PMIAS Academy UPSC Current Affairs January 2025

1. 1 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

2. PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 S.NO. S.NO. PARTICULARS PARTICULARS PAGE NO. PAGE NO. GS1 GS1 6 6 Ancient Ancient History History 6 6 Why is it so difficult to decipher the Harappan writing system? 1. 1. 6 6 Why is deciphering the Indus script important? 7 7 2. 2. A new study says Iron Age began hundreds of years earlier – in Tamil Nadu. Why this is important 3. 3. 8 8 Art and Art and Culture, Current Affairs Culture, Current Affairs 10 10 President’s invite for ‘At Home’ to honour crafts from South 1. 1. 10 10 Kumbh Mela, explained: Its mythology, history, astrology, and why millions flock to it 2. 2. 11 11 Musi River Historic Buildings on 2025 World Monuments Watch 3. 3. 12 12 The copyright conundrum in Carnatic music 4. 4. 13 13 Geography Geography 15 15 Water gushes out from underground in Rajasthan village: What is ‘artesian condition’, responsible for it? 1. 1. 15 15 Why the Location of China’s Earthquake Matters 2. 2. 16 16 History History 18 18 What is the history of the Kuka martyrs’ day? 1. 1. 18 18 Indian Society and Social Issues Indian Society and Social Issues 19 19 Why Karnataka HC held transgender people can change their name and gender on birth certificates The impact of classifying denotified tribes | Explained 1. 1. 19 19 2. 2. 20 20 GS 2 GS 2 22 22 Indian Polity & Governance Indian Polity & Governance 22 22 Centre amends prison manual to address caste-based inequality 1. 1. 22 22 SC to take up pleas challenging CEC and EC appointment law in February 2. 2. 23 23 In a first, selection process for next Chief Election Commissioner casts wider net 3. 3. 25 25 Should voter IDs be linked with Aadhaar? | Explained 4. 4. 26 26 1 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

3. PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 What are UGC’s new draft rules on Vice-Chancellor appointments and why are states upset? 5. 5. 28 28 Wife can get maintenance even if she defies court order to go back to husband: what SC has ruled and why How is TRAI and the govt. combating spam? Abetment of suicide charges should not be ‘mechanically’ invoked: What SC said, why Mitigating circumstances: Why RG Kar rape case convict was not given death penalty UGC regulations or State university laws? What is the status of the Smart Cities Mission? The oligarchy we see today Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto arrives to take part in Republic Day celebrations Use of loudspeakers not essential part of religion’: Bombay HC directs govt, police to take action Decode Politics: What is the whip system that Jagdeep Dhankhar wants abolished, how it came to be adopted Should Governors head State universities? Uttarakhand adopts Uniform Civil Code, launches portal Substantive equality in child marriage laws Is Trump’s order on birthright citizenship constitutional? 6. 6. 29 29 7. 7. 31 31 8. 8. 32 32 9. 9. 33 33 10. 10. 35 35 11. 11. 37 37 12. 12. 38 38 13. 13. 40 40 14. 14. 42 42 15. 15. 43 43 16. 16. 45 45 17. 17. 46 46 18. 18. 48 48 19. 19. 49 49 India and Neighborhood India and Neighborhood relations relations 51 51 Implications of China’s Mega-Dam Project 1. 1. 51 51 China’s long game in Africa 2. 2. 53 53 Health Health 55 55 India needs to prioritise preventive care 1. 1. 55 55 What is the human metapneumovirus? For a Viksit Bharat, focus on health 2. 2. 56 56 3. 3. 58 58 New definition for obesity? What a new Lancet commission has proposed to replace BMI 4. 4. 59 59 Is the government encouraging ‘crosspathy’? 5. 5. 60 60 2 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

4. PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Goa among top-performing States in NITI Aayog’s fiscal health index 6. 6. 62 62 What WHO’s recommendation for low sodium salt means for India 7 7. . 64 64 Governance, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations Governance, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations 65 65 Understanding Human Metapneumovirus, as cases emerge from China: Explained Why China is building the world’s largest dam on the Tsangpo, how India may be impacted 1. 1. 65 65 2. 2. 67 67 Anxiety grows over men trapped in Assam coal mine as rescuers fail to make headway 3. 3. 68 68 Is India open to the idea of dual citizenship? 4. 4. 70 70 What to know about Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas, inaugurated by PM Modi 5. 5. 71 71 New US AI export rule excludes India from benefits of closest allies. What could be the impact? The role of a social media editor in today’s newsroom Long overdue, short-term regimen for TB set to be a game changer With Donald Trump in office, the challenges for New Delhi Under Trump, US withdraws from WHO: Impact, what this means for India India-Pak rift on Indus Water Treaty: Neutral expert backs New Delhi’s stand What is U.S.’s new rule for exporting AI chips? Is France’s influence in West Africa over? India, China to resume direct flights, issue visas India-China diplomatic thaw: what the fine print of their statements reveals 6. 6. 73 73 7. 7. 74 74 8. 8. 75 75 9. 9. 77 77 10 10. . 78 78 11. 11. 80 80 12. 12. 82 82 13 13. . 84 84 14 14. . 86 86 15 15. . 87 87 Governance, Polity, and Governance, Polity, and Social Justice Social Justice – – Government Policies and Interventions Government Policies and Interventions 89 89 More flexibility, but also greater challenges 1. 1. 89 89 Governance and Policy Governance and Policy – – Issues related to education Issues related to education 91 91 School dropout rates go from bad to worse in Bihar and Assam 1. 1. 91 91 Why is there a drop in school enrolments? 2. 2. 92 92 GS 3 GS 3 94 94 Agriculture Agriculture 94 94 3 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

5. PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 How agriculture evolves and adapts to current challenges 1. 1. 94 94 Cybersecurity Cybersecurity 96 96 Cyber Shield: How India blocked Rs 1,800 crore worth of online fraud in just 90 days 1. 1. 96 96 Environment and Environment and Disaster Management Disaster Management 98 98 Southern California wildfires 2025 explained: Why the blaze in winter, why it is so bad 1. 1. 98 98 Odisha to overhaul management of multipurpose shelters after Cyclone Dana exposes de•ciencies 2. 2. 100 100 Release list of victims, act against Kumbh commissioner for the panic: Opp to govt 3. 3. 101 101 Environment, Biodiversity, and Security Environment, Biodiversity, and Security 102 102 How the H5N1 bird flu threatens the very existence of birds and mammals 1. 1. 102 102 Empower the guardians of the earth, do not rob them 2. 2. 104 104 Environment Environment 105 105 Four UN environmental summits fell short in 2024. What happened? 1. 1. 105 105 The end of global climate policy Explained: India’s emissions inventory & efforts at mitigation Why dead olive ridley turtles are washing ashore in Tamil Nadu The world has been changing for a while Geo-tagging and ‘Aadhaar’: How, why the J&K govt is trying to conserve chinar trees Kejriwal vs Haryana government: Why Yamuna in Delhi has high ammonia levels 2. 2. 107 107 3. 3. 108 108 4. 4. 110 110 5. 5. 111 111 6. 6. 112 112 7. 7. 114 114 Indian Indian Economy and Economic Development Economy and Economic Development 115 115 The Centre’s share in States’ revenue has surged in the last decade 1. 1. 115 115 Decoding India’s growth slowdown 2. 2. 116 116 The impacts of rupee weakening ONGC expects additional revenue of up to $10.3 billion from BP’s intervention in Mumbai High field 3. 3. 118 118 4. 4. 119 119 ExplainSpeaking: Making sense of Trump’s tariff threat 5. 5. 120 120 4 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

6. PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Is poverty being underestimated in India 6. 6. 122 122 How can the Budget arrest growth decline? 7. 7. 1214 1214 Science and Technology Science and Technology 125 125 India releases compilation of 10,000 human genomes from 83 population groups 1. 1. 125 125 ISRO’s Successful Docking Trial: Advancing Space Technologies How and why are plants grown in space: Takeaways from ISRO’s success 2. 2. 127 127 3. 3. 128 128 Space telescopes stumble on rule-breaking black hole 4. 4. 129 129 ISRO’s historic 100th launch this month: Advanced navigation satellite with Made-in-India atomic clocks 5. 5. 131 131 Indian space programme breaks into 2025 in ‘mission mode 6. 6. 132 132 What’s on the agenda of the Paris AI summit, where PM Modi is co-chair 7. 7. 133 133 Does cow urine have anti-infective properties? 8. 8. 135 135 DeepSeek AI model jolts global tech landscape 9. 9. 136 136 Retinal diseases: RNA therapeutics show promise but is India ready? 10. 10. 138 138 India braces up for AI challenge, plans own LLM foundational model to rival ChatGPT, DeepSeek R1 11. 11. 140 140 Security and Technology Security and Technology 141 141 The race for fighters: the IAF’s dilemma 1. 1. 141 141 Technology, Economic Development, and Security Technology, Economic Development, and Security 143 143 In move that may impact Big Tech companies, govt now proposes localisation of personal data in draft rules 1. 1. 143 143 5 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

7. PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 GS 1 GS 1 ANCIENT HISTORY ANCIENT HISTORY Why is it so difficult to decipher the Harappan Why is it so difficult to decipher the Harappan writing system? writing system? Source: The Indian Express Syllabus: GS I Ancient History Deciphering the Indus Valley Script: Cultural, Deciphering the Indus Valley Script: Cultural, Political, and Historical Dimensions Political, and Historical Dimensions Why in News? Why in News? Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin’s announcement of a $1 million prize for deciphering the Indus Valley script has reignited interest in solving one of the world’s oldest linguistic mysteries. Challenges in Deciphering the Script Challenges in Deciphering the Script 1.Absence of Multilingual Inscriptions: Absence of Multilingual Inscriptions: Unlike the Rosetta Stone, there are no bilingual or multilingual inscriptions to bridge the gap between known and unknown languages. Beyond its scholarly importance, the initiative has significant cultural and political implications, positioning Stalin as a proponent of Dravidian identity and countering dominant Aryan-centric historical narratives. 2.Limited Artefacts: Limited Artefacts: Only about 3,500 seals have been discovered, each with an average of five characters, providing an insufficient dataset for comprehensive analysis. 3.Unknown Language: Unknown Language: Assigning phonetic values is difficult without knowledge of the script’s linguistic context. The Indus Valley Script: An Overview The Indus Valley Script: An Overview Definition: Definition: The Indus Valley script, also known as the Harappan script, comprises symbols created by the Indus Valley Civilization. It is one of the oldest known writing systems in South Asia. 4.Archaeological Limitations: Archaeological Limitations: Future excavations are critical to uncover additional artefacts that may offer insights into the script. Characteristics: Characteristics: Indus V Indus Valley alley- -Tamil Nadu Connections Tamil Nadu Connections Script Style: Script Style: Boustrophedon, alternating between right-to-left and left-to-right writing. Research Findings: Research Findings: Studies have documented over 15,000 graffiti-bearing pot shards from Tamil Nadu and compared them with 4,000 Indus artefacts. Period of Use: Period of Use: Approx. 2,500 BCE to 1,900 BCE. Similarities Identified: Similarities Identified: Language: Language: The underlying language remains unidentified, with no bilingual artefacts akin to the Rosetta Stone to aid in decipherment. It might have represented diverse linguistic families, including Dravidian, Mundari, and others. 60% of Tamil Nadu signs matched Indus script symbols. 90% of graffiti marks in both regions were comparable. Symbols: Symbols: About 400 distinct symbols found across artefacts such as seals, pottery, bronze tools, and clay tablets. Sites of Significance: Sites of Significance: Keeladi, Sivagalai, and Thulukarpatti in Tamil Nadu revealed evidence of shared cultural traits. Purpose: Purpose: Likely used for administrative and commercial activities, including tax documentation and trade permits. Cultural Implications: Cultural Implications: Suggests direct or intermediary cultural exchanges between the Indus Valley Civilization (Copper Age) and Tamil Nadu (Iron Age). Highlights Tamil Nadu’s long-standing historical and cultural ties with ancient civilizations. 6 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

8. Cultural and Political Implications Cultural and Political Implications PM PM IAS This effort underscores the role of regional histories in challenging established frameworks and fostering a more inclusive understanding of India’s past. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Dravidian Identity and Historical Reframing Dravidian Identity and Historical Reframing Challenging A Challenging Aryan ryan- -Centric Narratives: Centric Narratives: Why is deciphering the Indus script important? Why is deciphering the Indus script important?  Stalin’s initiative seeks to position Tamil Nadu’s cultural development alongside that of the Indus Valley Civilization, emphasizing shared symbols such as the bull, prominently featured in Tamil traditions like Jallikattu. Advances in carbon dating at Keeladi have established the Tamil Brahmi script’s origins around 600 BCE, narrowing the perceived gap between Tamil and Indus Valley cultures. Source: The Hindu Syllabus: GS I Ancient History Decip Deciphering the Indus Script: Significance and hering the Indus Script: Significance and Recent Developments Recent Developments  Introduction Introduction The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, represents one of the most advanced and expansive urban cultures of the Bronze Age (3000–1500 BCE). Dravidian Legacy: Dravidian Legacy:  Stalin has leveraged archaeological discoveries to redefine Tamil Nadu’s history as independent and parallel to the Aryan narrative. His efforts align with the broader Dravidian movement’s emphasis on inclusivity and progressive governance. Spread across 2,000 sites over 1.5 million sq. km in present-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, it surpassed its contemporaries, the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilisations, in geographical reach.  Despite its significance, the non- decipherment of the Indus script continues to hinder our understanding of its culture, governance, and societal structure. Political Dimensions Political Dimensions Dravidian Model: Dravidian Model: Recently, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin announced a $1 decoding the Indus script, underscoring its historical and cultural importance, particularly its possible links with Dravidian heritage.  Stalin’s policies underscore Tamil Nadu’s distinct identity, projecting the state as a beacon of inclusive growth and governance. Initiatives like adding “Belongs to Dravidian Stock” to his public profiles reflect his commitment to this narrative. $1- -million prize million prize for  Why Is Deciphering the Indus Script Important? Why Is Deciphering the Indus Script Important? Countering BJP’s Cultural Agenda: Countering BJP’s Cultural Agenda: While the scripts of other ancient civilisations, such as Mesopotamia and Egypt, have been deciphered, the Indus script remains elusive. Deciphering it would:  Stalin’s efforts highlight Tamil Nadu’s unique cultural heritage as distinct from the pan-Indian narratives championed by the BJP, asserting the importance of regional identities in shaping India’s history.  Provide a comprehensive understanding of Harappan culture and governance. Conclusion Conclusion  Illuminate the socio-political and economic systems of one of the world’s earliest urban civilisations. The initiative to decipher the Indus Valley script transcends academic curiosity, serving as a tool to assert Tamil Nadu’s historical and cultural significance.  Establish connections between ancient languages and present-day linguistic traditions. By integrating archaeological research with political narratives, Stalin seeks to reshape India’s historical discourse through a Dravidian lens. Its decipherment is crucial for bridging gaps in South Asian history and for understanding cultural continuity in the region. 7 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

9. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Cultural Contact Between IVC and South India Cultural Contact Between IVC and South India PM PM IAS The study highlights potential cultural exchanges between the IVC and south India during the Iron Age, which was contemporaneous with the Copper Age of the Indus region. Evidence supporting this includes:  The discovery of carnelian and agate carnelian and agate beads beads and high high- -tin bronze objects tin bronze objects in Iron Age graves in south India, materials that likely originated from the north.  The presence of identical and near-identical graffiti marks in Tamil Nadu and Indus sites, suggesting shared or transmitted cultural practices. The Dravidian Hypothesis: A Key Perspective The Dravidian Hypothesis: A Key Perspective Scholars such as Iravatham Mahadevan, Asko Parpola, and Kamil Zvelebil have posited that the Indus script carries proto proto- -Dravidian elements hypothesis is supported by:  Trade routes and migration patterns that facilitated material and cultural exchanges. Dravidian elements. The Challenges and the Way Forward Challenges and the Way Forward  The presence of Brahui, a Dravidian language, in the Indus region. Despite these findings, establishing definitive links requires further evidence. Challenges include:  Dravidian loanwords in the Rigveda.  The undeciphered nature of the Indus script, which limits interpretations.  Substratum influences of Dravidian on Prakrit dialects.  Insufficient material evidence to conclusively prove cultural exchanges.  Computational analyses of Indus texts indicating linguistic structures akin to Dravidian languages.  The need for interdisciplinary approaches involving archaeology, linguistics, and scientific investigations. Mahadevan emphasized that while the script is non-Aryan and pre-Aryan, further research is required to conclusively establish its Dravidian origins. To address these gaps: 1.Enhanced Research Enhanced Research: Encourage global collaboration for decoding the Indus script using advanced technologies. Recent Discoveries and Developments Recent Discoveries and Developments The Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology (TNSDA) has undertaken a morphological study study comparing graffiti marks on ceramics in Tamil Nadu with Indus scripts. Key findings include: 2.Archaeological Excavations Archaeological Excavations: Conduct more systematic excavations in potential contact zones. morphological 3.Historical Linguistic Analysis Historical Linguistic Analysis: Deepen research on linguistic overlaps between proto-Dravidian and the Indus script.  Parallels in Graffiti Ma Parallels in Graffiti Marks graffiti marks found in Tamil Nadu have similarities with Indus signs. rks: Nearly 90% of Conclusion Conclusion  The Indus Valley Civilisation represents a cornerstone of South Asia’s ancient heritage. Categorisation of Symbols Categorisation of Symbols: Out of 2,107 documented signs, 42 base signs, 544 variants, and 1,521 composites were identified. Over 60% of these signs exhibit parallels with the Indus script. Deciphering its script could unlock invaluable insights into its culture, governance, and potential links with the Dravidian linguistic and cultural tradition.  Cultural Continuity Cultural Continuity: These findings suggest a possible evolution of the Indus script into regional forms, indicating cultural and linguistic continuity. The Tamil Nadu government’s initiative reflects the growing recognition of the need 8 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

10. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Kilnamandi: Kilnamandi: A sarcophagus burial dated to 1692 BCE BCE, the earliest of its kind in Tamil Nadu. PM PM IAS to unravel this historical enigma and its implications for understanding India’s civilisational continuity. 1692 Technological Advancements in Metallurgy Technological Advancements in Metallurgy A new study says Iron Age began hundreds of years A new study says Iron Age began hundreds of years e earlier arlier – – in Tamil Nadu. Why this is important in Tamil Nadu. Why this is important Advanced Iron Advanced Iron- -Smelting Techniques Smelting Techniques The findings establish Tamil Nadu’s expertise in pyro pyro- -technology technology during the 3rd millennium BCE: Source: Indian Express Syllabus: GS I Ancient History Kodumanal: Kodumanal: Circular furnaces reaching 1300°C, enabling sponge iron production. Tamil Nadu: The Birthplace of the Iron Age Tamil Nadu: The Birthplace of the Iron Age Context: Context: Chettipalayam and Perungalur: Chettipalayam and Perungalur: Featured innovative smelting techniques, further highlighting Tamil Nadu’s metallurgical sophistication. A landmark study has redefined the Iron Age timeline in India, placing its origins in Tamil Nadu as early as 3345 BCE. Comparison with Other Regions: Comparison with Other Regions:  This discovery challenges earlier historical assumptions and underscores Tamil Nadu’s pioneering role in early metallurgy and technological advancements. While North India North India saw early iron use associated with Painted Grey Ware Painted Grey Ware (PGW) (PGW) cultures (Hastinapur, Kausambi), and Central India Central India linked iron with Black and Red Ware (BRW) Red Ware (BRW) levels (Nagda, Eran), Tamil Nadu’s evidence demonstrates a simultaneous yet distinct trajectory simultaneous yet distinct trajectory, challenging the conventional narrative. Black and Iron Age in India: A Transformative Period Iron Age in India: A Transformative Period The Iron Age Iron Age in India was a period of profound technological and societal change. Iron Age: Catalysts of Socio Iron Age: Catalysts of Socio- -Economic Change Economic Change Characterized by the use of iron tools and weapons, it transformed agriculture, warfare, and social structures. Agriculture and Urbanization: Agriculture and Urbanization: Iron tools like axes and ploughs facilitated large-scale forest clearance and agricultural expansion. This technological advancement contributed to the Second Urbanization Second Urbanization (800 (800– –500 BCE) 500 BCE) in the Ganga Valley and other regions. Previously thought to have begun between 1500–2000 BCE, recent evidence from Tamil Nadu now places its origins at 3345 BCE BCE, significantly earlier than previously believed. 3345 Key Findings of the Study Key Findings of the Study Socio Socio- -Economic Stratification: Economic Stratification: Title of the Report: Title of the Report: Antiquity of Iron: Recent Radiometric Dates from Tamil Nadu The surplus generated by iron-enabled agricultural growth fostered socio- economic hierarchies, leading to the emergence of chiefdoms, trading networks, chiefdoms, trading networks, and early states and early states, which culminated in the Mauryan Empire Mauryan Empire. Authors: Authors: K. Rajan (Pondicherry University) and R. Sivanantham (Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology). Dating Techniques Used: Dating Techniques Used:  Global Implications and Turning Point in Indian Global Implications and Turning Point in Indian Archaeolo Archaeology gy Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) (AMS)  Optically Stimulated Luminescence Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) (OSL) Rewriting the Iron Age Timeline: Rewriting the Iron Age Timeline: Tamil Nadu’s evidence pushes the Iron Age in India back by over a millennium, marking it as the earliest recorded instance of iron technology earliest recorded instance of iron technology globally globally. Archaeological Sites Examined: Archaeological Sites Examined: Sivagalai: Sivagalai: Evidence from charcoal and potsherds dates iron technology to 2953 paddy sample dating to 1155 BCE. 2953– –3345 BCE 3345 BCE, with a Challenging Global Narratives: Challenging Global Narratives:Globally, the Iron Age is traditionally attributed to the Hittite Empire (1300 BCE) (1300 BCE). Tamil Nadu’s findings challenge this Hittite Empire Mayiladumparai: Mayiladumparai: Samples dated to 2172 BCE surpassing earlier benchmarks for the region. 2172 BCE, 9 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

11. timeline, emphasizing South India’s independent and advanced metallurgical innovations. PM PM IAS GI Tag State GI Tag State: Andhra Pradesh. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Ikat Ikat- -Pochampalli Cover (Telanga Pochampalli Cover (Telangana) na) Significance for Indian Archaeology: Significance for Indian Archaeology: These discoveries redefine India’s historical narrative, highlighting Tamil Nadu’s pivotal role in shaping early technological and cultural developments. Features Features: Reusable fabric cover showcasing the rich tradition of Ikat weaving involves the dyeing of yarns before weaving intricate patterns. GI Tag State GI Tag State: Telangana. Ikat weaving, which Conclusion: Tamil Nadu’s Legacy in Metallurgy Conclusion: Tamil Nadu’s Legacy in Metallurgy Ganjifa Art Magnet (Karnataka) Ganjifa Art Magnet (Karnataka) The groundbreaking evidence from Tamil Nadu not only alters India’s Iron Age timeline but also positions the region as a global pioneer in early metallurgy. This reflects the unique cultural trajectories of South India and underscores the importance of localized archaeological research in understanding India’s ancient past. By contributing to a deeper understanding of India’s prehistory, this study emphasizes the enduring legacy of Tamil Nadu in advancing technology and shaping civilization. Features Features: Miniature magnets depicting Ganjifa a Ganjifa art rt, traditionally used in hand-painted playing cards with mythological themes and vibrant designs. GI Tag State GI Tag State: Karnataka. Kanjeevaram Silk Pouch (Tamil Nadu) Kanjeevaram Silk Pouch (Tamil Nadu) Features Features: Luxurious silk pouch symbolizing the timeless elegance of Kanjeevaram weaving weaving, celebrated for its vibrant colors and intricate patterns. GI Tag State GI Tag State: Tamil Nadu. Kanjeevaram Etikopakka Dolls (Andhra Pradesh) Etikopakka Dolls (Andhra Pradesh) ART AND CULTURE, CURRENT AFFAIRS ART AND CULTURE, CURRENT AFFAIRS Features Features: Handcrafted eco dolls dolls, created using traditional lacquer techniques and safe, natural dyes. GI Tag State GI Tag State: Andhra Pradesh. eco- -friendly wooden friendly wooden President’s invite for ‘At Home’ to honour crafts President’s invite for ‘At Home’ to honour crafts from South from South Source: The Hindu Source: The Hindu Screwpine Leaf Bookmark (Kerala) Screwpine Leaf Bookmark (Kerala) Syllabus: Syllabus: GS I Art and Culture, Current Affairs Features Features: Sustainable bookmarks woven from screwpine leaves screwpine leaves, reflecting Kerala’s commitment to eco-friendly craftsmanship. GI Tag State GI Tag State: Kerala. Context Context As part of the celebrations marking 75 years of the Republic of India, the President of India has introduced a unique initiative during the Republic Day “At Home” Republic Day “At Home” reception reception. Invitees will receive curated boxes containing exquisite craft products representing the rich cultural heritage of southern India. These crafts are created under the “One District One Product” (ODOP) District One Product” (ODOP) scheme, which promotes local artisans and their traditional crafts. “One Craft Product Craft Products in Focus s in Focus Significance of the Initiative Significance of the Initiative Kalamkari Painted Bamboo Box (Andhra Pradesh) Kalamkari Painted Bamboo Box (Andhra Pradesh)  Cultural Representation Cultural Representation: Highlights the diverse and rich heritage of southern Indian crafts. Features Features: Handcrafted bamboo boxes adorned with Nimmalakunta Kalamkari Nimmalakunta Kalamkari paintings paintings, renowned for their intricate patterns and natural dyes. 10 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

12. PM PM IAS During this event, Dhanvantri emerged with a pitcher of amrita (nectar of immortality). IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025  Promotion of Artisans Promotion of Artisans: Boosts recognition and demand for traditional crafts under the ODOP ODOP scheme. To safeguard the nectar from the Asuras, Jayant, the son of Indra, fled with the pot under the protection of celestial bodies— the Sun, Shani (Saturn), Brihaspati (Jupiter), and the Moon.  Sustainability Focus Sustainability Focus: Encourages eco- friendly and reusable products, supporting sustainable development.  Global Outreach Global Outreach: Provides a platform for India’s cultural and artisanal heritage to be showcased to a broader audience, including dignitaries and international guests. During his journey of 12 divine days (equivalent to 12 human years), drops of amrita spilled at four locations: Conclusion Conclusion Haridwar, Prayagraj, Ujjain, and Nashik- Trimbakeshwar. This initiative not only commemorates 75 years of the Republic of India but also underscores the importance of preserving and promoting India’s cultural heritage. These sites host the Kumbh Mela, based on the celestial alignment of the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter. By integrating traditional craftsmanship into national celebrations, it reinforces the role of artisans in India’s socio-economic and cultural fabric, while fostering sustainable and inclusive growth. Kumbh Mela, explained: Its mythology, history, Kumbh Mela, explained: Its mythology, history, astrology, and why millions flock to it astrology, and why millions flock to it Frequency and Locations Frequency and Locations Source: The Indian Express  Maha Kumbh (Poorna Kumbh): Maha Kumbh (Poorna Kumbh): Held every 12 years. Syllabus: GS I Indian culture  Kumbh Mela 2025: A Spiritual Gathering and Its Kumbh Mela 2025: A Spiritual Gathering and Its National Significance National Significance Ardh Kumbh: Ardh Kumbh: Held every 6 years in Haridwar and Prayagraj. Introduction Introduction The festivals are celebrated on the banks of sacred rivers: The Maha Kumbh 2025, a grand spiritual congregation held every 12 years, will commence in Prayagraj on January 13, with the first holy bath (snan).  Haridwar: Haridwar: Ganga.  Prayagraj: Prayagraj: Confluence of Ganga, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati. Expected to draw over 450 million devotees over six weeks, the Kumbh Mela stands as one of the largest human gatherings on Earth.  Ujjain: Ujjain: Kshipra, believed to emerge from Lord Vishnu’s heart in his Varaha avatar.  Nashik Nashik- -Trimbakeshwar: Trimbakeshwar: Godavari, regarded as the Ganga of the South. While its precise origins remain debated— traced by some to Vedic texts and others to more recent historical developments—its cultural, spiritual, and socio-political significance is undeniable. Bathing in these rivers during Kumbh, under specific celestial alignments, is believed to cleanse sins and confer spiritual merit (punya). Spiritual and Social Gathering Spiritual and Social Gathering The Kumbh Mela The Kumbh Mela The Kumbh Mela attracts millions of devotees, including sadhus and saints from various akhadas, providing a platform for spiritual discourse and cultural exchange. Origin Origin The term “kumbh”, meaning pitcher or pot in Sanskrit, traces its mythology to the Samudra Manthan (churning of the ocean) by Devas (gods) and Asuras (demons). It represents a confluence of diverse religious practices and traditions. 11 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

13. Astrological Basis of Kumbh Mela Astrological Basis of Kumbh Mela PM PM IAS formalization into a socio-religious event of national significance. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 The timing and location of Kumbh Mela are determined by astrological calculations. Kumbh Mela and Nationalism Kumbh Mela and Nationalism Jupiter’s 12-year revolution around the Sun explains the periodicity of the festival. Allahabad’s Emergence as a Cultural Hub Allahabad’s Emergence as a Cultural Hub Post the 1857 revolt, Allahabad (Prayagraj) gained prominence as the administrative capital of the North-Western Provinces. The unique alignment of Jupiter, the Sun, and the Moon dictates the site of each Kumbh. With institutions like the Allahabad High Court (1867) and Allahabad University (1887), it became a political and intellectual center. Historical References to Kumbh Mela Historical References to Kumbh Mela Ancient Texts and Mythology Ancient Texts and Mythology  The Skanda Purana Skanda Purana mentions riverbank rituals but does not explicitly describe the Kumbh Mela. This environment fostered the integration of religious festivals like the Kumbh Mela with nationalist movements.  The story of Samudra Manthan, while present in various scriptures, lacks direct references to the spilling of amrita at the four sites. Religio Religious Festivals as Political Platforms us Festivals as Political Platforms From the late 19th century, nationalist leaders recognized the Kumbh Mela’s potential for mass mobilization.  Some interpretations of the Rig Veda highlight the spiritual benefits of participating in mass gatherings like the Kumbh Mela. Leveraging the British policy of non- interference in religion, leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Krishna Gokhale used the Mela to propagate Swadeshi and nationalist ideologies. Xuanzang’s Account Xuanzang’s Account The 7th-century Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang described a grand bathing festival in Prayag, though it is uncertain if this was the Kumbh Mela. By blending religious authority with political messaging, they fostered a sense of unity and resistance against colonial rule. Role of Congress and Ascetics Role of Congress and Ascetics Historians like Kama Maclean argue that the Magh Mela, an ancient bathing festival at Prayag, was rebranded as the Kumbh Mela after 1857 to resist British interference. By the 1930s, the Congress Party actively engaged with Kumbh Melas to disseminate nationalist ideas. Religious leaders and ascetics, revered for their spiritual authority, amplified these messages. Role of Adi Shankaracharya Role of Adi Shankaracharya The 8th-century philosopher Adi Shankaracharya is credited with formalizing Hindu congregational practices, including periodic fairs, to foster spiritual learning and unity among ascetics. Iconic events, like the display of Bharat Mata’s idol during the 1936 Ardh Kumbh, symbolized the fusion of spiritual and nationalist sentiments. Evolution of the Kumbh Mela Evolution of the Kumbh Mela Conclusion Conclusion The Kumbh Mela likely began in Haridwar, linked to Brihaspati’s (Jupiter) presence in Kumbh Rashi. The Kumbh Mela epitomizes the confluence of spirituality, culture, and socio-political relevance. The Bhakti movement (12th century CE) further popularized the tradition of fairs at sacred riverbanks. From its mythological origins to its evolution into a platform for nationalist mobilization, the festival reflects India’s rich heritage and resilience. Mughal records and the sanyasi akhadas’ documentation indicate its gradual As a monumental event, it continues to symbolize unity, cultural diversity, and the 12 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

14. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Built in the 16th century by Rao Khengarji, this artificial reservoir is central to Bhuj’s traditional water management system. PM PM IAS enduring strength of India’s democratic and spiritual traditions. Musi River Historic Buildings on Musi River Historic Buildings on 2025 World Monuments Watch Monuments Watch 2025 World Rainwater Harvesting: Rainwater Harvesting: Includes stepwells (Vavs), tanks, and canals designed for rainwater collection and groundwater recharge. Source: The Hindu Syllabus: GS I Art and Culture Cultural Significance: Cultural Significance: The lake’s overflowing is celebrated in local festivals, symbolising Bhuj’s historical water practices. Context: Context: The Musi River Historic Buildings in Hyderabad and Bhuj’s Historic Water Infrastructure have been included in the 2025 World Monuments Watch (WMW), underlining their vulnerability to environmental and developmental changes. Threats: Threats: Rapid urbanisation, climate change, and reliance on imported or extracted water are undermining Bhuj’s traditional water systems. This recognition by the World Monuments Fund highlights the need for preserving architectural and cultural heritage in the face of modern challenges. World Monuments Watch (WMW): World Monuments Watch (WMW):  Launch and Objectives: Launch and Objectives: Established in 1996 by the World Monuments Fund, this biennial program identifies endangered heritage sites globally to garner support and raise awareness for their preservation. Importance of Inclusion in the 2025 WMW Importance of Inclusion in the 2025 WMW 1.Heritage and Sustainable Heritage and Sustainable Development: Development: Preserving these sites is crucial for sustainable urban growth and enhancing climate resilience. 2.Environmental Conservation: Environmental Conservation: Highlights the intersection of heritage preservation and environmental adaptation efforts. 3.Future Potential of Heritage Sites: Future Potential of Heritage Sites: Structures like Osmania General Hospital can be transformed into valuable public assets with proper conservation. 4.Cultural Identity and Riverfront Cultural Identity and Riverfront Revitalisation: Revitalisation: Preserving heritage sites can rejuvenate the Musi Riverfront and reinforce Hyderabad’s cultural identity. 5.Government Initiatives: Government Initiatives: The government’s Musi River rejuvenation program aligns with this recognition, offering an opportunity to integrate heritage preservation into broader urban development plans. Musi River Historic Buildings: Hyderabad’s Civic Musi River Historic Buildings: Hyderabad’s Civic Heritage Heritage Architectural Sign Architectural Significance: showcase Hyderabad’s rich architectural legacy, especially along the Musi River waterfrnt. ificance: These buildings Key Landmarks: Key Landmarks: High Court of Hyderabad, State Central Library, Osmania General Hospital (OGH), City College, and Former British Residency (now a women’s university). Threats: Threats: Environmental risks such as climate change and water crises pose significant challenges to their preservation. Osmania General Hospital (OGH): Osmania General Hospital (OGH): Historical Importance: Historical Importance: Completed in 1925, this institution exemplifies Indo-Saracenic architecture and has served as a cornerstone of public health as one of India’s oldest and largest hospitals. The copyright conundrum in Carnatic music The copyright conundrum in Carnatic music Source: The Hindu Preservation vs Modernisation Debate: Preservation vs Modernisation Debate: Decades of neglect and recurrent flooding have sparked calls for demolition, pitting heritage preservation against the need for modern infrastructure. Syllabus: GS I Art & Culture The Copyright Conund The Copyright Conundrum in Carnatic Music: A rum in Carnatic Music: A Legal and Cultural Analysis Legal and Cultural Analysis Bhuj’s Historic Water Infrastructure Bhuj’s Historic Water Infrastructure Hamirsar Lake: Hamirsar Lake: 13 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

