), zoonotic outbreaks significantly increased over the years, particularly post-pandemic. Cabinet Approves Caste Enumeration in Upcoming Cabinet Approves Caste Enumeration in Upcoming Census Census Syllabus: GS2/Governance Syllabus: GS2/Governance Key Findings of the Study Key Findings of the Study Context Context 40 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

41. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  Recently, the Cabinet Committee on Political Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs (CCPA), Affairs (CCPA), chaired by Prime Minister of India, has decided to include caste enumeration enumeration in the upcoming Census exercise exercise, marking a significant shift in India’s significant shift in India’s approach approach to demographic data collection. A new column for caste enumeration will be added, featuring a drop-down code directory for easy selection. caste Census  Data Data- -Driven Policy Making: Driven Policy Making: Comprehensive caste data will enable evidence-based governance, ensuring fair representation in education, employment, and welfare programs. Caste Based Enumeration Caste Based Enumeration Historical Perspective: Historical Perspective: The last caste-based enumeration in India was carried out in 1931 British rule, recording 4,147 4,147 distinct castes. oIt will help refine reservation policies. 1931 under oIt will aid in the implementation of the 33% reservation for women in 33% reservation for women in Parliament and State Assemblies. Parliament and State Assemblies. Although caste details were gathered in 1941 were never published never published due to the outbreak of World War II. War II. gathered in 1941, they outbreak of World  Addressing Socio Addressing Socio- -Economic Disparities: Economic Disparities: The data will provide insights into economic inequalities among caste groups, aiding in targeted development programs. Post Post- -Independence Independence, only Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) have been counted in the decen decennial Census nial Census  Judicial Demand: Judicial Demand: The Supreme Court’s judgment in the Indra Sawhney Indra Sawhney case case established that a state’s conclusion regarding the “backwardness” of a group must be founded on proper assessment and objective evaluation. In 1961 Directive 1961 Directive, the Union Government authorized states to conduct their own surveys to identify OBCs (Other Backward Classes). In 2011, Socio conducted to obtain data about socio-economic status of various communities. Socio- -Economic Caste Census Economic Caste Census was Concerns Related to Caste Enumeration Concerns Related to Caste Enumeration  Pote Potential for Political Exploitation: ntial for Political Exploitation: Critics argue that caste enumeration could be used as a political tool to influence electoral strategies. Constitutional Basis for the Decision Constitutional Basis for the Decision Union Subject: Union Subject: As per Article 246 of India, the Census is a Union subject, listed in the Union List under the Seventh Schedule. Union List under the Seventh Schedule. Article 246 of the Constitution oThere are concerns that state-level caste surveys have lacked transparency and were conducted with political motivations. It ensures that caste enumeration, conducted as part caste enumeration, conducted as part of the main of the main Census Census, will have a uniform and transparent framework across the country.  Risk of Deepening Social Divisions: Risk of Deepening Social Divisions: Some fear that caste enumeration may reinforce caste identities, leading to fragmentation rather than inclusivity. The Census Act, 1948 Census Act, 1948 provides the legal framework for conducting population censuses in India. It outlines the procedures, duties, and penalties associated with census operations. oThe debate over caste-based reservations could intensify, creating social tensions. S Significance of Caste Enumeration ignificance of Caste Enumeration  Challenges in I Challenges in Implementation: mplementation: Ensuring accurate data collection without manipulation or misrepresentation remains a challenge. Digital Census: Digital Census: The next Census will be conducted in digital mode, with respondents having the option to fill the questionnaire via a mobile application. 41 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

42. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 oThe methodology for caste classification must be transparent and scientifically validated. It also called for full compliance with Section 46 of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016, 2016, which mandates accessibility in electronic and print media. Section 46 of Conclusion Conclusion Websites, mobile applications, and digital platforms must be made compliant with universal accessibility standards.  The inclusion of caste enumeration in the next Census is a landmark decision that promises to reshape India’s socio-political landscape. The state’s obligations under Article 21, 21, with Articles 14, 15 and 38 Articles 14, 15 and 38 of the Constitution, must encompass the responsibility to ensure that digital infrastructure, government portals, and financial technologies are universally accessible. Article  By providing detailed data on caste demographics, the government aims to address inequalities and foster inclusive development. Article 21 of the Indian Constitution Article 21 of the Indian Constitution  As the Census unfolds, its impact on policy- making and societal dynamics will be closely watched.  No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Right To Digital Access Part of Article 21 Right To Digital Access Part of Article 21  Article 21 Article 21 is part of the Fundamental Rights, Part III Part III of the Constitution. It is guaranteed to all persons, citizens and non-citizens alike. Fundamental Rights, Syllabus: GS2/ Polity and Governance Syllabus: GS2/ Polity and Governance Context Context  The Supreme court emphasized that digital access is a crucial component of the Right to Life under Article 21.  It places a restriction on the state from arbitrarily interfering with a person’s life and liberty. Background Background oOver time, courts have interpreted it to also impose positive positive obligations obligations on the state to ensure a dignified life.  The judgment was based on a petition filed by a group of acid attack survivors.  They raised concerns about how disabled people, including acid attack victims, find it nearly impossible to successfully complete the digital KYC processes, which include visual tasks. Rights Included Under Article 21 ( Judicial Rights Included Under Article 21 ( Judicial Interpretation) Interpretation) Right Right Landmark Case Landmark Case Supreme Court Ruling Supreme Court Ruling Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985) Right to livelihood  The court said that the state has an obligation to provide an inclusive digital ecosystem to the marginalised, underprivileged, vulnerable, disabled, and historically-excluded sections of society. Right to clean environment Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar (1991) Right to education (prior to Article 21A) Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka (1992) Directive to Improve KYC Accessibility: Directive to Improve KYC Accessibility: Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017) Right to privacy The Court mandated that alternative verification mechanisms must be introduced for those unable to blink or use facial recognition. Right to die with dignity Common Cause v. Union of India (2018) 42 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

43. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 SC upholds courts’ power to modify arbitral awards SC upholds courts’ power to modify arbitral awards under limited cir under limited circumstances cumstances Act Act allows a court to set aside an arbitral award on specific grounds such as violation of public policy, fundamental legal principles, fraud, corruption, or moral injustice. 1. Section 37 deals with the circumstances in which an appeal would lie against the order in an arbitral dispute – However, the Supreme Court, in its majority judgment, noted that it had occasionally modified arbitral awards in the past to avoid prolonged litigation and ensure justice, even though such modification is not explicitly provided under Section 34. Syllabus :GS2/Governance Syllabus :GS2/Governance In News In News  The Supreme Court of India, in a majority 4:1 judgment, ruled that courts have the limited power to modify arbitral awards under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. Background Background  This decision responds to a legal question referred by a three-judge bench in February 2024, seeking clarity on whether courts can modify arbitral awards. Dissent Dissent  Justice Viswanathan’s Argued that arbitral awards cannot be modified unless specifically permitted by the statute. Arbitration Arbitration oSection 34 only allows for the setting aside of awards, not modifying them.  It is an alternate mode of dispute resolution under the 1996 law 1996 law and it minimises the role of courts to interfere with the awards by the tribunals.  The dissent mirrored the Centre’s view, which emphasized that the power to modify should be statutorily conferred. Major Highlights of the Judgement Major Highlights of the Judgement  Courts can modify awards to remove invalid portions or correct typographical, computational, or clerical errors.  Lawyers argued that allowing courts to modify arbitral awards could replace them with court decrees, which could have international implications.  