15. PM PM IAS for 60 years. Performers’ rights, on the other hand, enable singers and accompanying artists to restrict unauthorized recordings and claim royalties for commercial use. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 The Margazhi season in Chennai, a revered time for Carnatic music connoisseurs, is not just a celebration of classical heritage but also a stage for contemporary legal concerns—particularly those related to copyright. In practice, however, performers in Carnatic concerts rarely benefit from these protections. Traditionally, copyright law has not been a focal point in the Carnatic music sphere, primarily due to the widespread belief that it does not apply to this domain. While prominent sabhas prohibit unauthorized recording, this is not a universal norm. However, this perspective warrants reconsideration. Several performances are uploaded to platforms like YouTube and Spotify without due consent, constituting copyright violations that deprive artists of monetization opportunities. Legal Framework and the Question of Musical Legal Framework and the Question of Musical Ownership Ownership The jurisprudence surrounding copyright law in India has yet to clearly define what constitutes music. Even sabhas, if recording performances without the informed consent of performers, breach copyright laws. Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer, in Indian Performing Right Society Ltd. v. Eastern Indian Motion Pictures Association (1977), raised a fundamental question—does music pertain solely to composition, or does it encompass melody, voice, and rendition? This question remains unresolved in legislative discourse. Global copyright frameworks define music primarily as a melody or composition that is reduced to print—a definition rooted in Western classical traditions. Indian copyright law, influenced by colonial-era legislations, has largely ignored the unique characteristics of Indian classical music, leading to legal ambiguities. The Public Domain and the Rights of Performers The Public Domain and the Rights of Performers Most Carnatic compositions belong to the public domain, as their creators—such as Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar, and Purandara Dasa—lived before the advent of copyright laws. However, a crucial question arises: do a musician’s additions and improvisations to these compositions also enter the public domain, or should they be afforded independent copyright protection? This raises a critical question: should the law adapt to the realities of music, or should music conform to legal constraints? Copyright Protection in the Context of Carnatic Copyright Protection in the Context of Carnatic Music Music A Carnatic performer typically inherits their guru’s stylistic interpretation, blending it with their own creative improvisations. A musical composition involves collaborative effort—of composers, lyricists, singers, and instrumentalists— each of whom enjoys distinct legal protections. They may introduce variations in raga, tempo, or ornamentation, significantly altering the original composition. While composers and lyricists hold rights over their works for their lifetime plus 60 years, performers have separate rights over their renditions. Notably, many compositions today are performed in ragas different from those originally envisioned by the composers. The ‘mechanical right’ allows a recording entity to commercially exploit a recording 14 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

16. PM PM IAS ensuring that India’s rich musical traditions continue to thrive in a digitally interconnected world. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 For instance, Gopala Krishna Bharathi’s compositions have undergone substantial melodic reinterpretations. Similarly, Bhimsen Joshi reintroduced Purandara Dasa’s works into Hindustani classical ragas, while Madurai Mani Iyer’s rendition of Eppo Varuvaro became a definitive interpretation. Do such unique contributions merit copyright protection? Current laws remain silent on this issue. GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY Water gushes out Water gushes out from underground in Rajasthan from underground in Rajasthan village: What is ‘artesian condition’, responsible for village: What is ‘artesian condition’, responsible for it? it? Source: The Indian Express Source: GS I Geography The Need for Legal Reform The Need for Legal Reform Unprecedented Artesian Well Phenomenon in Unprecedented Artesian Well Phenomenon in Taranagar, Jaisalmer Taranagar, Jaisalmer Carnatic music thrives on spontaneity and audience engagement, making each performance inherently unique. Why in News? Why in News? A remarkable hydrogeological event occurred in Taranagar village, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, from December 27 to 29, 2024. Improvisations, whether in the form of swarakalpana, neraval, or raga explorations, often cannot be replicated identically. During tube well drilling, water unexpectedly gushed out under high pressure, flooding the surrounding area and halting without any human intervention. However, existing copyright laws fail to acknowledge these creative nuances, leaving artists without legal recognition for their interpretative contributions. This phenomenon drew significant attention, with social media speculating links to the mythical Saraswati River. A reformative approach is necessary to address these gaps. Indian copyright law should: Recognize Performers’ Creativity: Recognize Performers’ Creativity: Grant performers copyright protection over their improvisations and unique interpretations of public domain compositions. However, experts have dismissed such claims, attributing the event to an artesian aquifer containing ancient water millions of years old. Strengthen Royalty Rights: Strengthen Royalty Rights: Ensure that artists receive equitable revenue from digital streaming and recordings of their performances. Incident Details Incident Details Location: Location: Mohangarh area, Jaisalmer. Regulate Unauthorized Dissemination: Regulate Unauthorized Dissemination: Implement stricter enforcement against the unauthorized recording and distribution of live performances. Event Description: Event Description: A farmer engaged a firm to drill a tube well to a depth of 850 feet. Water erupted with great force, submerging 25 bighas of farmland, creating a large pit, and trapping drilling machinery, including a truck. A small amount of non-inflammable gas also escaped alongside the water. Conclusion Conclusion At present, music in India follows the law, rather than the law evolving to safeguard musical heritage and artists’ rights. Carnatic musicians should have rightful ownership over their artistic contributions and the ability to commercially benefit from their performances. Expert Analysis: Expert Analysis: Geologists from the State Ground Water Department classified the event as an artesian condition, where water flows naturally due to subterranean pressure. The legal framework must be updated to reflect the intricacies of Indian classical music and provide performers with the recognition they deserve. Understanding Artesian Aquifers Understanding Artesian Aquifers Definition Definition Addressing these issues is not just a legal necessity but also a cultural imperative, An artesian aquifer, as defined by the United States Geological Survey, is a confined groundwater 15 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

17. system stored under pressure between two impermeable layers of rock or sediment. PM PM IAS geological complexities of Rajasthan’s desert terrain. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 It serves as a reminder of the untapped hydrogeological potential and the need for sustainable groundwater management. Key Char Key Characteristics acteristics Confined Water Storage: Confined Water Storage: Water is trapped between impermeable layers, creating significant pressure. While such events can provide valuable water resources, they also highlight the risks associated with unregulated drilling. Natural Flow: Natural Flow: When tapped, the confined pressure causes water to rise to the surface without pumping. Strategic scientific exploration and sustainable usage are imperative for harnessing such natural phenomena for the benefit of communities in water-scarce regions. Depth: Depth: Artesian aquifers are typically deeper than regular groundwater sources. Formation: Formation: Water from higher elevations infiltrates porous layers, becoming trapped by impermeable strata above and below. When the confining layer is punctured by drilling, pressure forces the water to flow upward. Why the Location of China’s Earthquake Matters Why the Location of China’s Earthquake Matters Source: The Hindu Syllabus: GS I Geography Context: Context: Di Difference from Regular Wells fference from Regular Wells At 6:35 am IST on January 7, 2025, a powerful earthquake of magnitude 7.1 struck the Tibetan region of China, with tremors felt as far as Kathmandu, Thimphu, and Kolkata. Artesian Wells: Artesian Wells: Water emerges naturally due to pressure, often requiring no pump. Regular Wells: Regular Wells: Rely on pumps to extract water and are located closer to the surface. The epicenter was located 10 km beneath Tingry County in the Shigatse region of Tibet, around 80 km north of Mount Everest. Artesian Aquifers in Desert Regions Artesian Aquifers in Desert Regions Geological Context Geological Context  In deserts, artesian water is typically stored beneath sandstone layers. This disaster has raised significant concerns due to the strategic, environmental, and geopolitical implications of its location.  When the surface layer is breached, intense underground pressure forces water upward. Key Details of the Earthquake Key Details of the Earthquake Phenomenon in Taranagar Phenomenon in Taranagar Casualties and Damage: Casualties and Damage: As of 7:00 pm, 95 deaths, 130 injuries, and hundreds of flattened houses were reported in China.  Taranagar’s artesian event is notable for its intensity, which surpasses similar occurrences in other areas like Mohangarh and Nachana Samiti Panchayat in Rajasthan.  Updates from Nepal and other affected regions are awaited. Global Context Global Context Epicenter: Epicenter: Tingry County, located in the Shigatse region, lies at an elevation of 4-5 km above sea level and has a population of around 7,000.  Artesian wells are not unique to Rajasthan; similar phenomena have been documented in desert regions of Australia and Africa.  It is also a gateway to Mount Everest and a hub of Tibetan spiritual and cultural significance.  These occurrences highlight the importance of artesian aquifers as vital groundwater reserves in arid landscapes. What is a Terrane? What is a Terrane?  Conclusion Conclusion A terrane is a specific fragment of the Earth’s crust, often with unique geological characteristics. The unprecedented artesian well phenomenon in Taranagar underscores the 16 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

18. PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025  In this case, the earthquake’s mainshock is believed to have occurred within the Lhasa terrane terrane, an area of significant tectonic activity. Lhasa Significance of the Location Significance of the Location Proximity to China’s Largest Hydroelectric Power Proximity to China’s Largest Hydroelectric Power Dam Dam The Lhasa terrane includes sites associated with China’s ambitious hydroelectric power dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo River, recently approved by the Chinese government. Once completed, the dam will generate approximately 300 billion kWh annually, making it the largest of its kind globally. Implications and Way Forward Implications and Way Forward Geopolitical Implications Geopolitical Implications India must remain vigilant about China’s infrastructural developments in the region, particularly hydroelectric projects that can impact water flow and ecosystems downstream. Strengthening diplomatic channels and leveraging international forums to address transboundary river management is critical. Geopolitical Concerns for India: Geopolitical Concerns for India: The Yarlung Tsangpo flows into Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, becoming the Brahmaputra River. The dam’s construction could impact the river’s flow and perennial status, raising concerns over water security for downstream regions in India. Disaster Preparedness Disaster Preparedness Enhanced seismic monitoring and data sharing between countries in the Himalayan region are essential. Developing resilient infrastructure and early warning systems for earthquakes and associated risks like floods and landslides. Environmental Sensitivity of the Himalay Environmental Sensitivity of the Himalayan Region an Region Known as the “third pole,” the Himalayas are a critical source of water through their rivers, glaciers, and lakes. Earthquakes can destabilize this delicate balance by: E Environmental Conservation nvironmental Conservation Promoting sustainable development practices in fragile ecosystems like the Himalayas. Comprehensive assessments of mega projects for their seismic and environmental impact before implementation. Altering river courses. Triggering glacial and lake instability, increasing the risk of flooding. This makes the Himalayan region highly vulnerable to seismic and environmental disasters. Tectonic Context and Plate Movements Tectonic Context and Plate Movements Scientific Research Scientific Research The Himalayas were formed 50 million years ago by the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate. The Indian plate continues to push northward at 60 mm/year, building immense tectonic stress. The release of this stress through seismic activity leads to frequent earthquakes in the region. Over 21 earthquakes of magnitude 6 or higher have been recorded in the Lhasa terrane since 1950. Encouraging geological studies to better understand plate tectonics, stress accumulation, and release patterns. Collaborative research initiatives involving all nations sharing the Himalayan ecosystem can aid in disaster mitigation and planning. The recent earthquake underscores the interplay between natural tectonic processes, human interventions, and their cascading effects on regional and global stability. 17 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

19. It highlights the need for a balanced approach combining scientific advancements, sustainable development, and robust international cooperation. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Cow Slaughter Cow Slaughter PM PM IAS Deep outrage against cow slaughter, which was a sensitive religious issue for the Namdhari sect. HISTORY HISTORY Major Events of the Kuka Rebellion Major Events of the Kuka Rebellion What is the history of the Kuka martyrs’ day? What is the history of the Kuka martyrs’ day? Attack on Malerkotla (January 13, 1872) Attack on Malerkotla (January 13, 1872) Kukas launched an armed resistance resistance following a cow slaughter incident, clashing with colonial officials. Source: The Indian Express armed Syllabus: GS I History Kuka Rebellion: A Milestone in Punjab’s Resistance Kuka Rebellion: A Milestone in Punjab’s Resistance Against Colonial Rule Against Colonial Rule Assault on Malaudh Fort (January 15, 1872) Assault on Malaudh Fort (January 15, 1872) A contingent of Kukas attacked the fort under a pro-British ruler but faced heavy resistance, resulting in significant casualties. Context Context On January 17, Punjab’s Chief Minister commemorated Kuka Martyrs’ Day Kuka Martyrs’ Day by paying tribute at the Namdhari Shaheed Smarak in Malerkotla, honoring the sacrifices of the Kukas during their anti-British uprising. Mass Executions (January 17 Mass Executions (January 17– –18, 1872) 18, 1872) 49 Kukas 49 Kukas were executed on January 17, and 17 more 17 more on January 18 by being blown up with cannons up with cannons under the orders of British official John Lambert Cowan John Lambert Cowan. Thousands of people were forced to witness these brutal executions as a means of instilling fear and deterring future uprisings. blown About the Kuka Rebellion About the Kuka Rebellion Nature of the Movement Nature of the Movement The Kuka Rebellion Kuka Rebellion was an anti uprising uprising led by the Namdhari sect also known as Kukas. It was a unique blend of religious reform reform and political res political resistance authority. anti- -colonial colonial Namdhari sect in Punjab, religious istance to British Aftermath of the Rebellion Aftermath of the Rebellion Exile of Leaders Exile of Leaders: Satguru Ram Singh and other prominent leaders were exiled to Rangoon, Burma exiled to Rangoon, Burma, effectively dismantling the movement’s leadership. Timeline Timeline The rebellion peaked in January 1872 notable events occurring in Malerkotla the Malaudh Fort Malaudh Fort. January 1872, with Malerkotla and Suppression of the Movement Suppression of the Movement: The rebellion was brutally crushed, with widespread crackdowns on Namdhari followers. Key Leaders Key Leaders Legacy of Martyrdom Legacy of Martyrdom: Stories of bravery, such as the sacrifice of 12 12- -year year- -old Bishan Singh old Bishan Singh and Waryam Singh Singh, became a source of inspiration for future resistance movements, including the freedom struggle. Spearheaded by Satguru Ram Singh founder of the Namdhari sect, with support from leaders like Ku Kuka Hira Singh Singh Singh. Satguru Ram Singh, the Waryam ka Hira Singh and Lehna Lehna Reasons Behind the Kuka Rebellion Reasons Behind the Kuka Rebellion Significance of the Kuka Rebellion Significance of the Kuka Rebellion Religious Reforms Religious Reforms Early Anti Early Anti- -British Movement British Movement The movement opposed social vices such as meat consumption meat consumption, alcohol of foreign goods foreign goods to instill moral discipline among followers. Among the earliest organized uprisings against British rule, predating movements like the Ghadar Party Party and the Non Non- -Cooperation Movement Cooperation Movement. alcohol, and the use Ghadar Religious and Political Synergy Religious and Political Synergy Resistance to Colonial Oppress Resistance to Colonial Oppression ion Marked a rare fusion of spiritual leadership leadership and armed resistance armed resistance, emphasizing moral reform alongside anti-colonial sentiment. spiritual Growing dissatisfaction with British exploitation exploitation and native rulers loyal to the colonial administration. British Catalyst for Future Movements Catalyst for Future Movements 18 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

20. The sacrifice and resilience of the Kukas inspired later freedom fighters and contributed to the evolution of nationalist sentiment in Punjab. PM PM IAS revise it after undergoing sex-reassignment surgery (Section 7). IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025  Mandate Mandate: Gender recorded on the certificate must be reflected in all official documents. Symbol of Resistance Symbol of Resistance The rebellion highlighted the deep cultural and religious ties religious ties of the Indian populace, which the British often underestimated, and underscored the socio-political consciousness growing among Indians. deep cultural and  Changes in Birth Certificates Changes in Birth Certificates: The Act explicitly permits changes to first names and gender in birth certificates and other identity documents based on the certificate of identity. Conclusion Conclusion Rules Under the Act (2020) Rules Under the Act (2020) The Kuka Rebellion holds a distinguished place in India’s freedom struggle as a precursor to organized anti-British movements.  Procedures for obtaining the certificate and revising official documents, including birth certificates, are outlined in the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020 Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020. Transgender By combining reli resistance resistance, the Kukas not only challenged colonial oppression but also laid the foundation for the spirit of sacrifice and resilience resilience that would define India’s later independence struggle. religious reform gious reform with political political  Birth certificates are prioritized for revision in the list of documents eligible for updates. sacrifice and Background of the Case Background of the Case Case: Ms. X vs. State of Karnataka (2024) Case: Ms. X vs. State of Karnataka (2024)  The petitioner, diagnosed with gender dysphoria dysphoria, underwent sex-reassignment surgery and updated several documents, including Aadhaar, driving license, and passport. gender INDIAN SOCIETY AND SOCIAL ISSUES INDIAN SOCIETY AND SOCIAL ISSUES Why K Why Karnataka HC held transgender people can arnataka HC held transgender people can change their name and gender on birth certificates change their name and gender on birth certificates  Her request to update her birth certificate certificate was rejected by the Registrar of Births and Deaths, citing Section 1 the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 1969, which only allows changes for “erroneous,” “fraudulent,” or “incorrect” entries. birth Source: The Indian Express Syllabus: GS I: Indian Society and Social Issues Section 15 5 of Karnataka High Court Ruling: Transgender Persons Karnataka High Court Ruling: Transgender Persons Can Change Name and Gender on Birth Cert Can Change Name and Gender on Birth Certificates ificates Context Context In a landmark judgment, the Karnataka High Court has upheld the rights of transgender individuals by allowing them to change their name and gender on birth certificates. Legal Challenge Legal Challenge  The petitioner argued that the restrictive interpretation violated her right to life with dignity dignity under A Article 21 rticle 21 and led to inconsistent documentation, exposing her to discrimination and harassment discrimination and harassment. right to life with This ruling reinforces the provisions of the Transgender Persons Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 Rights) Act, 2019 and aligns with constitutional guarantees of dignity and equality under Article 21 Article 21. (Protection of  The Karnataka government defended the Registrar’s stance, stating that the 1969 Act does not explicitly allow changes for gender identity updates. Key Provisions of the Transgender Persons Key Provisions of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 Certificate of Identity Certificate of Identity  Issuance Issuance: Transgender persons can obtain a “certificate of identity” (Section 6) and 19 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

21. Karnataka H Karnataka High Court Ruling igh Court Ruling PM PM IAS within 15 days certificate of identity. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 15 days of receiving a valid Conflict Between Laws Conflict Between Laws Exemption for Pre Exemption for Pre- -Act Changes Act Changes  The 1969 Act 1969 Act restricts changes to birth certificates to cases of errors or fraudulent entries, while the 2019 Act 2019 Act explicitly provides for gender and name changes.  Individuals who changed their gender identity before the enactment of the 2019 Act Act are exempted from applying for a certificate of identity under the Act. 2019  The HC identified a conflict between the two laws and applied the principle of generalia specialibus non specialibus non- -derogant derogant (“the special shall prevail over the general”), ensuring the 2019 Act 2019 Act takes precedence. Significance of the Ruling Significance of the Ruling generalia Affirmation of Rights Affirmation of Rights: The judgment reinforces the constitutional guarante constitutional guarantees of dignity and equality equality for transgender persons under Articles 14, 19, and 21 19, and 21. es of dignity and Articles 14, Directive to Registrar Directive to Registrar  The HC directed the Registrar to recognize certificates issued under the 2019 Act update birth certificates with revised names and gender identities. Conflict Resolution Conflict Resolution: By prioritizing the 2019 Act Act over the 1969 Act 1969 Act, the ruling ensures that special laws for marginalized groups special laws for marginalized groups are not undermined by older general laws. 2019 2019 Act and  It mandated compliance until suitable amendments are made to the 1969 Act Ho Holistic Recognition listic Recognition: Aligning all identity documents with a transgender person’s gender identity eliminates the dual life dual life caused by inconsistent documentation, reducing discrimination. 1969 Act. Application Process for Certificate of Identity Application Process for Certificate of Identity Initial Certificate Initial Certificate Administrative Clarity Administrative Clarity: The directive ensures administrative compliance with the 2019 Act legislative amendments address inconsistencies in older laws.  Application Application: Individuals must submit an affidavit declaring their gender identity to the District Magistrate (DM) District Magistrate (DM). 2019 Act until Conclusion Conclusion  Processing Processing: The DM verifies the affidavit and issues an identification number identification number as proof of application. The Karnataka High Court’s ruling is a significant step toward ensuring transgender rights transgender rights in India, aligning with the Transgender Persons Act, Transgender Persons Act, 2019 2019, and constitutional principles of dignity and non dignity and non- -discrimination discrimination.  Issuance Timeline Issuance Timeline: The DM must issue the certificate of identity and transgender identity card within 30 days days or provide reasons for rejection. 30 It underscores the judiciary’s role in bridging gaps in legislative frameworks and ensuring inclusivity for marginalized communities. Revised Certificate for Post Revised Certificate for Post- -Surgery Applicants Surgery Applicants  Applicants who undergo sex-reassignment surgery must obtain a medical certificate certificate from the Medical Superintendent or Chief Medical Officer. medical However, long-term resolution requires legislative amendments legislative amendments to harmonize older laws with progressive frameworks like the 2019 Act  This certificate enables them to reapply for a revised certificate of identity revised certificate of identity, which must be issued within 15 days 15 days. 2019 Act. The impact of classifying denotified tribes | The impact of classifying denotified tribes | Explained Explained Document Updates Document Updates Source: The Hindu  Authorities responsible for official documents (e.g., Aadhaar, driving license, birth certificates) are mandated to update the name, gender, and related information Syllabus: GS I Society Classifying Denotified Tribes: Implications for Classifying Denotified Tribes: Implications for Reservation and Welfare Policies Reservation and Welfare Policies 20 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

22. Introduct Introduction PM PM IAS (1955), Mandal Commission (1980), Renke Commission (2008), and Idate Commission (2017)—attempted to classify and address the concerns of these communities but failed to provide a comprehensive framework. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ion Denotified Tribes (DNTs) represent a historically marginalized section of Indian society that has faced systemic exclusion due to colonial-era criminalization. After years of deliberation, the Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) and Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs) have undertaken a comprehensive classification of these communities, marking a significant step in ensuring their inclusion in welfare and reservation frameworks. The Idate Commission’s 2017 report identified approximately 1,200 DNTs, including 267 unclassified communities. Recognizing the need for systematic categorization, the Government of India formed a Special Committee under NITI Aayog in 2019, which subsequently entrusted AnSI and TRIs with conducting an ethnographic study. This classification is expected to have far- reaching implications for social justice and policy formulation. Key Findings of the Study Key Findings of the Study  Systematic Systematic Classification: Classification: For the first time, 268 communities have been documented.  Reservation Eligibility: Reservation Eligibility: 179 communities have been recommended for inclusion under SC, ST, and OBC categories.  Untraceable Groups: Untraceable Groups: 63 communities were found to be untraceable due to migration, assimilation, or nomenclatural changes.  Political and Legal Debates: Political and Legal Debates: The classification has triggered discussions regarding reservation entitlements and the potential restructuring of existing quotas. Recent Developments Recent Developments After three years of extensive research, AnSI and TRIs have systematically categorized 268 denotified, semi-nomadic, and nomadic tribes across India. Impact on Reservation and Welfare Policies Impact on Reservation and Welfare Policies The classification of DNTs into SC, ST, and OBC categories will facilitate access to government welfare schemes, including education, employment, and economic upliftment programs. Among these, 179 communities have been recommended for inclusion in the Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC) lists. However, it has also raised political and social concerns, leading to two divergent viewpoints: This effort aims to bridge historical classification gaps and ensure equitable access to constitutional benefits. Support for Inclusion in Existing SC/ST/OBC Lists: Support for Inclusion in Existing SC/ST/OBC Lists: Historical Background and Need Historical Background and Need for Classification for Classification Ensures access to affirmative action and welfare programs. Grants legal recognition and safeguards the identity of these communities. Denotified tribes were originally classified as “criminal” under the draconian Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, which was repealed in 1949. Demand for a Separate Reservation Category: Demand for a Separate Reservation Category: However, their stigmatization persisted, leading to continued social and economic exclusion. Advocates argue that clubbing DNTs with existing SC/ST/OBC groups may dilute benefits for both DNTs and other disadvantaged communities. Over the decades, various commissions— such as the Kaka Kalelkar Commission 21 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

23. PM PM IAS framework and the future of affirmative action policies. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Calls for the creation of an exclusive reservation category akin to SCs and STs to address their unique socio-economic vulnerabilities. GS 2 GS 2 INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE Challenges and Concerns Challenges and Concerns Centre amends prison manual to address caste Centre amends prison manual to address caste- - based inequa based inequality lity 1.Political Resistance: Political Resistance: Activist groups in states such as Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat fear the reallocation of quotas may disadvantage existing beneficiaries. 2.Implementation Delays: Implementation Delays: Despite multiple commission recommendations, government action has been sluggish, delaying the extension of welfare benefits. 3.Historical Misclassification: Historical Misclassification: Census records have previously misclassified several tribes, leading to identity distortions and legal ambiguities. Source: The Indian Express Syllabus: GS II polity and Governanace Union Home Ministry Introduces Key Amendments Union Home Ministry Introduces Key Amendments to Model Prison Manual, 2016 to Model Prison Manual, 2016 Context Context The Union Home Ministry has recently amended the Model Prison Manual, 2016 Model Prison Manual, 2016, and the Model Prisons and Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023 Services Act, 2023 to address critical issues such as caste-based discrimination and the classification of habitual offenders in Indian prisons. Correctional Wa Way Forward y Forward 1.Final Review by NITI Aayog: Final Review by NITI Aayog: The AnSI and TRIs have submitted their findings to a Special Committee under NITI Aayog, which is currently evaluating the recommendations. 2.State State- -Level Integration: Level Integration: If accepted, state governments will have a structured framework to incorporate DNTs into reservation lists. 3.Policy Formulation: Policy Formulation: New welfare policies must be introduced to address socio- economic inequalities, considering the possibility of creating a separate classification for DNTs. 4.Awareness and Advocacy: Awareness and Advocacy: Government and civil society must work collaboratively to dispel stereotypes associated with DNTs and ensure effective implementation of policies. These changes aim to promote equality, consistency, and humane treatment in prison administration. Why in News? Why in News? The amendments come in response to the Supreme Court’s ruling on October 3, 2024, which highlighted: 1.Caste Caste- -based discrimination based discrimination persisting in prisons. 2.Inconsistencies Inconsistencies in defining and treating habitual offenders across states. The judgment mandated governments to update their legal frameworks to ensure fairness and compliance with constitutional principles, forming the basis for these reforms. Conclusion Conclusion Background Background The systematic classification of denotified, semi-nomadic, and nomadic tribes is a pivotal step toward rectifying historical injustices and ensuring equitable access to reservation and welfare schemes. Prison administration in India operates under a complex legal framework comprising central guidelines, state-specific acts, and rules. However, challenges related to political consensus, legal formalization, and implementation efficiency must be addressed for the effective realization of these benefits. Despite constitutional safeguards, systemic issues such as discrimination and unequal treatment of inmates have plagued the system. The Supreme Court’s directive underscores the need for uniformity and equality in prison laws, driving the Union Home The final decision of the government will significantly influence India’s social justice 22 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

24. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Legislative Alignment Legislative Alignment PM PM IAS Ministry to undertake a comprehensive overhaul of prison rules. States without specific Habitual Offenders Acts Habitual Offenders Acts must align their prison rules with the Supreme Court’s directive within three months three months, ensuring: Addressing Caste Addressing Caste- -Based Discrimination in Prisons Based Discrimination in Prisons Prohibition o Prohibition of Discrimination f Discrimination Uniformity Uniformity in offender classification. Avoidance of arbitrary or inconsistent treatment across jurisdictions.  Prison authorities must ensure no segregation, classification, or segregation, classification, or discrimination discrimination of inmates based on caste. no Significance of Significance of the Amendments the Amendments  Work assignments and duties within prisons will be allocated without prejudice ensuring equal treatment for all inmates. 1.Upholding Constitutional Rights Upholding Constitutional Rights: Promotes equality and dignity for all prisoners, ensuring compliance with Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution. without prejudice, Codificat Codification in Legal Provisions ion in Legal Provisions  A new section, 55(A) caste-based discrimination in Prisons and Correctional Institutions’, has been introduced in the Model Prisons and Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023 Correctional Services Act, 2023. 55(A), titled ‘Prohibition of 2.Eliminating Inhumane Practices Eliminating Inhumane Practices: Prohibition of manual scavenging reaffirms India’s commitment to humane treatment of all individuals. 3.Standardized Governance Standardized Governance: A uniform definition of habitual offenders brings consistency, reducing disparities across states.  This formalizes the commitment to eradicating caste-based practices. Extension of Prohibition of Manual Scavenging Extension of Prohibition of Manual Scavenging 4.Human Rights Focus Human Rights Focus: The reforms highlight India’s adherence to international human rights standards, strengthening its correctional system. Provisions under the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 Rehabilitation Act, 2013 are now extended to prisons, explicitly prohibiting: Manual scavenging Manual scavenging and hazardous cleaning of sewers or septic tanks within prisons. Practices that demean human dignity. Prohibition of Conclusion Conclusion The amendments signify a progressive shift in India’s prison administration, addressing deep-rooted systemic issues while aligning with constitutional and human rights principles. Redefining Habitual Offenders Redefining Habitual Offenders Standardized Definition Standardized Definition A habitual offender habitual offender is now uniformly defined as someone who: By eliminating caste-based discrimination and creating a standardized framework for habitual offenders, the Union Home Ministry aims to foster a fair, inclusive, and just correctional system. Has been convicted and sentenced more than t than twice wice in separate, unrelated incidents within a continuous five-year period. Has not had these sentences overturned on appeal or review. more These reforms set a benchmark for prison governance, reinforcing India’s commitment to equality, dignity, and the rule of law. Time spent in jail does not count toward the five- year window, ensuring fairness. SC to take up pleas challenging CEC and EC SC to take up pleas challenging CEC and EC appointment law in February appointment law in February Source: The Hindu Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance Supreme Court to Examine Challenges to the Chief Supreme Court to Examine Challenges to the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners Appointment Act, 2023 Commissioners Appointment Act, 2023 Election 23 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

25. Introduction Introduction PM PM IAS The judgment in the Anoop Baranwal case case emphasized the need for a diverse and independent selection committee to uphold the “fierce independence, neutrality, and fierce independence, neutrality, and honesty honesty” of the Election Commission. The current law has raised concerns about the potential for government monopoly and erosion of ECI’s autonomy. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Anoop Baranwal The Supreme Court has decided to hear petitions challenging the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023 Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023 in February. Chief Election The petitions raise concerns over the law’s impact on the independence of the Election Commission of India (ECI) and its potential to dilute constitutional principles established in the landmark Anoop Baranwal case (2023) Baranwal case (2023). Validity of Section 7(1) Validity of Section 7(1): The petitioners specifically challenge Section 7(1) Section 7(1) of the Act, which excludes the judiciary from the selection process, thereby concentrating control over appointments within the executive. Anoop Arguments by the Petitioners Arguments by the Petitioners Advocate Prashant Bhushan Prashant Bhushan, representing the petitioners, stressed the urgency of deciding the matter before the upcoming retirement of CEC Rajiv Kumar Rajiv Kumar and the subsequent appointments. The petitioners contend that the law compromises the integrity of the ECI and violates the basic structure doctrine basic structure doctrine, particularly the principle of separation of powers. Key Provisions and Key Provisions and Controversies Controversies The 2023 Act mandates that the President appoint the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) based on the recommendations of a Selection Committee Selection Committee comprising comprising: President appoint Judicial Observations Judicial Observations Justice Surya Kant Surya Kant, heading the three-judge Bench, noted that the case presents a constitutional test of whether the judiciary’s authority to pronounce binding decisions can be circumvented through legislative action. 1.The Prime Minister (Chairperson), 2.The Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, 3.A Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister. This provision contrasts with the Supreme Court’s Constitution Bench judgment in the Anoop Baranwal Constitution Bench judgment in the Anoop Baranwal case case, which recommended the inclusion of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) in the Selection Committee to ensure the neutrality and independence of the ECI. Supreme Court’s He remarked that the conflict lies in balancing the court’s opinion court’s opinion and the exercise of legislative powers exercise of legislative powers. The court has scheduled the hearing for February 4, 2025 February 4, 2025, considering the significance of the issue and its implications for the democratic process. Core Legal Issues Core Legal Issues Legislative Override of Judicial Decisions Legislative Override of Judicial Decisions: Constitutional and Democratic Significance Constitutional and Democratic Significance The petitioners, including Association for Democratic Reforms Democratic Reforms and activist Jaya Thakur Thakur, argue that the Act seeks to dilute the Constitution Bench’s judgment, undermining the judiciary’s authority under Article 141 Article 141 of the Constitution. The central issue is whether Parliament can enact laws that nullify or amend a binding judicial precedent. Association for Jaya The independence of the Election Commission is central to India’s democratic framework. The ongoing case holds far-reaching implications: 1.Strengthening Checks and Balances Strengthening Checks and Balances: The judiciary’s involvement in the selection process ensures checks on executive overreach and upholds the integrity of the ECI. Impact on Institutional Indep Impact on Institutional Independence endence: 24 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

26. PM PM IAS  Existing Practice Existing Practice: In the absence of a law, appointments were made by the President based on the Prime Minister’s recommendations. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 2.Basic Structure Doctrine Basic Structure Doctrine: The case will test whether legislative actions altering institutional frameworks compromise the Constitution’s basic structure. 3.Neutrality in Electoral Processes Neutrality in Electoral Processes: The credibility of free and fair elections depends on an impartial and autonomous ECI, which this law is alleged to undermine.  Judicial Intervention Judicial Intervention: In Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India (2023) Union of India (2023), the Supreme Court directed the creation of a committee (PM, Leader of Opposition, and Chief Justice of India) to advise the President on these appointments until a law was enacted. Anoop Baranwal v. Conclusion Conclusion The challenge to the CEC and EC Appointment Act, 2023 Appointment Act, 2023 is a critical constitutional issue that underscores the tensions between the executive, legislature, and judiciary. CEC and EC The 2023 Act 2023 Act is Parliament’s response to the SC’s direction, introducing a new statutory framework for the appointments. The Supreme Court’s decision will shape the future of institutional independence in India and set a precedent for safeguarding democratic values. A timely resolution is essential to ensure the ECI remains a robust and impartial guardian of electoral democracy. In a first, selection process for ne In a first, selection process for next Chief Election Commissioner casts wider net Commissioner casts wider net xt Chief Election Key Features of the New Appointment Process Key Features of the New Appointment Process Source: The Indian Express Source: The Indian Express Structure of the Election Commission Structure of the Election Commission: The Election Commission consists of the CEC and two Election Commissioners. Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance Revised Appointment Process for Chief Election Revised Appointment Process for Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners Commissioner and Election Commissioners Eligibility Criteria Eligibility Criteria: Only serving or former Secretary-level officers are eligible for appointment. Why in News? Why in News? Departure from Tradition Departure from Tradition The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Ot Other Election Commissioners her Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Act, 2023 Term of Office) Act, 2023 has introduced a revised mechanism for appointing members of the Election Commission. Previously, the senior-most Election Commissioner would succeed the outgoing CEC. The Act expands the selection pool to candidates outside the Election Commission. For the first time, the process moves beyond the traditional seniority-based approach, aiming to bring greater inclusivity and transparency. Search Committee Search Committee Chaired by the Minister of Law and Justice, with two senior officials. Prepares a panel of five candidates for consideration. Constitutional Background Constitutional Background  Article 324 Article 324: Empowers the President to appoint the CEC and ECs, subject to laws made by Parliament. Selection Committee Selection Committee Comprises the Prime Minister, a Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha. The committee can choose from the panel or nominate an external candidate.  Legislative Gap Legislative Gap: Despite the constitutional provision, no specific Parliamentary law had been enacted until now. 25 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