Courts can also adjust the interest post- award if necessary.  Modifying arbitral awards could lead to issues with enforcing them under international conventions.  Judicial intervention under Section 34 of the the Arbitration Arbitration and Conciliation Act, and Conciliation Act, 1996 is confined to limited grounds, such as public policy or fraud. policy or fraud. Section 34 of such as public President Stresses On Mediation To Resolve President Stresses On Mediation To Resolve Conflicts Conflicts  Courts cannot correct factual errors, reconsider costs, or review the merits of the award. Syllabus: GS2/ Governance Syllabus: GS2/ Governance In News In News  Article 142 Power Article 142 Powers: s: The Supreme Court can use its inherent powers under Article 142 to ensure complete justice in cases involving arbitral awards.  Speaking at the launch of the first national mediation conference organised by the Mediation Association of India (MIA), the President stressed on mediation to resolve disputes and lower the burden of courts across the country. oHowever, this power must be exercised cautiously and in line with the principles of the 1996 principles of the 1996 Arbitration Act. Arbitration Act. What is Mediation? What is Mediation?  Mediation is a voluntary, confidential, and non-adversarial process where a neutral Do you know? Do you know? – Section 34 of the Section 34 of the Arbitration neutral Arbitration and Conciliation and Conciliation 43 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

44. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  third party third party helps disputing parties reach a mutually acceptable solution. Section 89 of CPC (Civil P Section 89 of CPC (Civil Procedure Code), 1908: 1908: Mandates courts to refer disputes for ADR, including mediation. rocedure Code),  It is one of the Alternative Dispute Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms Resolution (ADR) mechanisms alongside arbitration, negotiation, and conciliation.  Mediation Act, 2023: Mediation Act, 2023: Aims to institutionalize mediation in India. oKey provisions: Key provisions: Mandatory pre- litigation mediation for civil and commercial cases. Judicial Backlog in India Judicial Backlog in India  India’s judiciary is overburdened with a overburdened with a massive backlog massive backlog of pending cases, causing delays in justice and eroding public trust. oEstablishment of a Mediation Council of India to institutionalize and regulate mediation across the country. A major function of MCI will be to oversee training, assessment, and certification of mediators.  As of 2024, over 5.1 crore cases are pending 5.1 crore cases are pending across Indian courts across Indian courts. This includes approximately 71,000 cases in the Supreme Court, around 60 lakh cases in the High Courts, and nearly 4.5 crore cases in District and Subordinate Courts.  Out of a sanctioned strength of nearly 25,000 judges, only about 20,000 are in only about 20,000 are in position, indicating a vacancy rate of around position, indicating a vacancy rate of around 20%. 20%. Current Commercial Dispute Resolution in India Current Commercial Dispute Resolution in India  Commercial Courts Commercial Courts, set up under the 2015 Act, fast-track disputes above ₹3 lakh and promote pre-litigation mediation to ease court burden.  India’s judge India’s judge- -to to- -population just 21 judges per million population, which is far below the Law Commission’s recommended ratio of 50 judges per million. population ratio ratio stands at  Arbitration, governed by the 1996 Act (amended in 2015, 2019, 2021), offers binding decisions by neutral arbitrators. It can be ad hoc or institutional (e.g., Indian Council of Arbitration, IIAC). Importance of Mediation Importance of Mediation  Reduces pendency: Reduces pendency: Frees up court dockets by resolving minor civil, matrimonial, and commercial cases early.  The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 Consumer Protection Act, 2019, emphasizes mediation as a swift, cost- effective, and amicable method for resolving consumer disputes.  Faster resolution Faster resolution: Most cases are settled within a few sittings.  Internationally, India signed the Singapore Convention on Medi Convention on Mediation. ation. Singapore  Cost Cost- -effective: effective: Saves both court costs and lawyer fees. Challenges Challenges  Preserves relationships: Preserves relationships: Especially useful in family and business disputes. Challenges Challenges Description Description Lack of awareness Many people and lawyers are unaware of mediation’s benefits.  Empowers parties: Empowers parties: Solution is based on mutual agreement, not judicial imposition. Resistance from legal professionals Legal Provisions and Institutional Support Legal Provisions and Institutional Support Lawyers may prefer lengthy trials for financial reasons.  Legal Services Authorities Act, Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987: 1987: Establishes Lok Adalats which use mediation-like processes. Statutory backing for free legal aid and ADR. Inadequate training Not enough trained mediators, especially in rural areas. 44 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

45. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 oDue to the lack of consensus on a new appointment, incumbent CBI Director is all set to get a one-year extension. Preference for court judgments over negotiated settlements. Low public trust Global Best Practices Global Best Practices – Singapore and Italy: Singapore and Italy: Pre-litigation mediation is mandatory for many disputes. – UK and Australia: UK and Australia: Well-funded public mediation centres with high success rates. – USA: USA: Over 90% of civil disputes settled through ADR. Recent Government and Judicial Initiatives Recent Government and Judicial Initiatives – e e- -Courts Mission Mode Project: Courts Mission Mode Project: Digitalization to reduce pendency. – Tele Tele- -law and Nyaya Bandhu schemes: law and Nyaya Bandhu schemes: Legal aid using tech platforms. –Supreme Court’s Mediation and Conciliation Supreme Court’s Mediation and Conciliation Project Committee (MCPC): Project Committee (MCPC): Promotes mediation in all courts. – Fast Track Courts and Gram Fast Track Courts and Gram Nyayalayas: Nyayalayas: Additional dispute resolution mechanisms. About the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) About the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)  It is India’s specialized investigative agency, responsible for tackling high-profile crimes, corruption, and national security matters. Origins & Evolution Origins & Evolution  The CBI traces its roots to the Special Police Establishment (SPE), formed in 1941 Establishment (SPE), formed in 1941 to investigate corruption in wartime procurement. Special Police  It was officially established by an executive established by an executive order order of the Government of India in 1963, 1963, on the recommendation of Santhanam Santhanam Committee. Committee. oIt was not created by an Act of not created by an Act of Parliament, Parliament, thus not a Statutory Body. Body. not a Statutory Way Forward Way Forward  Strengthen legal framework Strengthen legal framework: : Ensure uniform implementation of the Mediation Act, 2023. Functioning Functioning  Under DoPT, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions.  Awareness campaigns: Awareness campaigns: Promote mediation literacy among citizens.  It derives its investigative powers investigative powers from the Delhi Special Police Establishment Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 19 (DSPE) Act, 1946. 46.  Capacity building: Capacity building: Train more mediators and accredit them under a national body.  It is exempted exempted from the purview of the Right to Information (RTI) Act. to Information (RTI) Act. Right  Judicial support: Judicial support: Encourage judges to refer more cases to mediation. Jurisdiction Jurisdiction  Digital mediation platforms: Digital mediation platforms: Use of ODR (Online Dispute Resolution) for faster outcomes.  The Central Government can authorize CBI to investigate such a crime in a State but only with the consent only with the consent of the concerned State Government. but  Monitoring outcomes: Monitoring outcomes: Create databases to assess mediation success and backlog impact.  The Supreme Court and High Supreme Court and High Courts order CBI to investigate such a crime anywhere in the country without the consent of the State. consent of the State. Courts can Appointment to Central Bureau of Investigation Appointment to Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) (CBI) without the Syllabus: Syllabus: GS2/Polity & Governance GS2/Polity & Governance  CBI can suo offences only in the Union Territories. only in the Union Territories. suo- -moto moto take up investigation of Context Context  Recently, the high by the Prime Minister of India, met to select the next Director of the Central Bureau of next Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Investigation (CBI). high- -level committee level committee, headed Organizational Structure of CBI Organizational Structure of CBI  Director of CBI: Director of CBI: It is the head of the agency, appointed by the Central Government. 45 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

46. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 oOversees all investigative operations and policy decisions. oThe Supreme Court has ter agency a ‘caged parrot’, agency a ‘caged parrot’, highlighting concerns over political interference. termed the med the  Specialized Divisions: Specialized Divisions: Anti-Corruption Division; Economic Offenses Division; Special Crimes Division; Directorate of Prosecution; Policy & Coordination Division; and Central Forensic Science Laboratory.  Delays in Investigation and Delays in Investigation and Prosecution: Prosecution: High-profile cases often face delays due to bureaucratic hurdles and legal complexities. oThe agency’s conviction rate varies, raising concerns about efficiency.  Regional Offices: Regional Offices: CBI has regional offices across India, each headed by a Joint Director or Additional Director.  Manpower Shortages: Manpower Shortages: Nearly 16% of the agency’s sanctioned strength is vacant leading to operational hurdles.  International Coordination: International Coordination: CBI serves as India’s nodal agency for Interpol, Interpol, handling cross investigations. investigations.  CBI Deputations Issue: CBI Deputations Issue: The CBI faces challenges in filling posts through deputations, especially for ranks below inspector, due to the state’s reluctance to spare personnel for central deputation. cross- -border border Appointment of the Director of the CBI Appointment of the Director of the CBI – The Director of the CBI is appointed by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet Appointments Committee of the Cabinet based on recommendations from a high panel. panel. – The selection process follows provisions under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946. – Selection Committee Composition: Selection Committee Composition: 1. Prime Minister of India (Chairperson) 2. Chief Justice of India (CJI) 3. Leader of the Opposition (LoP) in Lok Sabha – Tenure: Tenure: 1.The head of CBI CBI can have a maximum tenure of five years. Way Forward: House Panel Recommendations Way Forward: House Panel Recommendations high- -level selection level selection  New Law to Define CBI’s Powers and New Law to Define CBI’s Powers and Functions: Functions: The panel noted that the DSPE Act, 1946 has limitations, and recommended enacting a new law to clearly define the status, functions, and powers of the agency.  Framework for Direct Recruitment: Framework for Direct Recruitment: Panel suggested that the CBI Director should monitor recruitment progress quarterly to ensure the agency remains sufficiently staffed. Key Concerns and Challenges Key Concerns and Challenges  Law to Probe Nat Law to Probe National Security: proposed a new legal provision allowing the CBI to probe national security-related cases without needing general consent from states. ional Security: The panel  Jurisdiction and Consent Issues: Jurisdiction and Consent Issues: The CBI requires prior consent requires prior consent from state governments to investigate cases within their jurisdiction.  Improving Recruitment and Training: Improving Recruitment and Training: A structured recruitment framework and advanced forensic capabilities could boost investigative efficiency. oSeveral states have withdrawn general consent general consent, limiting the agency’s ability to probe cases independently. Supreme Court Publishes Assets of 21 Judges Supreme Court Publishes Assets of 21 Judges oIt has led to legal disputes over the agency’s authority. Syllabus: GS2/ Polity and Governance Syllabus: GS2/ Polity and Governance  Supervision and Accountability: Supervision and Accountability: The CBI reports to the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) and the Ministry of Personnel. Context Context  Twenty-one Supreme Court judges, including the Chief Justice of India, have 46 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

47. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 disclosed their financial assets and liabilities on the top court’s website. Need for Trust and Integrity in the Judiciary Need for Trust and Integrity in the Judiciary  Judiciary as the Guard Judiciary as the Guardian of the Constitution: Constitution: The judiciary plays a crucial role in upholding the Constitution, protecting fundamental rights, and ensuring checks and balances. ian of the Background Background  Judicial accountability Judicial accountability has long been a subject of debate in India, particularly in terms of financial disclosures and ethical standards.  Ensuring Accountability: Ensuring Accountability: Lack of integrity in judiciary can lead to judicial delays, or misuse of power undermining justice and promoting inequality. Public asset disclosure is a step to ensure accountability.  