27. Implications of the New Provisions Implications of the New Provisions PM PM IAS The Supreme Court’s upcoming review will be critical in shaping the future of this framework and ensuring that the Election Commission retains its independence and credibility. A robust, bipartisan mechanism is essential to uphold the sanctity of India’s democratic processes. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 1.Enhanced Government Flexibility Enhanced Government Flexibility: The government has greater discretion in choosing the CEC and ECs, which could potentially impact the perception of independence. 2.Wider Pool of Candidates Wider Pool of Candidates: Moving beyond seniority offers opportunities to select candidates with varied expertise. Should voter IDs be linked with Aadhaar? | Should voter IDs be linked with Aadhaar? | Explained Explained 3.Potential for Political Debates Potential for Political Debates: The presence of the Leader of Opposition in the Selection Committee introduces a mechanism for debate but may also lead to political deadlock. Source: The Hindu Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance Should Voter IDs Be Linked with Aadhaar Should Voter IDs Be Linked with Aadhaar? ? Introduction Introduction Concerns and Criticisms Concerns and Criticisms The debate surrounding the linkage of Voter IDs (EPIC) with Aadhaar has gained renewed momentum amidst allegations of electoral roll manipulation. 1.Exclusion of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) Exclusion of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) The Act excludes the CJI from the Selection Committee, contrary to the SC’s directive for judicial involvement to enhance credibility. Political parties, such as the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), have accused each other of voter list tampering, especially ahead of crucial elections like those in Delhi. This omission raises concerns about the potential erosion of institutional independence. 1.Risk of Executive Overreach Risk of Executive Overreach This issue highlights the potential benefits and challenges of linking Voter IDs with Aadhaar, warranting a critical evaluation. Critics, including former CEC O.P. Rawat, have pointed out that the framework may allow political influence over appointments. 2.Legal Challe Legal Challenges nges Petitions challenging the exclusion of the CJI are pending before the Supreme Court, with hearings scheduled for February 2025. 3.Credibility Issues Credibility Issues With the Election Commission already under scrutiny for issues like electoral roll management and EVMs, the new provisions may not address existing concerns about its independence. Historical Context Historical Context Initial Steps (2015): Initial Steps (2015): The Election Commission (EC) launched the National Electoral Rolls Purification and Authentication Program (NERPAP) in 2015 to address issues of duplicate voter entries. Conclusion Conclusion The 2023 Act 2023 Act represents a significant shift in the appointment process for the CEC and ECs, aiming for inclusivity and transparency. However, its effectiveness hinges on addressing concerns related to judicial exclusion and potential Executive dominance. This program aimed to authenticate voter data by linking EPIC with Aadhaar. In just three months, over 300 million voters were linked. 26 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

28. Supreme Court Intervention (2015): Supreme Court Intervention (2015): The initiative was halted following a Supreme Court ruling restricting Aadhaar’s mandatory use to welfare schemes and PAN linking. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 deletion or rejection of legitimate voter entries, disenfranchising citizens. PM PM IAS Citizenship Verification: Citizenship Verification: Since Aadhaar is a proof of residence and not citizenship, its linkage with Voter IDs does not address the issue of non-citizens being listed in electoral rolls. Revival (Post Revival (Post- -2018): judgment upheld the constitutional validity of Aadhaar while emphasizing privacy protections. 2018): The landmark Puttaswamy Independent citizenship verification measures are necessary. Consequently, the Representation of the People Act, 1950, was amended in 2021, permitting the voluntary linkage of Voter IDs with Aadhaar. Privacy and Data Security Risks: Privacy and Data Security Risks: Electoral rolls are widely circulated among political parties. Linking Aadhaar with Voter IDs may expose sensitive personal data to potential misuse, even if the linkage remains backend-only. Current Process Current Process Submission Requirements: Submission Requirements:  New Voters: New Voters: Aadhaar can be submitted during registration via Form 6. Public Misconceptions: Public Misconceptions: There is widespread apprehension among voters that Aadhaar linkage might compromise the secrecy of their votes, undermining confidence in the electoral system.  Existing Voters: Existing Voters: Authentication can be done using Form 6B. Way Forward Way Forward  Alternative Documentation: Alternative Documentation: If Aadhaar is unavailable, voters can submit documents like PAN cards, driving licenses, or passports. 1.Transparent Communication: Transparent Communication: The Election Commission must launch awareness campaigns to educate voters about the voluntary nature of Aadhaar linkage, its benefits, and safeguards for ensuring data security and voter secrecy. 2.Form Updates: Form Updates: Urgent revision of outdated forms to explicitly state the voluntary nature of Aadhaar submission is crucial to mitigate voter confusion. 3.Strengthened Data Security: Strengthened Data Security: Robust mechanisms must be established to protect Aadhaar-linked electoral data, addressing concerns over privacy and misuse. 4.Independent Citizenship Verification: Independent Citizenship Verification: To ensure only citizens are listed on electoral rolls, the EC should develop separate measures to verify citizenship independently of Aadhaar linkage. Voluntary Nature: Voluntary Nature: The EC clarified in 2023 that Aadhaar linkage is not mandatory and assured that no voter would be excluded for failing to provide Aadhaar. However, outdated forms continue to cause confusion among voters. Advantages of Linking Aadhaar with Voter IDs Advantages of Linking Aadhaar with Voter IDs Elimination of Duplicate Entries: Elimination of Duplicate Entries: Linking Aadhaar with Voter IDs can reduce fraudulent and duplicate entries, ensuring cleaner and more accurate electoral rolls. To date, over 650 million Aadhaar numbers have been linked to voter records. Conclusion Conclusion Enhanced Electoral Integrity: Enhanced Electoral Integrity: Accurate voter data can minimize impersonation and strengthen the credibility of elections, thereby bolstering trust in the democratic process. The linkage of Voter IDs with Aadhaar holds immense potential to enhance the integrity of India’s electoral process by eliminating duplicate entries and ensuring accurate voter records. Administrative Efficiency: Administrative Efficiency: A streamlined voter database can simplify administrative processes, reducing logistical challenges during elections and ensuring efficient resource allocation. However, its implementation must be carefully calibrated to address concerns regarding privacy, data accuracy, and voter confidence. Challenges and W Challenges and Way Forward ay Forward Errors in the Aadhaar Database: Errors in the Aadhaar Database: Even minor inaccuracies in Aadhaar data could lead to wrongful A transparent, secure, and citizen-centric approach will be pivotal in upholding the 27 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

29. PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 sanctity of elections, which form the bedrock of India’s democracy. What are UGC’s new draft rules on Vice What are UGC’s new draft rules on Vice- -Chancellor appointments and why are states upset? appointments and why are states upset? Chancellor Source: The Indian Express Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance Private Universities: Private Universities: Why in News? Why in News?  Private institutions follow similar procedures, with limited UGC involvement through its nominee in the search committee. The University Grants Commission (UGC) has proposed new regulations for appointing Vice Chancellors (VCs) in universities, sparking disputes between states and the Centre over autonomy and federal principles. Key Provisions of the Draft Regulations 2025 Key Provisions of the Draft Regulations 2025 New Regulations for Appointing VCs in Universities New Regulations for Appointing VCs in Universities 1.Committee Composition Changes: Committee Composition Changes: The search-cum-selection committee will comprise three members:One nominee each from the Chancellor/Visitor, the UGC Chairman, and the university’s apex body (e.g., Senate or Syndicate).This change grants Centre-aligned nominees a majority in the committee. Name: Name: The draft UGC (Minimum Qualifications for Appointment and Promotion of Teachers and Academic Staff in Universities and Colleges and Measures for the Maintenance of Standards in Higher Education) Regulations, 2025. Objective: Objective: The regulations aim to standardize the VC appointment process but face criticism for potentially infringing on state autonomy and undermining federalism. 2.Expanded Eligibility: Expanded Eligibility: Individuals from senior roles in industries, public policy, administration, or public sector undertakings, in addition to professors, may now qualify as VCs. How VCs are Appointed? How VCs are Appointed? Central Universities: Central Universities: 3.Chancellor’s Role: Chancellor’s Role: The Chancellor or Visitor will directly constitute the search committee, deviating from the 2018 guidelines.  Central universities, established by parliamentary Acts, are governed by the Centre, with the President of India serving as the Visitor. State vs Centre Disputes over VC Appointments State vs Centre Disputes over VC Appointments  VC appointment committees include two nominees from the university’s Executive Council and one from the Visitor. Kerala: Kerala:  Disputes began in 2021 when Governor Arif Mohammad Khan contested VC reappointments. State Universities: State Universities:  State-specific laws govern VC appointments, often determining the composition of search committees.  The state legislature passed a Bill to replace the Governor as Chancellor, awaiting Presidential assent.  Typically, the Chancellor (usually the Governor) appoints the VC based on committee recommendations. West Bengal: West Bengal:  The Supreme Court is adjudicating disputes over interim VC appointments made unilaterally by the Governor.  Example: Kerala’s process involves nominees from the university Senate, the UGC Chairman, and the Chancellor.  A proposal to replace the Governor with the Chief Minister as Chancellor is stalled. Karnataka: Karnataka: Legislative reforms aim to remove the Governor as Chancellor, but Bills are awaiting approval. 28 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

30. Maharashtra: Maharashtra: Efforts to limit the Governor’s role in VC appointments were reversed under a new government in 2022. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Wife’s Maintenance Rights: Judicial Perspective on Wife’s Maintenance Rights: Judicial Perspective on Conjugal Rights Conjugal Rights PM PM IAS Context Context Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu: The DMK government’s attempts to appoint VCs without Governor approval remain blocked. In a significant ruling, the Supreme Court (SC) clarified that a wife’s right to maintenance under Section 125 of the CrPC is independent of the restitution of conjugal rights. Federalism Concerns over VC Appointments Federalism Concerns over VC Appointments State governments have raised several concerns: The court ruled that a wife can claim maintenance despite the non-compliance of her husband with a court’s decree for restitution of conjugal rights. 1.Erosion of State Autonomy: Erosion of State Autonomy: States argue that the regulations centralize power with Governors, undermining the federal structure. This case sheds light on the ongoing legal discourse surrounding marital laws, particularly Section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act (HMA), 1955, which deals with restitution of conjugal rights. 2.Democratic Concerns: Democratic Concerns: Critics see the regulations as weakening democratically elected state governments. State Leaders’ Reactions: State Leaders’ Reactions: Legality of Restitution of Conjugal Rights Legality of Restitution of Conjugal Rights  Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan: Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan: Called the draft regulations “anti-federal” and an overreach into state rights.  Section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, allows a spouse to seek a court decree to restore the other spouse to their matrimonial home if they have withdrawn without reasonable cause.  Tamil Nadu CM M K Stalin: Tamil Nadu CM M K Stalin: Termed it a “direct assault on federalism.” UGC’s Stance: UGC’s Stance: UGC Chairman M Jagadesh Kumar defended the reforms, emphasizing alignment with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the need for transparent, high-quality leadership in higher education.  The provision aims to preserve traditional family unity, which has come under scrutiny for its relevance in a modern, egalitarian society. Historical Evolution Historical Evolution: Conclusion Conclusion  The proposed UGC regulations have intensified Centre-state tensions, particularly over Governors’ roles in university governance. The provision has been a subject of legal and societal debate.  In 1983, the Andhra Pradesh High Court struck down Section 9 as archaic, but this decision was overturned by the SC in 1984, which held that the provision serves a social purpose by preventing marital breakdown. While the Centre justifies these changes as essential for ensuring leadership quality and aligning with the NEP 2020, state governments view them as a threat to their autonomy and the federal balance.  However, a constitutional challenge to the provision was raised in 2019, and the matter is still pending before the SC. Resolving these disputes will be pivotal for the future of higher education governance and the broader dynamics of Centre-state relations in India. Debate on Constitutional Debate on Constitutionality ity:  Proponents of Section 9 argue that it is gender-neutral and offers a conciliatory mechanism to resolve marital disputes. Wife can get maintenance even if she defies court Wife can get maintenance even if she defies court order to go back to husband: what SC has ruled and order to go back to husband: what SC has ruled and why why  On the other hand, critics assert that it violates constitutional principles like privacy, equality, and individual autonomy. Source: The Indian Express Syllabus: GS II Polity  They claim that the provision perpetuates outdated gender roles and imposes coercion 29 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

31. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 women, conflicting with the Constitution’s guarantee of equality (Article 15). PM PM IAS on the marital relationship, potentially infringing on fundamental rights. SC Observations in the Present Case SC Observations in the Present Case  The SC ruling on the wife’s maintenance rights in the present case emphasized that maintenance and restitution of conjugal rights are separate legal matters. This raises concerns about the reinforcement of gender-based inequalities within the institution of marriage. Way Forward: Reforming Marital Laws Way Forward: Reforming Marital Laws To ensure the protection of individual dignity, privacy, and equality, marital laws in India need to be reformed. This includes:  The Court found that the Jharkhand High Court had wrongly equated the wife’s refusal to comply with the restitution order as a reason to deny her maintenance. Modernizing Marital Laws Modernizing Marital Laws: The legal framework surrounding marriage should be aligned with contemporary values of gender equality, privacy, and individual autonomy. Outdated provisions like Section 9 must be reconsidered in light of evolving social norms.  This highlights the need to treat these issues as distinct: failure to comply with a decree for conjugal rights does not automatically disqualify the wife from claiming maintenance. Case Case- -Specific Considerations Specific Considerations:  The SC also highlighted that each case should be assessed based on its individual facts. Judicial Approach Judicial Approach: The judiciary should continue to take a case-by-case approach when evaluating marital disputes, considering the specific facts and circumstances of each case to ensure justice. In doing so, it must ensure that decisions reflect fairness and respect for the rights of both parties, rather than relying on societal expectations.  For instance, if a wife’s refusal to return to the matrimonial home is based on just cause, such as ill-treatment, she may still be entitled to maintenance.  This reflects a more nuanced approach to resolving marital disputes, ensuring that the welfare of the parties involved is considered. Fair Maintenance Decisions Fair Maintenance Decisions: Challenges with Restitution of Conjugal Rights Challenges with Restitution of Conjugal Rights Section 9 has faced significant criticism for its potential to coerce individuals into marital relations, disregarding their autonomy and privacy. Some of the key concerns include: In maintenance cases, courts must avoid using outdated societal norms to justify rulings. The focus should instead be on ensuring that both parties are treated with dignity and that financial support is provided based on the needs and circumstances of the individuals involved. Coercion and Violation of Privacy Coercion and Violation of Privacy: Critics argue that the provision could be used to force one spouse into physical and emotional intimacy, infringing on bodily autonomy and the right to privacy. Conclusion Conclusion  The evolving discourse on marital laws in India underscores the importance of balancing legal provisions with constitutional principles of equality, privacy, and individual autonomy. Reinfo Reinforcement of Patriarchal Norms rcement of Patriarchal Norms: The provision is also criticized for perpetuating patriarchal norms, portraying women as subordinate in the marital relationship, thereby reinforcing gender stereotypes.  As societal norms evolve, it is essential that the law adapts to ensure justice and fairness in marital disputes, particularly in matters of maintenance and restitution of conjugal rights. Gender Discrimination Gender Discrimination: Section 9, by mandating a return to the marital home without considering the underlying reasons for withdrawal, may disproportionately affect 30 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

32. PM PM IAS 3.Issuing directives and regulations to address emerging challenges in the telecom domain. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025  This process involves reassessing outdated provisions and fostering a more equitable legal system that upholds the dignity and rights of all individuals within marriage. Understanding Blockchain Technology (BCT) Understanding Blockchain Technology (BCT) How is TRAI and the govt. combating spam? | How is TRAI and the govt. combating spam? | Explained Explained D Definition and Functioning: efinition and Functioning:  Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology where transactions are recorded using cryptographic hashes. Source: The Hindu Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance  Backgroun Background d Data, structured into immutable blocks, ensures secure and unalterable records, fostering transparency and reliability. Unsolicited Commercial Communications (UCC), or spam, pose a significant challenge in India, ranging from annoying promotional messages to fraudulent schemes targeting financial data. Applications Beyond Cryptocurrencies: Applications Beyond Cryptocurrencies:  Governance: Governance: Voting and benefit transfers.  Personal Data Security: Personal Data Security: Sharing medical records securely. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) and the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) have launched innovative measures, such as blockchain- based solutions and user-friendly reporting mechanisms, to tackle this menace effectively.  Anti Anti- -Fraud Mechanisms: Fraud Mechanisms: Identifying scams in financial and commercial operations. TRAI’s Measures to Combat TRAI’s Measures to Combat Spam Spam Do Do- -Not Not- -Disturb (DND) Registry: Disturb (DND) Registry:  Introduced in 2007, this empowers users to block spam calls/messages.  Violations are addressed under the Telecom Commercial Communication Customer Preference Regulation (TCCCPR), 2018, with provisions for blacklisting violators. Blockchain Blockchain- -Based Solutions: Based Solutions:  TRAI mandated the use of blockchain to manage sender credentials, ensuring only authorized entities can communicate with users. About Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) About Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Establishment and Mandate: Establishment and Mandate:  Formed under the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997, TRAI was created to oversee and regulate the rapidly growing telecom sector.  Enhancements in 2024 require complete traceability of commercial communications. Tackling Tackling International and Fraudulent Spam: International and Fraudulent Spam:   It ensures fair competition, transparency, and a level playing field while nurturing conditions for sectoral growth. Real-time monitoring of international spam calls and VoIP-based fraudulent traffic.  Collaboration with telecom companies to enhance technological interventions. Objectives: Objectives: 1.Regulating telecom services, including tariff control. Technological Interventions Technological Interventions Sanchar Saathi Portal: Sanchar Saathi Portal: 2.Promoting a fair and transparent policy environment.  A comprehensive platform enabling users to report spam through tools like Chakshu.  Deactivation of unauthorized telemarketers’ numbers. 31 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