Unlike elected representatives or civil servants, judges are not le judges are not legally mandated publicly declare their assets. gally mandated to  The current disclosure followed a resolution of the Full Court, of the Full Court, aimed at promoting public trust in the judiciary. resolution  Institutional Stability: Institutional Stability: In times of political instability or social unrest, the judiciary acts as a stabilising force. A trusted judiciary can resolve constitutional crises and reinforce national unity. Timeline of Key Developments Timeline of Key Developments Year Year Event Event Concluding remarks Concluding remarks First Full Court Resolution under CJI J.S. Verma recommends asset declaration by judges to the Chief Justice.  Trust and integrity in the judiciary are the cornerstones of a just society. They ensure not just legal justice, but social stability, democratic strength, and the moral authority of the state. 1997 2009 A Full Court resolved to allow voluntary disclosure of judges’ assets on the SC website.  Transparency, ethical conduct, and institutional reforms are essential to nurture and sustain that trust. Delhi High Court held that such declarations are “information” under Section 2(f) of the RTI Act, 2005. 2009 Bureaucracy in India Bureaucracy in India The Constitution Bench ruled that the CJI is a “public authority” under the RTI Act and asset disclosure serves public interest without violating privacy. Syllabus: GS2/Governance Syllabus: GS2/Governance 2019 Context Context  Civil services are crucial in maintaining and strengthening democracy strengthening democracy but there is a need for lateral entrants and greater for lateral entrants and greater transparency. transparency. maintaining and The Supreme Court begins publishing assets of sitting judges, including familial ties, proactively on its website. need 2025 Significance of the Significance of the asset declaration by SC asset declaration by SC About About  Promotes Transparency: Promotes Transparency: It reinforces the judiciary’s commitment to openness and ethical conduct.  The concept of a merit based modern Civil Service in India was introduced in 1854 1854.  From 1922 onwards From 1922 onwards the Indian Civil Service Examination began to be held in India.  Builds Public Trust: Builds Public Trust: It helps counter perceptions of judicial elitism or bias.  After independence, the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Service Commission (UPSC) became responsible for conducting the exams. Union Public  Constitutional Morality: Constitutional Morality: It aligns with values like integrity and responsibility enshrined in the Preamble and Part IV Preamble and Part IV – Directive Principles of State Policy of Indian Constitution.  Civil Services Day is observed on 21st April every year every year to commemorate the day in 1947 when Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel addressed 21st April in 1947 47 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

48. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025 the first batch of civil servants at the first batch of civil servants at the Met Metcalfe House, New Delhi. calfe House, New Delhi. implement the policies made by the political executive. oHe termed civil servants as the “Steel frame of “Steel frame of India,” India,” emphasizing their role in maintaining unity and integrity. Challenges faced by civil services Challenges faced by civil services  Political Bias Political Bias: : Neutrality as a trait is fast eroding among bureaucrats, resulting in political bias in discharge of critical functions. History of Civil Services in India History of Civil Services in India – Lord Cornwallis Lord Cornwallis is considered as ‘Father of Civil Services in India’. – Lord Lord Wellesley Wellesley founded the College of Fort William in Calcutta in 1800 William in Calcutta in 1800 to educate young recruits for the Civil Services. 1. But the directors of the Company, in 1806, replaced it with their own East Indian College at Haileybury in England. Haileybury in England. – Before 1853 East India Company directors used to appoint Civil Servants. Board of Control members were allowed to make some nominations. – The Charter Act of 1853 The Charter Act of 1853 abolished the patronage system and introduced open competitive examinations. – The first competitive exams for the Indian Civil Services (ICS) were held in London in 1855 – Satyendranath Tagore Satyendranath Tagore was the first Indian to clear ICS in 1864 1864. oThe cause and effect of this phenomenon is the increasing political interference in all aspects of bureaucracy including postings and transfers. Fort  East Indian College at Lack of Expertise: Lack of Expertise: Bureaucrats who are generalists, may lack the expertise needed to address technical challenges.  Corruption: Corruption: There is also significant corruption at all levels of the bureaucracy that often goes unpunished.  Red Red- -tapism: tapism: Excessive procedural formalities often delay decision-making and hinder timely service delivery. 1855.  Mental health issues: Mental health issues: High-pressure environments, and long working hours impact the mental well-being of civil servants. Role of Civil Services in Governance Role of Civil Services in Governance  Service delivery: Service delivery: They are responsible for administering welfare schemes and ensuring that public services reach the intended beneficiaries, particularly at the last mile.  Resistance to innovation: Resistance to innovation: A rigid administrative culture discourages experimentation and adoption of new practices.  Maintaining law and order: Maintaining law and order: Civil servants ensure peace, justice, and security by upholding the rule of law and coordinating with law enforcement agencies.  Outdated rules and procedures: Outdated rules and procedures: Many service regulations are colonial-era legacies that are not compatible with modern governance needs.  Elections: Elections: They have been instrumental in the conduct of free and fair elections, and ensuring smooth transfer of power both at the Centre and States. Constitutional Provisions Constitutional Provisions – Article 309 Article 309 empowers Parliament and State Legislatures to regulate recruitment and conditions of service. – Article 310 Article 310 of the Constitution states that civil servants of the Union and the States hold office during the pleasure of the President or the Governor, respectively. – Article 311 Article 311 provides safeguards for civil servants against arbitrary dismissal. – Article 312 Article 312 outlines the process for creating All India Services, such as the Indian Administrative  Uninterrupted Administration: Uninterrupted Administration: There have been numerous instances when States have been placed under President’s rule, with the civil servants ensuring uninterrupted administration during such times.  Policy Making: Policy Making: They provide advice to governments in policy making and also 48 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

49. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  The Supreme Court recently termed Punjab’s de Punjab’s de- -notification of land acquired acquired for the construction of the Su construction of the Sutlej Yamuna Link (SYL) canal Yamuna Link (SYL) canal an act of “high- handedness”. Service (IAS), the Indian Police Service (IPS), and the Indian Forest Service (IFS). – Articles 315 to 323 Articles 315 to 323 of the Indian Constitution establish Public Service Commissions (PSCs) for both the Union (UPSC) and each state (SPSC). notification of land tlej- - About About Governance reforms to enhance efficiency of Governance reforms to enhance efficiency of bureaucracy bureaucracy  The court reminded Punjab of its 2017 order order to maintain status quo on canal maintain status quo on canal- - related land and property. related land and property. 2017  Mission Karmayogi National Program: Mission Karmayogi National Program: It is a flagship programme of Government of India launched in 2020 launched in 2020 for training of civil servants, which intends to transform the Civil Services from ‘Rule Based’ to ‘Role Rule Based’ to ‘Role Based’ Based’ way of functioning and Citizen Centric.  The SYL canal The SYL canal was conceptualised for the effective allocation of water from the Ravi and and Beas rivers. Beas rivers. water from the Ravi oThe project envisaged a 214 canal, canal, of which 122 km was to be constructed in Punjab and 92 km in Haryana. 214- -km km  Lateral Entry into Civil Services Lateral Entry into Civil Services to bring domain expertise and promote competitiveness in administration. Background of the Dispute: Background of the Dispute:  e e- -Governance Initiatives: Governance Initiatives: Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) for grievance redressal, SPARROW for performance appraisal, and digitization of service records.  1981 Agreement: 1981 Agreement: Between Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan for sharing Ravi-Beas waters; SYL canal was a key part.  1996 Suit: 1996 Suit: Haryana filed a case seeking completion of the canal. Conclusion Conclusion   2002 Verdict: 2002 Verdict: Supreme Court ruled in favor of Haryana; Punjab was directed to complete its share. Civil servants play a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of India’s growth and governance, often known as the architects of Viksit Bharat. Viksit Bharat. architects of  2004 Action: 2004 Action: Punjab passed the Termination of Agreements Act, halting construction unilaterally.  The neutral bureaucracy needs to be insulated from undue political interference to uphold the rule of law and constitutional values.  2016 Ruling: 2016 Ruling: A Constitution Bench struck down Punjab’s 2004 Act as unconstitutional.  To maintain a harmonious balance between the political and permanent executive, the autonomy of career bureaucrats is essential. Recent Court Directions: Recent Court Directions:  The apex court appointed Union Home Secretary, Punjab Chief Secretary, and DGP Punjab as Receivers to oversee land-related issues. oThis includes reasonable independence with respect to postings, tenures and transfers.  