33. Telecom Security Operation Centre: Telecom Security Operation Centre: PM PM IAS leveraging advanced technologies like blockchain, AI, and enhanced monitoring— represent significant strides. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025  Located in New Delhi, this center monitors suspicious internet traffic to detect scams in real time. However, achieving sustainable success requires a synergized effort involving global collaboration, robust enforcement, and active citizen participation. AI AI- -Based Detection: Based Detection:  Telecom companies, such as Airtel, are leveraging AI to label suspicious calls and flag international traffic, empowering users to recognize threats. Abetment of suicide charges should not be Abetment of suicide charges should not be ‘mechanically’ invoked: What SC said, why ‘mechanically’ invoked: What SC said, why Source: The Indian Express Effectiveness of Measures Effectiveness of Measures Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance Achievements: Achievements: Abetment of Suicide in India: Laws, Punishment, and Abetment of Suicide in India: Laws, Punishment, and Key Legal Key Legal Standards Standards 1.Reduction in spam communications from legitimate entities adhering to regulations. Introduction Introduction 2.Enhanced traceability through blockchain- enabled systems. Abetment of suicide is a serious offence under Indian criminal law, governed by Section 306 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Challenges: Challenges: 1.Dynamic evolution of spam tactics by scammers. The Supreme Court has recently reiterated the importance of sensitizing investigation agencies and courts to prevent misuse of this provision, while ensuring justice for genuine cases. 2.Persistent rise in international spam calls and financial frauds. 3.Difficulty in regulating VoIP-based fraudulent traffic originating globally. Way Forward Way Forward To address the challenges posed by the ever- evolving nature of spam, TRAI and the government must adopt a multi-pronged approach: Why in News? Why in News? 1.Strengthened VoIP Monitoring: Strengthened VoIP Monitoring: Collaborate globally to regulate and authenticate international VoIP traffic. The Supreme Court, in a recent judgment, highlighted the need for judicious application of Section 306 IPC. The apex court emphasized that: 2.Public Awareness: Public Awareness: Promote user education on reporting spam and adopting safe practices to avoid scams.  Avoiding Misuse: Avoiding Misuse: Legal provisions should not be misused to appease grieving families, as this may lead to wrongful prosecutions. 3.Expanded AI Integration: Expanded AI Integration: Scale up AI-based detection systems for real-time spam identification.  Fair Trials: Fair Trials: Cases meeting the legal threshold must be prosecuted, ensuring adherence to principles of justice. 4.Stricter Pe Stricter Penalties: punishments to deter fraudulent entities. nalties: Impose stringent  Specific Case Highlighted: Specific Case Highlighted: A bank manager accused of abetting a borrower’s suicide due to loan repayment issues was acquitted, as the prosecution failed to establish direct abetment. 5.Enhanced Public Participation: Enhanced Public Participation: Encourage reporting through tools like Sanchar Saathi, empowering citizens to play a proactive role. Abetment of Suicide in Indian Criminal Law Abetment of Suicide in Indian Criminal Law Conclusion Conclusion Definition of Abetment (Section 107 IPC / Section 45 Definition of Abetment (Section 107 IPC / Section 45 BNS): BNS): Spam is a complex and evolving issue. TRAI and the government’s initiatives— 32 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

34. Abetment involves: PM PM IAS Proof requires an active or direct act by the accused leaving the deceased with no alternative but suicide. The accused must have intentionally created such circumstances. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 1.Instigation: Instigation: Encouraging or provoking an individual to commit an act. 2.Conspiracy: Conspiracy: Planning an act in collaboration with others. Ude Singh v. State of Haryana (2019): Ude Singh v. State of Haryana (2019): 3.Aiding: Aiding: Intentionally assisting in the commission of the act through actions or omissions. Continuous acts or conduct that create a situation with no perceived escape for the deceased may fall under Section 306 IPC. Evidence of direct or indirect incitement is mandatory. To constitute abetment of suicide, the prosecution must prove a direct link between the accused’s actions and the suicide. Mere association or vague allegations are insufficient. Key Challenges Key Challenges 1.Misuse of Provisions: Misuse of Provisions: Instances where grieving families file cases without substantial evidence, leading to wrongful prosecutions. Punishment Under Section 306 IPC (Equivalent to Punishment Under Section 306 IPC (Equivalent to Section 108 BNS): Section 108 BNS):  Imprisonment: Imprisonment: Up to 10 years. 2.Evidentiary Gaps: Evidentiary Gaps: Proving direct instigation or assistance remains a challenge, particularly in workplace and professional settings.  Fine: Fine: Additional monetary penalties.  Trial Nature: Trial Nature: Cognizable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable. Conviction Rates for Abetment of Suicide Conviction Rates for Abetment of Suicide 3.Low Conviction Rates: Low Conviction Rates: Highlight a need for better investigative processes and legal clarity. According to NCRB 2022 data:  Conviction rate for Section 306 IPC: 17.5%. 17.5%. Conclusion Conclusion  Overall conviction rate for IPC crimes: 69.8%. 69.8%. The offence of abetment of suicide under Section 306 IPC requires a delicate balance between preventing its misuse and ensuring justice for genuine cases.  Conviction rate for cognizable offences, including abetment of suicide: 54.2%. 54.2%. Strengthening investigative mechanisms, adhering to legal thresholds, and raising awareness about the evidentiary standards are crucial. By fostering judicial prudence, India can ensure that the provision serves as a tool for justice rather than a means for harassment. This stark disparity highlights challenges in proving abetment of suicide, necessitating a higher evidentiary threshold. Standards for Establishing Abetment of Suicide Standards for Establishing Abetment of Suicide Supreme Court Supreme Court’s October 2024 Judgment: ’s October 2024 Judgment: In a landmark ruling, the court quashed charges against an employer in a workplace harassment- related suicide, emphasizing: Mitigating circumstances: Why RG Kar rape case Mitigating circumstances: Why RG Kar rape case convict was not given death penalty convict was not given death penalty 1.Higher Evidentiary Bar: Higher Evidentiary Bar: Official relationships (e.g., employer-employee) require strong evidence of intent. Source Indian Express Syllabus: GS 2 Polity RG Kar Rape Case: RG Kar Rape Case: Latest Developments and Latest Developments and Sentencing Analysis Sentencing Analysis 2.Direct Incitement Required: Direct Incitement Required: Prosecution must prove that the accused intentionally provoked or directly facilitated the suicide. Overview Overview Supreme Court Precedents: Supreme Court Precedents: Sanjoy Roy, convicted of raping and murdering a doctor at RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata, was sentenced to life imprisonment by a sessions court. M Mohan v. The State (2011): M Mohan v. The State (2011): 33 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

35. PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Despite the Central Bureau of Investigation’s (CBI) push for the death penalty and widespread public outrage, the court adhered to the Supreme Court’s principle in Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980) (1980), which mandates that the death penalty should only be imposed in the “rarest of rare” cases. The judgment emphasized balancing aggravating and mitigating circumstances while focusing on reformative justice. Evolution of Sentencing Post Evolution of Sentencing Post- -Bachan Singh Bachan Singh Role of Age in Sentencing Role of Age in Sentencing The “Rarest of Rare” Doctrine The “Rarest of Rare” Doctrine  Young Age as Mitigating Young Age as Mitigating: In Ramnaresh v. State of Chhattisgarh (2012) State of Chhattisgarh (2012) and Ramesh v. State of Rajasthan (2011) State of Rajasthan (2011), the Court emphasized that offenders below 30 years of age exhibit reform potential. Ramnaresh v. Ramesh v. Bachan Singh Case (1980): Foundation of the Bachan Singh Case (1980): Foundation of the Doctrine Doctrine The Supreme Court, in Bachan Singh constitutionality of the death penalty but limited its application to cases where: Bachan Singh, upheld the  Inconsistencies in Application Inconsistencies in Application: The Law Commission’s 262nd Report 262nd Report (2015) (2015) criticized the lack of uniformity in considering age as a mitigating factor. For instance, in Shankar Kisanrao Khade v. State Shankar Kisanrao Khade v. State of Maharashtra (2013) of Maharashtra (2013), age was inconsistently applied across similar cases.  Reform is impossible Reform is impossible, and  The crime is so heinous that it shocks the collective conscience of society. The Court outlined aggravating and mitigating circumstances to aid in sentencing decisions: RG Kar Case RG Kar Case A Aggravating Circumstances ggravating Circumstances  Sanjoy Roy’s age (35 years) places him outside the bracket where youth could significantly weigh in as a mitigating factor. Premeditation and Brutality Premeditation and Brutality: Deliberate, calculated, and excessively cruel acts.  Exceptional Depravity Exceptional Depravity: Acts displaying extraordinary cruelty and disregard for human dignity. Nature of the Offense and Collective Conscience Nature of the Offense and Collective Conscience  In Machhi Singh v. State of Machhi Singh v. State of Punjab (1983) the Supreme Court emphasized imposing the death penalty if the crime shocks society’s conscience. Punjab (1983),  Targeting Public Servants Targeting Public Servants: Killing individuals performing public duties, such as police officers or armed forces personnel.  Mitigating Circumstances Mitigating Circumstances Criticism: This approach focuses excessively on the crime’s brutality while neglecting the potential for offender reform.  Mental or Emotional Stress Mental or Emotional Stress: Crimes committed under extreme psychological distress. Possibility of Refor Possibility of Reform m   Bachan Singh Principle Bachan Singh Principle: The onus is on the prosecution to demonstrate that reform is impossible. The Santosh Bariyar v. State of Santosh Bariyar v. State of Maharashtra (2009) Maharashtra (2009) judgment stressed presenting clear, objective evidence to justify the death penalty. Age of the Accused Age of the Accused: Young or very old offenders may have greater potential for reform.  Rehabilitation Potential Rehabilitation Potential: Evidence of the convict’s ability to reintegrate into society.  Mental Impairment Mental Impairment: Cognitive or psychological conditions impairing judgment or understanding of actions.  Law Commission Observ Law Commission Observation Report Report reiterated that reformation must remain the central principle, with the death penalty as a last resort. ation: The 262nd 262nd  External Influence External Influence: Acts committed under coercion or undue influence. Procedural Aspects in Sentencing Procedural Aspects in Sentencing 34 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

36. Separate Sentencing Trial Separate Sentencing Trial IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 UGC regulations or State university laws? UGC regulations or State university laws? PM PM IAS Source: The Hindu The Bachan Singh Bachan Singh judgment mandated a distinct sentencing trial post-conviction to ensure a balanced assessment of aggravating and mitigating factors. Syllabus: GS 2 Polity GS 2 Polity UGC Regulations vs. State University Laws: A UPSC UGC Regulations vs. State University Laws: A UPSC Perspective Perspective Concerns Over Same Concerns Over Same- -Day Sentencing Day Sentencing Introduction Introduction  Lack of Meaningful Hearing Lack of Meaningful Hearing: In Dattaraya v. State of Maharashtra (2020) State of Maharashtra (2020), the absence of a dedicated sentencing hearing led to the commutation of the death penalty to life imprisonment. Dattaraya v. The ongoing dispute between the University Grants Commission (UGC) and State governments over the appointment of Vice Chancellors (VCs) in State universities highlights critical issues related to Centre- State relations, the federal structure, and higher education governance.  Suo Motu Proceedings (2022) Suo Motu Proceedings (2022): The Supreme Court questioned whether same-day sentencing hearings ensure fairness, referring the issue to a larger Bench to establish uniform guidelines. The debate revolves around whether UGC Regulations, 2018, which require the inclusion of a UGC nominee in VC selection committees, override State University Acts, creating significant administrative and constitutional challenges. Imbalance in Presentation Imbalance in Presentation  Agg Aggravating Circumstances ravating Circumstances: Readily available as part of the trial record.  Mitigating Circumstances Mitigating Circumstances: Presented only after conviction, often leading to insufficient consideration. The judiciary has acknowledged this imbalance and called for procedural reforms to ensure fair hearings. Over Overview of the Conflict view of the Conflict UGC Regulations, 2018 UGC Regulations, 2018: Mandate the inclusion of a UGC nominee in VC search committees under Regulation 7.3. Aim to ensure uniform academic standards nationwide. Recommendations and Observations Recommendations and Observations State Governments’ Stand State Governments’ Stand: Need for Uniform Sentencing Guidelines Need for Uniform Sentencing Guidelines Assert that State University Acts, enacted by State legislatures, govern university administration. View UGC norms as an infringement on their autonomy.  The Supreme Court has highlighted inconsistencies in sentencing across cases, especially regarding the consideration of mitigating circumstances. Uniform guidelines are essential to uphold objectivity and fairness in the sentencing process. Impact Impact: Leadership vacuums in universities, especially in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Punjab, affecting governance and academic excellence. Balancing Justice and Reform Balancing Justice and Reform  Sentencing decisions must integrate the nature of the crime, the offender’s circumstances, and the potential for rehabilitation to achieve a balance between deterrence and reformative justice. Constitutional Constitutional and Legal Framework and Legal Framework Federal Structure and Article 254(1) Federal Structure and Article 254(1): Central laws prevail over State laws on matters in the Concurrent List, but this applies only to plenary legislation, not delegated laws like UGC regulations.  This detailed case analysis underscores the complex interplay of legal principles, judicial discretion, and societal expectations in sentencing decisions involving the death penalty. Judicial Interpretations Judicial Interpretations: Landmark Landmark Cases Cases: Ch. Tika Ramji v. State of Uttar Pradesh Ch. Tika Ramji v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1956) (1956): Subordinate legislation cannot override plenary laws.  It highlights the need for robust, objective frameworks to ensure justice in alignment with constitutional principles. 35 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

37. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Judicial Contradictions Judicial Contradictions: PM PM IAS Indian Express Newspapers v. Union of India Indian Express Newspapers v. Union of India (1984) (1984): Reiterated the limits of subordinate legislation. Conflicting Supreme Court judgments have left the legal landscape ambiguous. Recent Conflicts Recent Conflicts: Way Forward Way Forward Annamalai University v. Se Annamalai University v. Secretary, Tourism (2009) (2009) and Kalyani Mathivanan v. K.V. Kalyani Mathivanan v. K.V. Jeyaraj (2015) Jeyaraj (2015) reflect ambiguity in interpreting UGC authority. Conflicting Judgments Conflicting Judgments: Cases like Gambhirdan K. Gadhvi v. State of Gambhirdan K. Gadhvi v. State of Gujarat (2022) Gujarat (2022) upheld UGC regulations, emphasizing uniformity. Univers University of Delhi v. Raj Singh ity of Delhi v. Raj Singh (1994) (1994) deemed UGC guidelines advisory unless explicitly adopted by States. cretary, Tourism Judicial Clarity Judicial Clarity: A ruling by a Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court is essential to address ambiguities in the applicability of Article 254(1) to delegated legislation. Collaborative Framework Collaborative Framework: Centre and States must establish a governance mechanism that respects State autonomy while upholding uniform academic standards. UGC should limit its role to advisory and consultative functions. Revised UGC Guidelines Revised UGC Guidelines: Regulations should focus on collaboration rather than imposition, ensuring flexibility for State-specific governance models. Strengthening Higher Education Policy Strengthening Higher Education Policy: A robust higher education policy that integrates national and local needs is vital for promoting academic and administrative excellence. Impact of the Dispute Impact of the Dispute Administrative Consequences Administrative Consequences: Leadership vacancies delay critical decisions like staff appointments, degree conferrals, and policy implementation. Erosion of Federalism Erosion of Federalism: Imposing UGC norms undermines State autonomy and disrupts the balance of power in the federal structure. Academic and Research Excellence Academic and Research Excellence: Prolonged governance disruptions affect the academic environment, funding, and global ranking of universities. Conclusion Conclusion The UGC-State university dispute underscores deeper issues of Centre-State relations, the scope of delegated legislation, and federal governance in India’s higher education system. Resolving this impasse requires judicial intervention, cooperative federalism, and balanced policy reforms. Challenges in Resolving the Dispute Challenges in Resolving the Dispute A harmonious approach will ensure robust university administration, academic excellence, and the preservation of the federal spirit enshrined in the Constitution. Constitutional Ambiguities Constitutional Ambiguities: The applicability of Article 254(1) to delegated legislation like UGC regulations remains unresolved. Lack of clarity on the binding nature of UGC guidelines. What is the status of the Smart Cities Mission? What is the status of the Smart Cities Mission? Source: The Hindu Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance B Balancing Uniformity with Autonomy alancing Uniformity with Autonomy: The Smart Cities Mission: An Assessment The Smart Cities Mission: An Assessment Striking a balance between national standards and State-specific needs is complex. Introduction Introduction 36 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