Also, there needs to be a shift in the focus of bureaucrats from ‘procedure’ to ‘outcomes.’ bureaucrats from ‘procedure’ to ‘outcomes.’ shift in the focus of  It urged Punjab, Haryana, and the Centre to work towards a mutually agreeable solution. Sutlej Sutlej- -Yamuna Link (SYL) Canal Yamuna Link (SYL) Canal  If unresolved, the matter will be listed again on August 13. Syllabus: GS2/Governance Syllabus: GS2/Governance Context Context Dispute Resolution Mechanism for Inter Dispute Resolution Mechanism for Inter- -State Water Sharing in India Sharing in India State Water 49 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in

50. PM IAS PM IAS ACADEMY MAY ACADEMY MAY CA Compilation 2025 CA Compilation 2025  Constitutional Provisions: Article 262 Constitutional Provisions: Article 262 of the Indian Constitution empowers Parliament empowers Parliament to legislate for adjudication of inter-state river water disputes. Court. Court. The award is final and beyond the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Issues with Inter Issues with Inter- -State River Disputes Tribunals State River Disputes Tribunals  Prolonged Proceedings and Delays: Prolonged Proceedings and Delays: Tribunal decisions often take decades, defeating the objective of timely resolution. oBars the jurisdiction of the Supreme Bars the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Court or any other court in such matters if a law is made under this provision. oThe Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal took nearly 17 years (1990–2007) to deliver its final award.  Parliament enacted the below Parliament enacted the below- -men Acts according to Article 262 Acts according to Article 262 of the Indian Constitution: mentioned tioned oEven after a decision, implementation lags due to lack of enforcement mechanisms. oRiver Board Act, 1956: River Board Act, 1956: The Act empowered the Central Government to establish boards for Interstate Rivers and river valleys in consultation with State Governments. However, no board has been created to date.  Judicial Review: Judicial Review: Although the Inter-State River Water Disputes Act declares tribunal decisions as final, States or affected parties approach the Supreme Court under Article 136 (Special Leave Petition) and Article 32, by invoking Article 21 (Right to Life). oInter Inter- -State Water Dispute Act, State Water Dispute Act, 1956: 1956: If the State Government(s) approach the Central Government for the constitution of the Tribunal, the Centre may form a Tribunal after trying to resolve the dispute through consultations.  Tribunal Composition Lacks Tribunal Composition Lacks Multidisciplinarity: Multidisciplinarity: Tribunals are typically headed by retired or sitting judges. oIt leads to overreliance on judicial reasoning instead of technical- scientific evaluation. oThe Supreme Court shall not question the Award or formula given by the Tribunal but it can question the working of the Tribuna  Inadequate and Non Inadequate and Non- -Transparent Water Data: Data: No centralized or publicly accessible repository of authoritative water flow and usage data. Transparent Water oStates often withhold or manipulate data to suit their legal arguments. The Inter The Inter- -State River Water Disputes Act, 1956 was State River Water Disputes Act, 1956 was amended in 2002, to include the major amended in 2002, to include the major recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission. recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission.  Complex Federal Structure and Procedural Complex Federal Structure and Procedural Hurdles: Hurdles: Overlapping roles of state and central agencies lead to bureaucratic red tape.  The Tribunal has to be constituted within a year of getting the request. year of getting the request. within a  The tribunal must give the award within the must give the award within the maximum period of 5 years. maximum period of 5 years. Recent and Proposed Reforms: Recent and Proposed Reforms:  Inter Inter- -State River Water Disputes State River Water Disputes (Amendment) Bill, 2019 (Amendment) Bill, 2019 (Pending in Parliament):  The Tribunal award is not immediately implemented implemented and the concerned parties may seek clarification within 3 may seek clarification within 3 months months of the award. not immediately oProposes permanent tribunal with time-bound adjudication.  Tribunal Awards will have the same force as the order or decree of the Supreme the order or decree of the Supreme same force as 50 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495 LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in | www.pmias.in