38. PM PM IAS  Initiatives for eco-adventure tourism, water security, improved pedestrian crossings, and vehicular mobility. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 The Smart Cities Mission, launched in June 2015, envisioned transforming 100 cities into models of sustainable and inclusive urbanisation. Financial Estimates and Sources Financial Estimates and Sources However, nearly a decade later, the initiative has largely fallen short of its ambitious goals, raising critical questions about governance, implementation, and the adaptability of such concepts in the Indian context. The total projected investment was ₹2,906 crore, with funding from:  ₹897.80 crore through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP).  ₹101.77 crore via municipal bonds. Key Features of the Smart Cities Mission Key Features of the Smart Cities Mission  ₹205.57 crore through external borrowings. Framework and Framework and Objectives Objectives:  ₹348.49 crore from State and Union government schemes. Based on the Internet of Things (IoT) to integrate IT-enabled services like mobility and waste management. Implementation and Outcomes Implementation and Outcomes  As of now, only ₹707 crore (24% of the original budget) has been spent, primarily on ongoing projects. Focused on two components: Pan Pan- -City Proposals City Proposals: IT-enabled urban services.  The PPP contribution and redevelopment of Lower Bazar, Middle Bazar, and Krishnanagar have seen no progress. Area Area- -Based Development (ABD) Based Development (ABD): Retrofits, redevelopment, and greenfield projects within specific city zones.  Funds were misallocated to cosmetic enhancements such as flower pots worth ₹2 crore. Governance Model Governance Model:  Relied on Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) registered under the Companies Act.  Non-motorised mobility remains neglected, traffic congestion has worsened, and escalators obstructing valley views are non- operational.  Local government participation was bypassed, assuming that private-sector-style management would ensure efficiency. Analysis of the Governance Model Analysis of the Governance Model Challenges in Conceptualization Challenges in Conceptualization: Bypassing Local Governance Bypassing Local Governance:  The mission assumed that India’s urban areas were prepared for IoT-driven initiatives, overlooking the lack of basic urban infrastructure and services for a significant population. The SPV-driven model sidelined city councils and other local governance mechanisms, undermining public accountability and ownership. The Case of Shimla The Case of Shimla Lack of Inclusivity Lack of Inclusivity: Urban planning did not adequately involve residents, leading to a disconnect between the projects and ground realities. Background Background Shimla was not part of the initial list of smart cities but was later included after legal challenges in the Himachal Pradesh High Court. The city’s Smart City Plan encompassed: Funding Gaps and Execution Delay Funding Gaps and Execution Delays s: Unrealised PPP contributions and ineffective utilisation of municipal bonds hindered progress. Resource mismanagement further exacerbated inefficiencies.  Pan-city initiatives.  ABD projects such as retrofitting and redevelopment of key areas like Lower Bazar, Middle Bazar, and Krishnanagar. 37 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

39. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Monitoring and Accountability Monitoring and Accountability: PM PM IAS Strengthen project monitoring frameworks to track progress, evaluate outcomes, and ensure transparency. Pilot Pilot- -Based Approach Based Approach: Implement pilot projects before scaling up to test feasibility and address contextual challenges. Conclusion Conclusion Lessons from the Smart Cities Mission Lessons from the Smart Cities Mission The Smart Cities Mission highlights the challenges of implementing ambitious urban projects in a diverse and resource- constrained context like India. While the vision of smart cities was aspirational, its execution faltered due to governance gaps, inadequate public engagement, and misaligned priorities. The mission’s experiences underline the importance of empowering local governance, prioritizing basic infrastructure, and fostering inclusive development for India’s urban transformation. Contextual Adaptation Contextual Adaptation: Models successful in advanced economies cannot be transplanted directly into the Indian context without adapting to local socio-economic realities. Basic urban infrastructure must precede the integration of high-tech solutions. Strengthening Local Governance Strengthening Local Governance: Urban initiatives must align with the principles of the 74th Constitutional Amendment, empowering local governments for effective planning and execution. The oligarchy we see today The oligarchy we see today Community Participation Community Participation: Source: The Hindu Public involvement is critical for sustainable urban development, ensuring accountability and addressing local needs. Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance The Rise of Oligarchy: A Threat to Democracy The Rise of Oligarchy: A Threat to Democracy Oligarchy, characterized by the concentration of power in the hands of a wealthy few, has re-emerged as a critical challenge to democratic institutions worldwide. Former U.S. Resource Mobilization and Prioritization Resource Mobilization and Prioritization: Leveraging municipal bonds, PPPs, and government schemes requires strategic planning and stringent monitoring. Funds must be directed toward impactful projects rather than cosmetic enhancements. President Joe Biden’s farewell remarks underscored the growing influence of a “tech-industrial complex,” warning of its potential to undermine American democracy. The Way The Way Forward Forward Reimagining Urban Development Reimagining Urban Development: His concerns echoed Dwight Eisenhower’s 1961 caution about the “military-industrial complex,” as both eras grappled with the confluence of political and economic power. Shift focus from “smart” cities to “sustainable and inclusive” cities that prioritize basic services and resilience against climate challenges. This phenomenon, often termed a modern “Gilded Age,” poses fundamental questions about governance: will the people retain control, or will a new aristocracy of wealth dictate policies? Integrated Governance Integrated Governance: Establish mechanisms for collaboration between SPVs, local governments, and civil society to ensure holistic urban planning. Oligarchy in Historical and Contemporary Context Oligarchy in Historical and Contemporary Context 38 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

40. The Concept of Oligarchy: The Concept of Oligarchy: PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 The term “oligarchy,” coined by Aristotle, refers to the rule of a wealthy minority prioritizing self-interest over collective welfare. Historically, oligarchs acquired power through financial influence, social standing, military connections, or political ties. Political scientist Jeffrey A. Winters, in his 2011 book Oligarchy, highlighted how oligarchs have evolved across ages, adapting to threats and leveraging wealth to defend their interests. In ancient Rome, oligarchs like Marcus Licinius Crassus used political offices to secure their dominance. Today, however, contemporary oligarchs, such as Michael Bloomberg, often use personal wealth to seek political influence, driven more by vanity than survival. The U.S. Experience: A New Gilded Age The U.S. Experience: A New Gilded Age The U.S. provides a compelling case study of how economic and political power intertwine to create a system of oligarchy: Tech Giants and Government: Tech Giants and Government: The growing influence of technology magnates, such as Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and Mark Zuckerberg, illustrates the rise of the “tech-industrial complex.” These individuals not only wield vast wealth but also influence federal policies, often benefiting from lucrative government contracts. Oligarchy Across the Globe: Oligarchy Across the Globe: United State United States: s: Rising economic inequality and unrestricted campaign financing have allowed a financial aristocracy to flourish. Former President Jimmy Carter referred to the U.S. as an “oligarchy with unlimited political bribery,” pointing to the Citizens United v. FEC Supreme Court ruling of 2010, which lifted restrictions on political donations. Russia: Russia: The term oligarch has become synonymous with affluent and powerful Russian businessmen, who hold significant sway over the nation’s politics and economy. China: China: Despite its communist identity, China’s governance structure reflects characteristics of oligarchy, with a small elite maintaining power for decades. The Philippines: The Philippines: Its colonial past has entrenched oligarchic structures, with influential families dominating political and economic landscapes. Cabinet of Billionaires: Cabinet of Billionaires: The Trump administration exemplified the close nexus between wealth and governance, with 13 billionaires in key cabinet positions. The Biden administration, while more restrained, also saw significant financial contributions from billionaires during the re-election campaign. Economic Inequality: Economic Inequality: The 2008 financial crisis marked a turning point, as the U.S. financial aristocracy consolidated power. Economist Simon Johnson noted that the crisis allowed oligarchs to solidify their influence, creating a “permanent political class” marked by corruption, nepotism, and self-dealing, as highlighted by historian Ron Formisano in American Oligarchy: The Permanent Political Class (2017). As Senator Bernie Sanders aptly noted, “Oligarchs run Russia, but guess what? Oligarchs run the United States as well.” The Irony of Democracy and Oligarchy The Irony of Democracy and Oligarchy The tension between democracy and oligarchy is longstanding. 39 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

41. PM PM IAS Leverage Global Cooperation: Leverage Global Cooperation: Establish international norms to regulate corporate influence and promote equitable development. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Aristotle posited that democracy, with its emphasis on equality, is safer and more resistant to civil strife than oligarchy. However, Robert Michels’ “iron law of oligarchy” argued that all democratic systems inevitably evolve into oligarchies due to the necessity of specialized governance and division of labor. Conclusion Conclusion The resurgence of oligarchy, fueled by economic inequality and technological advancements, poses a grave threat to democracy. More than two centuries ago, U.S. President John Adams warned about the rise of a “power elite.” While the U.S. serves as a cautionary tale, the phenomenon is global in nature, demanding concerted efforts to safeguard democratic principles. Today, with technological advancements like Artificial Intelligence amplifying economic disparities, the concentration of power in a few hands seems increasingly inevitable. As history demonstrates, unchecked oligarchic power invariably leads to societal unrest. Implicati Implications of Oligarchy ons of Oligarchy It is imperative for nations to strike a balance between fostering innovation and ensuring that wealth and power serve the collective good, rather than a privileged few. 1. Threat to Democratic Institutions: 1. Threat to Democratic Institutions: Unchecked economic power allows oligarchs to shape policies that prioritize their interests over the public good, eroding trust in democratic processes. Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto arrives to Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto arrives to take part in Republic Day celebrations take part in Republic Day celebrations 2. Rise of Inequality: 2. Rise of Inequality: Economic disparities deepen as wealth and power remain concentrated, creating a cycle of exclusion and disempowerment for the majority. Source: The Hindu Source: The Hindu Syllabus: GS II International Relations India and Indonesia: Strengthening Bilateral India and Indonesia: Strengthening Bilateral Relations Relations 3. Global Patterns: 3. Global Patterns: Oligarchic tendencies are not confined to specific nations. Across the world, powerful individuals and corporations influence governance, often sidelining public interests. Historical and Cultural Bonds Historical and Cultural Bonds India and Indonesia share a civilizational relationship spanning over two millennia, deeply rooted in shared historical and cultural ties. 4. Undermining the Rule of Law: 4. Undermining the Rule of Law: As Aristotle warned, oligarchies become dangerous when they subvert legal frameworks and remove checks on their power, paving the way for authoritarianism. The transmission of Hinduism, Buddhism, and later Islam from India to Indonesia has profoundly shaped the latter’s religious and cultural landscape. The Path Forward The Path Forward: To address the challenges posed by oligarchy, nations must: Strengthen Regulatory Strengthen Regulatory Frameworks: Frameworks: Introduce campaign finance reforms to curb the influence of wealth in politics. Promote Economic Equality: Promote Economic Equality: Implement progressive taxation and social welfare policies to reduce wealth concentration. Encourage Democratic Encourage Democratic Participation: Participation: Empower citizens through grassroots movements and ensure greater transparency in governance. The enduring influence of Indian epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata on Indonesian art, folklore, and traditions highlights this unique cultural connection. Post-independence, both nations—guided by shared aspirations for sovereignty, economic self-reliance, and independent foreign policies—emerged as significant voices in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Strategic and Diplomatic Engagements Strategic and Diplomatic Engagements 40 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

42. High High- -Level Visits and Agreements Level Visits and Agreements In recent years, India and Indonesia have prioritized high-level engagements to strengthen their strategic partnership: PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025  2018 2018: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Jakarta resulted in the signing of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership and a shared vision for Indo-Pacific maritime cooperation.  2024 2024: Discussions between Prime Minister Modi and Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto on the sidelines of the G20 Summit emphasized economic collaboration and regional security. The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting with the President of Indonesia, Mr. Joko Widodo, in Rome, Italy on October 31, 2021. These interactions underscore the mutual commitment to fostering regional stability and ensuring sustainable growth in the Indo-Pacific. Investment and Connectivity Investment and Connectivity  Indian Investments Indian Investments: Indian businesses have invested over $1.56 billion in sectors such as mining, textiles, and infrastructure. Defense and Security Cooperation Defense and Security Cooperation India and Indonesia’s defense partnership dates back to 1951, with significant milestones in 2001 and 2018 that formalized agreements and enhanced collaboration. Key initiatives include: Joint Military Exercises Joint Military Exercises: Exercises such as Garuda Shakti (Army), Samudra Shakti (Navy), and coordinated patrols (IND-INDO CORPAT) highlight operational synergy. Defense Industry Collaboration Defense Industry Collaboration: The inaugural India-Indonesia Defense Industry Exhibition in 2024 showcased opportunities for joint ventures in defense technology and manufacturing.  Enhanced Connectivity Enhanced Connectivity: Direct flights between major cities like Mumbai-Jakarta and Delhi-Bali have bolstered tourism and people-to-people exchanges. Cultural and Educational Collaboration Cultural and Educational Collaboration Cultural Engagement Cultural Engagement India’s cultural centers in Jakarta and Bali actively promote yoga, classical dance, and music. Joint celebrations, such as International Yoga Day and heritage conferences, strengthen cultural ties. These initiatives reflect the shared concerns over regional security, particularly in the Indo-Pacific, and a collective resolve to address emerging challenges. Educational Cooperation Educational Cooperation Indonesia is a key beneficiary of Indian scholarships under initiatives like the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR). Economic and Trade Relations Economic and Trade Relations Bilateral Trade Bilateral Trade Indonesia is India’s second-largest trading partner in ASEAN, with bilateral trade reaching $29.4 billion in 2023-24. Key drivers of this trade include: Efforts to finalize higher education MoUs further deepen collaboration in knowledge sharing.  Indian Imports Indian Imports: Coal, crude palm oil, and rubber. Multilateral Cooperation Multilateral Cooperation  Indian Exports Indian Exports: Refined petroleum, telecommunication equipment, and agricultural products. India and Indonesia are active participants in multilateral forums such as the G20, ASEAN, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). 41 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

43. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 a framework to identify practices that qualify for constitutional protection under Articles 25 and 26. PM PM IAS Their partnership spans crucial areas like maritime security, sustainable development, and regional stability. Key Features of ERP Doctrine Key Features of ERP Doctrine Future Prospects Future Prospects Freedom of Religion: Freedom of Religion: The 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2024 was marked by numerous initiatives celebrating the shared history and vision of India and Indonesia. The doctrine ensures protection for practices deemed essential to a religion under the freedom of religion provisions. State’s Role in Social Reforms: State’s Role in Social Reforms: Strengthening economic, defense, and cultural ties remains central to their bilateral relationship, ensuring mutual prosperity and stability in the Indo-Pacific. It enables the state to regulate non-essential practices in the interest of public order, morality, and health. Conclusion Conclusion Bifurcation of Practices: Bifurcation of Practices: The India-Indonesia relationship exemplifies a harmonious blend of historical camaraderie and strategic collaboration. It distinguishes between essential and non- essential religious practices, safeguarding only those integral to the religion. Historical Context Historical Context As vibrant democracies and emerging economies, their partnership holds immense potential to shape the regional and global order. Sri Shirur Mutt Case (1954): Sri Shirur Mutt Case (1954): The ERP doctrine was first articulated in The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt, laying the foundation for judicial scrutiny of religious practices. With shared values, mutual respect, and a commitment to progress, India and Indonesia are poised to foster a prosperous and peaceful future together. Subsequent Rulings: Subsequent Rulings: Use of loudspeakers not essential part of religion’: Use of loudspeakers not essential part of religion’: Bom Bombay HC directs govt, police to take action bay HC directs govt, police to take action Durgah Committee, Ajmer v. Syed Hussain Ali (1961): Protected only those practices deemed essential to a religion. Source: The Hindu Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance Ismail Faruqui v. Union of India (1994): Held that the construction of mosques was not an essential practice of Islam. Bombay High Court Rules Loudspeakers Not Bombay High Court Rules Loudspeakers Not Essential to Religion Essential to Religion Context: Context: Bombay High Court Ruling: Loudspeakers Not Bombay High Court Ruling: Loudspeakers Not Essential to Religion Essential to Religion In a landmark judgment, the Bombay High Court has ruled that the use of loudspeakers is not an essential religious practice and thus does not fall under the protection of Articles 25 and 26 of the Indian Constitution. Court Observations: Court Observations: 1.Loudspeakers are not an essential practice practice of any religion and, therefore, are not protected under Article 25 not an essential Article 25. The court further emphasized the need to curb noise pollution and safeguard public health, marking a significant step toward balancing religious freedoms with citizens’ rights. 2.Noise pollution caused by loudspeakers constitutes a public health hazard public health hazard, infringing on citizens’ rights to a peaceful environment. 3.Law enforcement agencies must act proactively to ensure compliance with noise regulations and cannot remain passive in such matters. Essential Religious Practices (ERP) Doctrine Essential Religious Practices (ERP) Doctrine The Essential Religious Practices (ERP) Essential Religious Practices (ERP) doctrine, developed by the Supreme Court of India, serves as 42 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

44. Case Background: Case Background: PM PM IAS The Bombay High Court’s judgment serves as a milestone in India’s evolving jurisprudence on the Essential Religious Practices Doctrine Practices Doctrine. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025  Residents of Nehru Nagar, Kurla East, filed a plea against noise pollution caused by religious establishments, citing violations of permissible noise levels in residential areas. Essential Religious By declaring that loudspeaker use is not an essential religious practice, the court underscores the primacy of public health and environmental sustainability over non- essential customs.  Legal standards: Daytime limits: Daytime limits: 55 decibels. Nighttime limits: Nighttime limits: 45 decibels. This ruling not only strengthens the state’s ability to regulate practices that cause public harm but also sets a precedent for future cases involving the intersection of religion and public welfare.  Despite multiple complaints, local police failed to act, prompting judicial intervention. Key Directives Issued by the Court: Key Directives Issued by the Court: As India strives to balance constitutional freedoms with modern governance imperatives, this decision is a critical step toward safeguarding citizens’ rights while respecting religious diversity. Monitoring Mechanism: Monitoring Mechanism: Police must measure decibel levels using mobile applications and take immediate action against violators. Penalties for Violations: Penalties for Violations: Decode Politics: What is the whip system that Decode Politics: What is the whip system that Jagdeep Dhankhar wants abolished, how it came to Jagdeep Dhankhar wants abolished, how it came to be adopted be adopted Initial violations should result in warnings. Repeated offenses may lead to fines, equipment seizure, and even license cancellation. Source: The Indian Express Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance Anonymity of Complainants: Anonymity of Complainants: Understanding the Whip System in Indian Understanding the Whip System in Indian Parliament: Parliament: Types, Roles, and Significance Types, Roles, and Significance The court mandated that complainants’ identities must remain confidential to prevent retaliation. Introduction Introduction The whip system is a cornerstone of parliamentary democracy in India, crucial for maintaining party discipline and ensuring effective governance. Significance of the Ruling Significance of the Ruling Balancing Rights: Balancing Rights: The judgment exemplifies the balance between freedom of religion religion and public health public health, showcasing how constitutional provisions can accommodate competing interests. Upholding Public Health and Order: Upholding Public Health and Order: By addressing noise pollution, the court reinforces the fundamental rights to health fundamental rights to health and a peaceful environment and a peaceful environment under Article 21. Judicial Precedent: Judicial Precedent: This ruling aligns with prior judgments, such as the Supreme Court’s directions on firecracker usage noise limits, emphasizing that public interest supersedes non-essential religious practices. Accountability of Authorities: Accountability of Authorities: The directives ensure that law enforcement agencies are held accountable for maintaining compliance with noise pollution norms. freedom of It derives its name from the English hunting term “whipper-in,” used to describe maintaining control over a pack. Politically, the term was popularized by Edmund Burke in the British House of Commons to denote rallying party members. Whip System in India: An Overview Whip System in India: An Overview Introduced during India’s parliamentary evolution, the whip system is integral to legislative functioning, particularly during critical votes. firecracker usage and It operates within the framework of the Anti Anti- -Defection Law (1985) Defection Law (1985), which ensures MPs adhere to party directives, thereby safeguarding party integrity and democratic stability. Conclusion Conclusion 43 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

45. Purpose and Importance Purpose and Importance PM PM IAS In the Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha: The Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs performs the function. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Ensuring Party Discipline: Ensuring Party Discipline: The whip system mandates MPs to align with party decisions, fostering unity during critical legislative processes. Support Whips: Support Whips: Additional whips assist in maintaining order within party ranks. Criticism and Contemporary Debate Criticism and Contemporary Debate Non-compliance can lead to embarrassment or legislative instability for parties. Recently, Vice President Jagdeep Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar Dhankhar criticized the whip system, arguing that it curtails MPs’ freedom of expression and enforces servility by compelling adherence to the party line. Significance in Division Voting: Significance in Division Voting: During division votes, ruling coalitions rely on strict adherence to exhibit their majority. Critics assert that this restricts independent judgment and hinders robust democratic debate. Failure to comply can undermine the government and even result in a no- confidence motion in the Lok Sabha. However, the Supreme Court system’s necessity, emphasizing its role in maintaining governance stability and preventing legislative chaos. Supreme Court has upheld the Protecting Protecting Parliamentary Democracy: Parliamentary Democracy: It balances individual freedom and collective responsibility. While internal disagreements can be raised within the party, MPs must ultimately align with the party’s stance to maintain accountability. Types of Whips Types of Whips One One- -Line Whip: Line Whip: Informative in nature, it requests attendance but permits members to abstain. Two Two- -Line Whip: Line Whip: Directs attendance but leaves voting discretion open. Three Three- -Line Whip: Line Whip: The strictest directive, requiring attendance and voting per party instructions. Consequences of Violating a Whip Consequences of Violating a Whip  Ruling Alliance Members: Ruling Alliance Members: Defying a whip can result in disqualification under the Anti- Defection Law. Violation of a three-line whip may lead to disqualification disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law upon recommendation by the party leader to the presiding officer.  Opposition Members: Opposition Members: Though non-binding legally, non-compliance risks internal party penalties, such as expulsion. Key Roles and Structure Key Roles and Structure Party Chief Whip: Party Chief Whip: Acts as a conduit between party leadership and MPs, ensuring attendance, discipline, and coherence during debates and voting. Platforms for Exchange Platforms for Exchange Since 1952, the All organized by the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs, serves as a forum for whips from all parties to exchange views, improve coordination, and strengthen parliamentary practices. All- -India Whips Conference India Whips Conference, Government Chief Whip: Government Chief Whip: In the Lok Sabha Lok Sabha: The Minister of Parliamentary Affairs assumes this role, coordinating with alliance leaders. Conclusion Conclusion The whip system, despite criticisms, remains indispensable for ensuring 44 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

46. PM PM IAS Initially, during the Congress-dominated era (1947–1967), Governors were largely ceremonial. However, after 1967, with States being governed by non-Congress parties, Governors became instruments of Central control, leading to conflicts with State governments. Studies, such as those by the Sarkaria Commission and Ashok Pankaj, reveal that Governors are often political appointees, with over 60% coming from political backgrounds, undermining the credibility and neutrality of the office. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 discipline and coherence in Indian parliamentary democracy. It balances individual and collective responsibilities while reinforcing the accountability of MPs to their parties and the electorate. The evolving debate highlights the need for nuanced reforms to strike a balance between discipline and freedom of expression in the legislature. Should Governors head State uni Should Governors head State universities? versities? Source: The Hindu Governance Issues in Universities Governance Issues in Universities: Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance Governors often bypass State governments, exercising discretionary powers to appoint Vice-Chancellors, approve regulations, and intervene in university administration. This has led to delays, administrative paralysis, and erosion of academic autonomy. Lack of academic expertise among many Governors further exacerbates governance issues, as decisions are often driven by political motives rather than academic considerations. Should Governors Head State Universities? A Critical Should Governors Head State Universities? A Critical Analysis Analysis The Governor’s role as the Chancellor of State universities has increasingly become a contentious issue due to its politicization, erosion of university autonomy, and governance challenges, particularly in States governed by Opposition parties. This colonial-era provision, embedded in State university laws, demands a reassessment to align with the democratic and federal ethos of contemporary India. Federalism Concerns Federalism Concerns: Allowing a Central appointee to exercise control over State-funded institutions violates the principle of federalism. This dual authority system creates friction and undermines the accountability of universities to elected State governments. Historical Context and Colonial Legacy Historical Context and Colonial Legacy The concept of Governors serving as Chancellors dates back to British rule, where Governors were ex-officio heads of universities established in 1857 (Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras). This model aimed to maintain colonial control over academic institutions. Post- Independence, this structure was adopted wholesale without reevaluating its relevance in a democratic setup. As Chancellors, Governors were vested with significant powers, such as appointing Vice- Chancellors, nominating members to university bodies, and approving delegated legislation under university laws. Insights from Insights from Committees and Commissions Committees and Commissions However, this setup, rather than safeguarding university autonomy, has entrenched political interference. 1.Rajamannar Committee (1969 Rajamannar Committee (1969– –71) Advocated that Governors should act on the advice of the State Council of Ministers even in statutory roles like that of Chancellor. 71): Challenges in the Present Conte Challenges in the Present Context xt Politicization of the Governor’s Office Politicization of the Governor’s Office: 45 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

47. PM PM IAS  Ensuring that legislative changes proposed by States are impartially assessed and promptly approved by the Centre, avoiding unnecessary delays. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 2.Sarkaria Commission (1983 Sarkaria Commission (1983– –88) Recommended defining the Governor’s role through State laws and emphasized consultation with the Chief Minister while retaining independent judgment in university matters. 88):  Strengthening legislative oversight of delegated legislation in State universities to enhance transparency and accountability. 3.M.M. Punchhi Commission (2007 M.M. Punchhi Commission (2007– –10) Suggested limiting the Governor’s role to constitutional responsibilities and appointing eminent academicians or experts as Chancellors to preserve university autonomy. 10): Conclusion Conclusion The persistence of the “Governor as Chancellor” model is an outdated colonial legacy that no longer serves the needs of modern academic institutions in a democratic and federal India. Alternative Models for University Governance Alternative Models for University Governance Global best practices and State-level reforms suggest various models to reduce political interference: Reforming this structure is imperative to foster academic excellence, protect university autonomy, and uphold the principles of federalism. 1.Governor as Ceremoni Governor as Ceremonial Chancellor like Gujarat, Karnataka, and Maharashtra have redefined the Governor’s role to be purely ceremonial, mandating adherence to State government advice. al Chancellor: States The Centre must facilitate these changes while respecting the aspirations of the States, paving the way for a more inclusive and robust higher education system. 2.Chief Minister as Chancellor Chief Minister as Chancellor: States like West Bengal and Punjab have proposed Bills to make the Chief Minister the Chancellor, but these await Presidential assent. Uttarakhand adopts Uniform Civil Code, launches Uttarakhand adopts Uniform Civil Code, launches portal portal Source: The Hindu Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance 3.State State- -Appointed Chancellor Appointed Chancellor: Telangana and Kerala have adopted models where eminent academicians or public figures are appointed as Chancellors, excluding politicians. Uttarakhand Becomes the First State to Implement Uttarakhand Becomes the First State to Implement Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Introduction Introduction Uttarakhand has achieved a historic milestone by becoming the first Indian state to implement the Uniform Civil Code Uniform Civil Code (UCC) (UCC) post-Independence. 4.Universit University y- -Elected Chancellor Elected Chancellor: Universities in the UK, such as Oxford and Cambridge, allow their bodies or alumni to elect ceremonial Chancellors, ensuring institutional independence. The UCC, officially enacted on January 27, 2025 2025, marks a significant step toward legal uniformity in personal laws across religions. January 27, The Way Forward The Way Forward Reforming the role of the Governor in university governance is crucial for ensuring accountability, academic freedom, and institutional self- governance. Key recommendations include: This article examines the key aspects of Uttarakhand’s UCC, its broader constitutional implications, and the potential roadmap for its nationwide implementation.  Divesting the Governor of the statutory role of Chancellor to eliminate political interference and align governance structures with global best practices. Understanding the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Understanding the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) The Uniform Civil Code Uniform Civil Code seeks to establish a standardized set of personal laws governing marriage, divorce, inheritance, marriage, divorce, inheritance, property rights, and adoption property rights, and adoption for all citizens, irrespective of religious affiliation.  Facilitating the appointment of non- political, eminent academicians or public figures as Chancellors to enhance university autonomy. 46 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

48. PM PM IAS  AI AI- -based multilingual translation based multilingual translation supports accessibility in 22 languages. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 It aligns with Article 44 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) Principles of State Policy (DPSP), which envisions a uniform legal framework to ensure equality and eliminate discrimination based on gender, caste, or religion. Directive  Integrated database Integrated database linked with 13 government departments, including police and judiciary.  Tatkal facility Tatkal facility: Expedited processing for urgent cases. Key Highlights of Uttarakhand’s UCC Key Highlights of Uttarakhand’s UCC Objectives and Vision Objectives and Vision  Ensures gender equality gender equality by removing discriminatory personal laws.  Empowers women by granting equal inheritance and property rights.  Exempts Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Tribes (STs) (STs) under Article 342 Article 342 to protect their distinct cultural identity. Major Provisions of the UCC Major Provisions of the UCC Marriage and Divorce Laws Marriage and Divorce Laws Registration of Wills Registration of Wills  Legal marriage age Legal marriage age: 21 years for men, 18 years for women. Citizens can register wills through:    Online submission Online submission Handwritten/typed document uploads Handwritten/typed document uploads Three Three- -minute video minute video verification  Mandatory registration Mandatory registration of marriage, divorce, and live-in relationships on the official portal ucc.uk.gov.in ucc.uk.gov.in. verification Applications processed within 15 days emergencies emergencies. 15 days or 3 days in 3 days in  Prohibition of discriminatory practices Prohibition of discriminatory practices: Polygamy, triple talaq, halala, iddat, and child marriage are banned. Implementation and Compliance Framework Implementation and Compliance Framework Inheritance and Property Rights Inheritance and Property Rights Deadlines for registration Deadlines for registration:  Equal rights Equal rights for sons and daughters in inheritance.  Marriages since 2010 within six months six months. New marriages must be registered within 60 days 60 days. Live-in relationships require registration within one month within one month of UCC implementation. 2010 must be registered   Legal recognition of children born out of Legal recognition of children born out of live live- -in relationsh in relationships ips, ensuring their inheritance rights.  Regulation of Live Regulation of Live- -In Relationships In Relationships  Mandatory registration Mandatory registration for couples above 21 years. Appeals process Appeals process: Rejected applications can be challenged within 30 days 30 days, with final decisions within 60 days 60 days.  Parental consent required Parental consent required for individuals under 21. Penalties for violations Penalties for violations: Initial warnings followed by monetary fines for non-compliance.  Housing protection Housing protection: Landlords cannot deny housing to registered live-in couples. Constitutional and Societal Implications Constitutional and Societal Implications   Aligns with Article 44 moving toward a uniform personal law framework. Article 44 of the Constitution, Pregnancy notification Pregnancy notification: Required within 30 days of childbirth. Online UCC Portal and Digital Governance Online UCC Portal and Digital Governance  Strengthens women’s rights women’s rights by eliminating gender biases in inheritance and property laws.  Aadhaar Aadhaar- -based verification based verification ensures authenticity. 47 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

49. PM PM IAS IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025  Facilitates legal certainty legal certainty in marriage and divorce proceedings across religions.  Ensures digital governance digital governance through online registration and transparency measures. Conclusion Conclusion The implementation of UCC in implementation of UCC in Uttarakhand Uttarakhand is a landmark step in India’s legal and constitutional history. By eliminating regressive practices such as polygamy, child marriage, and triple talaq polygamy, child marriage, and triple talaq, the UCC promotes gender justice and legal uniformity. Legal Framework and Interpretation Issues Legal Framework and Interpretation Issues The PCMA defines a ‘child’ as a girl below 18 years and a boy below 21 years. While challenges remain in its national implementation, Uttarakhand’s model serves as a preced precedent for future legislative ent for future legislative initiatives initiatives, contributing to India’s broader pursuit of legal reform and social equity. However, under the Majority Act, 1875, adulthood is attained at 18, irrespective of gender. Section 3 of the PCMA allows a party married as a child to seek annulment within two years of attaining majority. Substantive equality in child marriage laws Substantive equality in child marriage laws This creates ambiguity—should the annulment period extend until 20 years of age for both genders, or should it be until 23 years for males due to the differentiated legal age for marriage? Source: The Hindu Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance Substantive Equality in Child Marriage La Substantive Equality in Child Marriage Laws: A Legal and Social Perspective and Social Perspective ws: A Legal Divergent Judicial Views Divergent Judicial Views Introduction Introduction The Madras High Court in T. Sivakumar v. The Inspector of Police (2011) interpreted this provision to allow males to annul a marriage until 23 years of age, citing potential unfair disadvantages for those married below the legal age. The recent judgment in Sanjay Chaudhary v. Guddan (2024) by the Allahabad High Court has reignited the debate on child marriage laws in India. The case, which involved the annulment of a marriage contracted when the male was 12 and the female was nine, underscores the complexities within the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006. In contrast, the Allahabad High Court, in Sanjay Chaudhary, argued that allowing annulment beyond 20 years would perpetuate patriarchal norms that assume men must be older and financially stable before marriage. While the ruling aligns with the legislative intent of protecting minors, it also raises critical questions about gender-based discrepancies in annulment provisions and the broader implications for gender equality. The court emphasized that equal age limits for annulment petitions uphold gender equality and the protective spirit of the PCMA. Despite these observations, the Allahabad High Court felt constrained by the Supreme Court’s remark in Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017), which suggested that males could annul a marriage until 23. However, this observation was incidental and lacked a detailed examination of annulment provisions. 48 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in

50. IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 equality and improving health outcomes would include: PM PM IAS The inconsistency in interpretation highlights the need for legislative clarity and uniformity.  Ensuring free and compulsory education Ensuring free and compulsory education till 18 years. Gender Disparity and Legal Challenges Gender Disparity and Legal Challenges The Supreme Court’s forthcoming decision will be pivotal in determining the annulment age for males under the PCMA.  Strengthening social security schemes Strengthening social security schemes for young women.  Providing barrier Providing barrier- -free access to healthcare healthcare and reproductive services. free access to However, the broader issue remains the gender-based differential in marriageable age.  Implementing comprehensive sexuality Implementing comprehensive sexuality ed education ucation to empower adolescents with informed choices. The discrepancy disproportionately affects women by limiting their time frame for annulment and, in turn, restricting their ability to escape child marriages. Conclusion Conclusion The Sanjay Chaudhary case presents an opportunity to address the inconsistencies in annulment provisions and rethink the legal age of marriage. This contravenes the fundamental objective of the PCMA—to protect and empower women. The focus should be on eliminating gender- based disparities, ensuring substantive equality, and safeguarding individual autonomy while upholding the protective intent of the PCMA. Rethinking the Age of Marriage Rethinking the Age of Marriage The case underscores the need for a uniform legal age of marriage. While the Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021 proposed raising the age to 21 years for both genders to improve maternal health and education outcomes, such a move could have unintended consequences. Establishing 18 as the uniform legal age for marriage, with sufficient safeguards against forced and exploitative marriages, would be a progressive step toward a more equitable legal framework in India. India recognizes 18 as the legal age for various civil rights, including voting, property transactions, and contractual agreements. Is Trump’s order on birthright citizenship Is Trump’s order on birthright citizenship constitutional? constitutional? Source: The Hindu Imposing 21 as the minimum age for marriage could undermine individual autonomy, disproportionately affecting young adults, particularly women in consensual relationships. Syllabus: GS II Polity and Governance The Constitutionality of Trump’s Executive Order on The Constitutionality of Trump’s Executive Order on Birthrig Birthright Citizenship ht Citizenship Introduction Introduction A 2024 study by Enfold Proactive Health Trust and Civic Data Lab found that nearly half of PCMA cases involved self-initiated marriages, with familial opposition being a major factor. Birthright citizenship remains a contentious issue in the United States, particularly in the context of immigration policy and constitutional interpretation. The recent executive order issued by President Donald Trump aimed at restricting birthright citizenship has sparked legal and constitutional debates. Raising the marriage age could further exacerbate state and parental control over women’s autonomy, leading to increased arrests, family disruptions, and institutionalization of young couples. The order was swiftly blocked by U.S. District Judge John Coughenour, who termed it “blatantly unconstitutional.” A Balanced Approach: Policy Recommendations A Balanced Approach: Policy Recommendations Instead of criminalizing young adults’ choices, a more effective approach to achieving gender 49 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in www.pmias.in