PMIAS Academy TNPSC Current Affairs January 2025

1. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 zINDEX S.NO TOPIC PAGE.NO Agriculture Centre lifts ban, gives nod for sugar export Bilateral 8 1 8 8 1 Quad members vow to work vigorously towards a free open, and stable indo – pacific Pm modi to visit paris for ai summit next month India, un expected to make meaningful progress on fta talks in 2025 : diplomats Nine navies hold joint drills in strategic straits between indian ocean and the pacific Prioritising imec is in america’s best interest Time to seize the promise of the u.s – india nuclear deal India with indonesia India with Indonesia&affairs India, china to resume direct flights issue visas An opportunity to settle sri lanka’s ethnic problem Defence 8 2 8 3 8 4 5 9 9 6 9 7 9 8 10 9 10 10 10 11 1 Centre inks contracts for aip, torpedoes for submarines Centre inks contracts for aip, torpedoes for submarines Scorpene class submarine among 3 frontline platforms to be inducted by navy on jan 15 National security act (nsa) 1980 Ahead of pm’s paris trip, rafale scorpene deals reach final leg India u.s to jointly manufacture interoperable sonobuoys for navy Border fencing on in west bengal despite bgb objections : bsf Sixth generation aero- engine can be developed by tying up with foreign firm : drdo chief India has to raise number of operational satellites : isro chief – designate Mdl – tkms bid for p-751 submarine tender clears technical evaluation Indian navy finishes survey of mauritius 11 2 11 3 11 4 11 5 12 6 12 7 12 8 13 9 13 10 13 11 13 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 1

2. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 12 Indian space programme breaks into 2025 in mission mode 13 Indian space programme breaks into 2025 in mission mode Economy 13 14 14 1 Cruise Terminal Proposed For Great Nicobar Island Gdp growth projected to fall to four year low at 6.4% Decoding india’s growth slowdown Impact of rupee weakening To fix economy, boost consumption Poor demans hits investments by private sector in q3 Tax avoidance treaties : india sets new norms for claiming benefits Is poverty being underestimated in india 14 2 14 3 15 4 15 5 15 6 16 7 16 8 16 9 Rbi moves to ease liquidity crunch The old and the new : schemes to look out for on budget day Environment 16 10 16 17 1 Wayanad landslides a disaster of severe nature says centre Wayanad landslides a disaster of severe nature says centre Reconsider plan to dispose toxic waste in pithampur Four un environemental summits fell short in 2024 End of global climate policy Centre allows kerala to use sdrf funds for wayanad rehabilitation Centre calls for comprehensive approach to address impact of climate change on agriculture Survey adds 24 new species to mannar’s faunal stock Strategic need for tungsten must be balanced against ecological concerns What who’s recommendation for low sodium salt means for india Geography 17 2 17 3 17 4 18 5 18 6 19 7 19 8 19 9 19 10 20 20 1 Siang project to help avert floods if china releases excess water 20 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 2

3. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 2 Cop29 climate finance and its optical illusion 3 Excessive nitrates found in groundwater in 440 districts 4 Moving mountains 5 Toda tribe 6 Why the location of china’s earthquake matters 7 Various countries declare 2024 heat records 20 20 21 21 21 21 8 Centre yet to wake up from its slumber on dam safety act: sc Expert panael clears plan to rebuild washed away teesta dam in sikkim The impact of classifying denotified tribes Health 22 9 22 10 23 11 23 12 36% of tb patients in four t.n districts are migrants Hmpv infection not new, no cause for alarm : centre History History 23 13 23 24 1 Thiruvalluvar Stalin offers $1 mn prize for decoding indus valley script Why is deciphering the indus script important? Tchay – e – gard ahikar (shadow fishing) President invite for at home to honour crafts from south Jallikattu Tale of two translators taking literature to the world In a first a tribal king from kerala to attend republic day parade in delhi Iron Age Kicked Off In 4th Millennium Bce In T.N Digital tree aadhaar in jammu & kashmir Uttarakhand adopts uniform civil code launches portal Tamilnadu govt to file review plea against sc verdict on residence based reservation in pg medical courses International 24 2 24 3 24 4 25 5 25 6 25 7 26 8 26 9 27 10 27 11 27 12 27 28 1 Great anniversaries of peace initiatives, a role for india 28 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 3

4. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 2 A surge in radical governments the hope of democracy 3 What did the ilo report state about international migrants? 4 Trump, 47th U.S. President Vows To Stop All Censorship 5 Impact of who and paris pullouts by the u.s 6 The oligrachy we see today 7 An enduring commitment to the indo – pacific Personalities 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 1 Chidambaram doyen of nuclear programme no more Polity 30 30 1 One nation one election and representative democracy Private members bills get short shrift in both houses of parliament Private members bills get short shrift in both houses of parliament The nature of dissent in the indian judiciary Tackling delimitation by reversing population control The collegium and changes it may still be early days River interlinking the fount of environmental disaster Court asks centre to consider application by sri lankan tamil of indian origin for citizenship Should governors head state universities? Jpsc rejects all amendments to waqf bill made by opposition Scheme and national 30 2 30 3 31 4 31 5 32 6 32 7 32 8 32 9 33 10 33 34 1 Govnt launches panchayat se parliament 2.0 for women Data protection rules : union govnt promises time for compliance Intergration of j&k into railway network a monumental step More flexibility but also greater challenges Modi calls for documenting history of indian diaspora Justice b.n.srikrishna to chair panel for id verification firm equal Pm approves constitution of eighth pay commission 34 2 34 3 34 4 34 5 35 6 35 7 35 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 4

5. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 8 Study moots inclusion of 179 groups in sc, st, obc lists Status of smart cities mission A grey birthday for the election commission of india Republic day parade taps into heritage, diversity, military might 35 9 36 10 36 11 36 12 The copyright conundrum in carnatic music Govt plans to employ targeted containment to stop leprosy transmission Science and technology 37 13 37 37 1 All eyes on pslv – c60 mission as isro looks to end 2024 on a high Nasa probe flies closer to the sun than any spacecraft Nasa probe flies closer to the sun than any spacecraft 37 2 37 3 38 4 Willow is a small chip for google but a quantum leap for computing Cowpea seeds sprout in space, and first robotic arm operated, says isro Bharatpol to aid in nabbing fugitive criminals wherever they hide : home minister Isro docks two satellites, puts india in elite league Rna, not dna is the main cause of acute sunburn How is trai and the govt combating spam? Satellite projects aim to head off future wildfires Why are antivenoms not easily accessible in india? India’s winding road to #end tb The hidden dangers of rhodamine b – a global and local prespective Deepseel ai model jolts global tech lanscape 38 5 38 6 38 7 39 8 39 9 39 10 40 11 40 12 40 13 41 14 41 Isro Set For A Historic 100th Launch From Sriharikota Replace regular table salt with lower sodium salt substitutes that contains potassium : who Retinal disease : rna theraoeutics show promise but is india ready 15 41 16 41 17 41 18 Bridge the milk divide for nutritionally secure india Social issues 42 42 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 5

6. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 1 School enrolment down by over a crore in 2023-24 – report 2 The right to food and the struggle with the pds 3 Flagship scheme for girl child has helped defeat bias 4 National health mission has curbed several public health concerns, says centre’s report 5 States yet to use rs.70,744 cr funds for welfare of workers 6 New mgnregs wage payment system not significantly better 7 Lack of a protective law exposes domestic workers to abuse, says sc 8 Measuring migrant movement 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 6

7. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 AGRICULTURE • While not a formal military alliance like NATO, the Quad engages in semi-regular summits, military exercises, and information exchanges. CENTRE LIFTS BAN, GIVES NOD FOR SUGAR EXPORT SUBJECT: AGRICULTURE • The primary objectives of the Quad are: • Decision: Partial lifting of the sugar export ban, allowing export of 1 million tonnes for the 2024-25 season ending September. • Promoting a free and open Indo-Pacific • Countering China’s growing influence • • Reason: Addressing regional challenges’ • Price stability. PM MODI TO VISIT PARIS FOR AI SUMMIT NEXT MONTH • Financial support to 5 crore farmer families and 5 lakh workers. SUBJECT: BILATRAL • • Key Measures: Sugar mills allowed to export all grades within allocated quantities by September 30. France will host the Artificial Intelligence Action Summit on February 11-12, 2025. • It aims to foster international dialogue on AI. • Aimed at boosting liquidity for sugar mills and balancing sugar availability. • Bilateral Visit: PM Modi’s visit to France will focus on enhancing collaboration in AI, defence, and other strategic areas. • Background: Ban imposed in October 2023 to regulate domestic prices • Global Participation: Countries like the U.S., China, India, and Gulf States will participate, showcasing the importance of AI in global governance and development BILATERAL QUAD MEMBERS VOW TO WORK VIGOROUSLY TOWARDS A FREE OPEN, AND STABLE INDO – PACIFIC • Strengthening Bilateral Ties: Highlights the strategic partnership between India and France in emerging technologies. SUBJECT: BILATERAL • • AI Leadership: Aligns with India’s vision of leveraging AI for governance, economic growth, and societal benefits. 20th Anniversary: Quad reaffirmed commitment to a free, open, and peaceful Indo-Pacific. • • Global Dialogue: Establishes India’s position as a thought leader in ethical and inclusive AI development. Shared Vision: Focus on peace, stability, and prosperity in the region. • ASEAN Centrality: Quad reiterated support for ASEAN’s central role. • Future Prospects: Opportunity to discuss frameworks for AI regulation, addressing challenges like data privacy, security, and equitable access. • Next Summit: India to host the next Quad Summit in the second half of 2025. The Quad, officially known as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is a strategic forum comprising four countries: INDIA, EU EXPECTED TO MAKE MEANINGFUL PROGRESS ON FTA TALKS IN 2025 : DIPLOMATS • SUBJECT: BILATERAL United States • • Progress in Free Trade Agreement (FTA)negotiations expected in 2025. India • Japan • India-EU Relationship: Long-standing trade partners. • Australia PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 7

8. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Strategic focus areas include trade, economic growth, and geopolitics SUBJECT: BILATERAL • The U.S.-India nuclear deal, signed in 2005, was a landmark agreement that opened avenues for nuclear cooperation between the two countries. • Bridging gaps in trade and economic policies. • EU-India Summit scheduled for later in the year • The deal aimed to provide India with access to civil nuclear technology and help address energy needs while curbing greenhouse gas emissions. • Strengthening India’s trade with the EU will boost economic growth and reduce dependency on other blocs NINE NAVIES HOLD JOINT DRILLS IN STRATEGIC STRAITS BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN AND THE PACIFIC • Despite the historical significance of the deal, the promised outcomes have not been fully realized, particularly in terms of actual nuclear power development. SUBJECT: BILATERAL • Event: Multilateral exercise “La Perouse” • Energy challenges persist as both the U.S. and India continue to struggle with energy deficits, but the U.S. has yet to fulfill its side of the deal by removing restrictions on U.S. companies participating in India’s nuclear energy development. • Location: Straits of Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok(Indian & Pacific Oceans). • Participating Nations: India, Australia, France, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, U.K., U.S., Canada. • U.S. companies are barred from involvement due to liability issues in case of accidents, while India has already moved ahead with its nuclear plans • Objective: Strengthening maritime safety and interoperability. • Significance:Focus on countering China’s activities in the region, addressing risks like drug trafficking, tsunamis, and illegal immigration. • Domestic energy development in India is critical for powering its growing economy, and the U.S. has the technology to play a significant role. PRIORITISING IMEC IS IN AMERICA’S BEST INTEREST SUBJECT: BILATERAL • The political liability concerns in the U.S. have hindered the promised nuclear deals, keeping the technology away from the Indian market. • India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): • Bilateral relations between India and the U.S. can be significantly strengthened if these nuclear deals come to fruition, aligning both countries’ energy strategies and increasing political goodwill. • Objective: Alternative to China’s BRI; enhance trade, energy routes, and digital infrastructure. • Participants: India, UAE, Saudi Arabia, the US, and European countries. INDIA WITH INDONESIA • Benefits: Cross-border electricity and hydrogen grids. SUBJECT: BILATERAL • Common heritage in Hinduism, Sanskrit, and Vedic scriptures. • Reduced transport costs and enhanced economic integration. • Post-colonial solidarity during decolonization and NAM formation. • India’s Role: Promoting green hydrogen; positioning as a leader in decarbonization efforts. • Geopolitical and Strategic Dynamics: Shared concerns over U.S.-China rivalry and Indo- Pacific security. TIME TO SEIZE THE PROMISE OF THE U.S – INDIA NUCLEAR DEAL PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 8

9. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Collaborative efforts in food, fuel, and fertilizer security. • Visa issuance for people-to-people interactions, including pilgrims for the Mansarovar Yatra, will restart in 2025. • Recent Engagements: MoUs in health, maritime security, digital development, and cultural cooperation. • Hydrological Data Sharing: Commitments to share hydrological data of transboundary rivers, an area of contention in bilateral relations. • Limited progress on key projects like the BrahMos missile sale and Sabang port. • 75th Anniversary Celebrations: Acknowledging historical ties, both sides committed to organizing events to mark the75th year of diplomatic relations. • Lack of tangible outcomes in recent summits. • Non-committal stance on geopolitical issues. • Strengthening maritime and defense ties. • De-escalation and Trust-Building: The agreements follow efforts to ease tensions at the Line of Actual Control (LAC)after years of military standoff. • Enhanced collaboration in the Indo-Pacific and BRICS frameworks. INDIA WITH INDONESIA&AFFAIRS • Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi’s emphasis on reducing mutual suspicion indicates a shift towards normalization. SUBJECT: BILATERAL • Common heritage in Hinduism, Sanskrit, and Vedic scriptures. • Transboundary Concerns: India raised concerns about China’s hydropower project on the Brahmaputra (Yarlung Zangpo)and its implications for lower riparian states. • Post-colonial solidarity during decolonization and NAM formation. • Geopolitical and Strategic Dynamics: Shared concerns over U.S.-China rivalry and Indo- Pacific security. • Enhanced cooperation could mitigate potential disputes overwater sharing. • Collaborative efforts in food, fuel, and fertilizer security. • Economic and Trade Relations: Discussions extended to economic partnerships, indicating potential steps toward trade normalization post-pandemic • Recent Engagements: MoUs in health, maritime security, digital development, and cultural cooperation. AN OPPORTUNITY TO SETTLE SRI LANKA’S ETHNIC PROBLEM • Limited progress on key projects like the BrahMos missile sale and Sabang port. SUBJECT: BILATERAL • Lack of tangible outcomes in recent summits. • India renaming Tamil Cultural Centre in Thiruvalluvar as a diplomatic move. • Non-committal stance on geopolitical issues. • 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom led to India’s intervention. • Strengthening maritime and defense ties. • Enhanced collaboration in the Indo-Pacific and BRICS frameworks. • Indo-Lanka Accord (1987)resulted in13th Amendment (13A), granting limited Tamil autonomy. INDIA, CHINA TO RESUME DIRECT FLIGHTS ISSUE VISAS • Challenges in Implementing 13A – Incomplete implementation for 36 years. SUBJECT: BILATERAL • Resumption of Flights and Visas: Both countries agreed to resume direct flights, easing travel restrictions. • Tamil demands for full devolution (land, police powers). PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 9

10. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Sri Lankan government reluctant, fearing separatism. • Torpedo Integration: Integration of DRDO- developed electronic heavyweight torpedo (₹877 crore with Naval Group, France) • India’s Position– India historically supported Tamil autonomy. • AIP will enhance submarine endurance. • • PM Modi called for full 13A implementation but has been silent recently. Torpedo integration addresses the lack of a modern heavyweight torpedo. • • Unclear Indian stance during Sri Lankan opposition leader’s visit (2024). Generate employment. SCORPENE CLASS SUBMARINE AMONG 3 FRONTLINE PLATFORMS TO BE INDUCTED BY NAVY ON JAN 15 • Political Dynamics in Sri Lanka • Local elections delayed, hindering Tamil representation. SUBJECT: DEFENCE • INS Vagsheer: Sixth and final Scorpene-class submarine. • Financial crisis limits Provincial Councils’ functions. • INS Surat: Fourth Project-15B stealth destroyer. • Tamil parties push for full devolution while Sinhala parties hesitate. • INS Nilgiri: Lead ship of Project-17A stealth frigates. • DEFENCE Commissioning date: January 15, 2025. • CENTRE INKS CONTRACTS FOR AIP, TORPEDOES FOR SUBMARINES Enhances India’s naval combat capabilities and underscores its indigenization progress. • SUBJECT: DEFENCE Demonstrates advancements in stealth technology, radar reduction, and integration of advanced weapon systems. • AIP Module: Construction and integration of indigenously developed Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) module(₹1,990 crore with Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited). • All platforms are designed and manufactured domestically at Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd. (MDL), Mumbai, with collaboration from France for Scorpene submarines. • Torpedo Integration: Integration of DRDO- developed electronic heavyweight torpedo (₹877 crore with Naval Group, France) • INS Nilgiri: Represents a major upgrade from the Shivalik-class frigates. • AIP will enhance submarine endurance. • Features stealth technology and advanced radar signatures • Torpedo integration addresses the lack of a modern heavyweight torpedo. • INS Surat: Advances in stealth destroyer design with improved navigation and weaponry. • Generate employment. CENTRE INKS CONTRACTS FOR AIP, TORPEDOES FOR SUBMARINES SUBJECT: DEFENCE NATIONAL SECURITY ACT (NSA) 1980 • AIP Module: Construction and integration of indigenously developed Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) module(₹1,990 crore with Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited). SUBJECT: DEFENSE • Purpose: Preventive detention to safeguard national security and public order. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 10

11. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Powers: Enables Central and State governments to detain individuals without formal charges. • Strategic necessity due to aging fleet and delays in Project-75I. INDIA U.S TO JOINTLY MANUFACTURE INTEROPERABLE SONOBUOYS FOR NAVY • Grounds for Detention: Broadly defined, including activities prejudicial to national security, public order, and essential supplies. SUBJECT: DEFENSE • India and the U.S. will co-produce sonobuoys, advanced undersea instruments for tracking submarines, under the Make in India initiative. • Detention Period: Initial detention up to 12 days, extendable with advisory board approval. • Advisory Board: Reviews detention grounds but government isn’t bound by its recommendations. • Partnership involves Ultra Maritime (U.S.) and Bharat Dynamics Limited (India). • Sonobuoys will enhance India’s underwater domain awareness (UDA)to detect submarines in deep waters. • Judicial Review: Limited scope, focusing on procedural aspects rather than merits of detention. • It is a response to the rapid expansion of China’s naval presence in the Indian Ocean • Impact on Fundamental Rights: Restricts Article 21(personal liberty), curtails Article 22(protection against arrest), and potentially infringes on Article 19(freedom of speech). • Builds on the U.S.-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology(iCET), launched in 2022. • Criticisms: Potential for misuse, lack of transparency, violation of international norms. • The sonobuoys will meet U.S. Navy standards, ensuring interoperability across Quad nations (India, U.S., Australia, and Japan) • Supreme Court’s Stance: Emphasis on procedural safeguards and caution against arbitrary use. • Includes deployment of sonobuoys alongside advanced platforms like P-8I aircraft and MH- 60R helicopters, boosting India’s anti- submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities. AHEAD OF PM’S PARIS TRIP, RAFALE SCORPENE DEALS REACH FINAL LEG • Signals a deepening of defense ties and a shift toward indigenous production of high-tech military equipment SUBJECT: DEFENSE • Rafale-M Fighters:Part of India’s naval modernization program. BORDER FENCING ON IN WEST BENGAL DESPITE BGB OBJECTIONS : BSF • Specifications: 22 single-seater Rafale-M jets and 4 twin-seaters. SUBJECT: DEFENSE • Role: Operates from aircraft carriers like INS Vikrant. • BSF continued erecting fences at Kaliachak, Malda district, despite objections from the Bangladesh Border Guards (BGB). • Bridge gap until indigenous Twin Engine Deck- Based Fighter (TEDBF) is operational. • Issue of fencing gained momentum due to political instability in Bangladesh • Strengthens operational capability on aircraft carriers. • India-Bangladesh border length:2,216 km; significant stretches remain unfenced. • Scorpene-class Submarines: Diesel-electric submarines built under Project-75. • Prevent illegal immigration. • Additional procurement of 3 Scorpene-class submarines to strengthen the Navy. • Curb cross-border smuggling and trafficking. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 11

12. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Aligns with India’s border management strategies under the MHA. • National Security: Support for defense applications and surveillance. • • Addresses bilateral concerns under the Indo- Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement (2015) Economic Growth: Boost sectors like agriculture, disaster management, and urban planning through remote sensing. • Global Competitiveness: India’s push for leadership in the global satellite services market. SIXTH GENERATION AERO- ENGINE CAN BE DEVELOPED BY TYING UP WITH FOREIGN FIRM : DRDO CHIEF MDL – TKMS BID FOR P-751 SUBMARINE TENDER CLEARS TECHNICAL EVALUATION SUBJECT: DEFENSE • DRDO Chief Samir V. Kamat emphasizes the need for co development with foreign firms for a sixth-generation aero-engine. SUBJECT: DEFENSE • Project P-75I: • • India currently spends only 5% of its defense budget on R&D; this needs to rise to 15%. Aim: Build 6 advanced submarines with Air Independent Propulsion (AIP). • • Critical technologies required include: Single- crystal blade power Bid Status: MDL-TKMS (Germany) clears technical evaluation; L&T-Navantia (Spain) rejected. • Metallurgy discs • Indigenous Content: 45% (1st submarine) → 60% (6th submarine). • Ceramic matrix composites • Estimated investment: ₹40,000-50,000 crore. • Enhances stealth and endurance of Indian Navy. • Challenges: Delays in indigenous fighter jet development. • Aligns with Make in India and defense indigenization • Establishment of facilities like testing centers, high-altitude test beds, and forging capacity. INDIAN NAVY FINISHES SURVEY OF MAURITIUS INDIA HAS TO RAISE NUMBER OF OPERATIONAL SATELLITES : ISRO CHIEF – DESIGNATE SUBJECT: DEFENSE • INS Sarvekshak: Surveyed 25,000 sq. nautical miles, aiding Mauritius in maritime infrastructure and coastal planning. SUBJECT: DEFENSE • Current Satellite Count:India operates 54 satellites. • Outcome: New nautical charts handed to Mauritius President Dharambeer Gokhool. • Planned Expansion: The number of operational satellites is expected to exceed 100 in the next 3-4 years. • Significance:Strengthens India’s SAGAR Vision and maritime diplomacy • Strategic Vision:V. Narayanan, ISRO Chief- Designate, emphasized the need for enhancing satellite capacity to meet growing national requirements. INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME BREAKS INTO 2025 IN MISSION MODE SUBJECT: DEFENSE • • Context: The statement was made during the inauguration of the National Aerospace Manufacturing Seminar 2025. PSLV-C60 Mission: Satellite docking success and deployment of 24 payloads. • Future Missions: Chandrayaan-4and Bharatiya Antariksh Station planned. • Enhanced Communication: Address growing needs for communication, broadcasting, and navigation services. • Approval for a third launch padat Sriharikota PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 12

13. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Satellite docking and power transfer for space station simulations. concerns about its environmental impact and strategic implications. • • Compact research modules tested for space debris tracking. Initial Project: International container transshipment port at Galathea Bay, airport, power plant, township, and tourism project across 130 sq. km. • Solar data release from Aditya-L1 mission aiding solar studies. • Shipping Ministry Additions: International cruise terminal, ship-breaking yard, shipbuilding and repair facilities, and designation of Campbell Bayas an exim port • Partnerships with Swiss and U.S. firms for space debris monitoring and communications. • Enhancing indigenous capabilities for human spaceflight. • Environmental Concerns: The project involves significant diversion of pristine forest land and potential damage to coral reefs, raising ecological concerns. • Strengthening India’s position in the global space race. INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME BREAKS INTO 2025 IN MISSION MODE • Strategic Concerns:The government has cited national security and strategic interests to deny RTI requests related to the project, particularly regarding the dual-use military- civil airport. SUBJECT: DEFENSE • PSLV-C60 Mission: Satellite docking success and deployment of 24 payloads. • Transparency Issues: The Shipping Ministry’s proposals for tourism and ship-related activities seem to contradict the secrecy surrounding the project’s strategic implications. The lack of public information and justification for these additions raises transparency concerns. • Future Missions: Chandrayaan-4and Bharatiya Antariksh Station planned. • Approval for a third launch padat Sriharikota • Satellite docking and power transfer for space station simulations. • Compact research modules tested for space debris tracking. • Conflicting Objectives: The proposed ship repair and tourism infrastructure appear incompatible with the stated strategic importance and ecological sensitivity of the area. • Solar data release from Aditya-L1 mission aiding solar studies. • Partnerships with Swiss and U.S. firms for space debris monitoring and communications. GDP GROWTH PROJECTED TO FALL TO FOUR YEAR LOW AT 6.4% • Enhancing indigenous capabilities for human spaceflight. SUBJECT: ECONOMY • Strengthening India’s position in the global space race. • National Statistics Office (NSO)Estimates for 2024-25: India’s real GDP growth is projected at6.4%, a four-year low, down from8.2% in 2023-24. • ECONOMY • Growth is expected to rebound in the second half of FY25 to6.8%, following 6% growth in the first half. CRUISE TERMINAL PROPOSED FOR GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND • SUBJECT: ECONOMY Agriculture: Growth forecasted at3.8%, up from1.4%in 2023-24. • A ₹72,000 crore infrastructure project proposed for Great Nicobar Islandhas raised PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 13

14. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Manufacturing: GVA growth is set to decline sharply to5.3%from9.9%last year. • Revamp fiscal policies to enhance public investment and welfare spending. • • Mining and Quarrying: Estimated GVA growth at2.9%, down from7.1%. Implement progressive taxation on wealth and corporate profits to address inequality and generate revenue. • Other Services: Expected growth of9.1%, up from7.8%in 2023-24 • Address data accuracy issues to provide a clearer picture of economic health. • Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), a measure of fresh investments, is projected to rise by only 6.4%, compared to9%in 2023-24. IMPACT OF RUPEE WEAKENING SUBJECT: ECONOMY • GDP Value: Real GDP at constant prices is estimated at₹184.88 lakh crore for 2024-25, compared to₹173.82 lakh crore in 2023-24 • The Indian rupee has faced significant devaluation against the dollar. • Key causes include capital outflows, high import costs, and RBI’s policy stance. DECODING INDIA’S GROWTH SLOWDOWN SUBJECT: ECONOMY • Exchange Rate Regimes • India’s projected GDP growth for 2024-25 is pegged at6.4%, lower than the 6.5-7% forecast by the Economic Survey in mid-2024. • Fixed Exchange Rate: Currency value fixed by the central bank using forex reserves. • Floating Exchange Rate: Currency value determined by market demand supply. • Factors include weak demand, low private consumption, and stagnant investment rates. • India’s Policy: Managed float, where RBI intervenes to reduce volatility. • The National Statistics Office’s (NSO) GDP calculation uses Wholesale Price Index (WPI) instead of Producer Price Index (PPI), which may misrepresent economic activity. • Factors Driving Rupee Depreciation • External Factors: • Seasonal adjustments and discrepancies in sectoral data further cloud the real economic scenario. • Capital Outflows: Higher U.S. interest rates make Indian investments less attractive. • Global Commodity Prices: Surge in oil and other imports increases import costs. • Post-pandemic, investment growth has remained sluggish, reflecting structural weaknesses in corporate spending. • Domestic Factors: Current Account Deficit (CAD):Persistent deficit due to high imports and limited export growth. • Average annual growth in private consumption and fixed capital formation (2012-2024) under the NDA regime lags behind earlier periods • Export Challenges: Weak performance despite rupee depreciation. • Construction and financial services exhibit moderate growth, but agriculture, manufacturing, and trade face downturns TO FIX ECONOMY, BOOST CONSUMPTION SUBJECT: ECONOMY • Monitor sticky food inflation and its secondary effects. • Fiscal deficit consolidation has reduced spending capacity, limiting growth stimulus. • Boost private capex and disposable incomes. • The Centre’s spending on welfare and capital investment has slowed, affecting rural consumption and welfare schemes. • December 2024 inflation at 5.22% due to high prices of key products. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 14

15. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Weak private investment and slowing government capex. SUBJECT: ECONOMICS • Methodology: Divergence between NSSO and National Accounts data; recall period inconsistencies in surveys. • Promote mass consumption and e-commerce growth. • • Enhance disposable incomes in the urban middle class Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Criticized for non-comparability with UNDP’s index (e.g., India added bank account access as an indicator). • 2025 projected to be “anything but ordinary” with uneven disinflation. • Poverty reduced by 17– 18%(Tendulkar/Rangarajan Committees). • Monitoring threats like weaponization of uncertainty in global trade • Rural-urban gap narrowing due to NFSA, MGNREGA POOR DEMANS HITS INVESTMENTS BY PRIVATE SECTOR IN Q3 • Outdated rural definition(2011 Census). SUBJECT: ECONOMY • Need for revised poverty line. • Issue: Decline in private sector investments by 1.4% (Q2-Q3 FY25). RBI MOVES TO EASE LIQUIDITY CRUNCH • Government Action: Capital expenditure (CapEx) by states increased, raising total fresh investments by 9.9%. SUBJECT: ECONOMY • India’s banking system liquidity hit a one-year low, prompting RBI action. • Sector Trends: Electricity projects witnessed 21.9% growth. • RBI’s Measures to Inject Liquidity: Government Bond Purchase: Buying₹600 billion worth of bonds in three tranches. • Sectors like mining, irrigation, and pharma saw contraction. • Repo Auction: Conducting a56-day variable rate repo auction worth ₹500 billion(scheduled for Feb 7). • State Performance: Rajasthan emerged as the leader in fresh investments, overtaking Maharashtra and Gujarat. • USD/INR Swap Auction: $5 billion buy/sell swap for six months(scheduled for Jan 31). • Impact:Reflects economic slowdown, inflation concerns, and hesitancy in private investment • Why RBI Took Action? TAX AVOIDANCE TREATIES : INDIA SETS NEW NORMS FOR CLAIMING BENEFITS • Liquidity Crunch Reasons: Rising government borrowing. SUBJECT: ECONOMY • Tighter monetary policy to curb inflation. • Principal Purpose Test (PPT) under Double Tax Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs). • Higher demand for cash flow in the economy THE OLD AND THE NEW : SCHEMES TO LOOK OUT FOR ON BUDGET DAY • Key Provisions: Guidance note on PPT for claiming treaty benefits (applicable post April 2025). SUBJECT: ECONOMY • • Grandfathering provisions for treaties with Cyprus, Mauritius, and Singapore. Increased Focus on AI & Clean Energy • IndiaAI Mission,Green Hydrogen Mission, and PLI for battery storage signal the government’s focus on future technologies. • Implication: Aligns with BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) Action Plan 6. • IS POVERTY BEING UNDERESTIMATED IN INDIA Reduction in Urban Development Allocations PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 15

16. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Significant budget cuts in Smart Cities Mission and AMRUT reflect shifting priorities. assistance from the NDRF, as per established procedures • Greater Push for Electric Mobility New electric vehicle (EV) promotion schemesand₹1,300 Cr for e-Bus expansion under PM-eBus Sewa Scheme. WAYANAD LANDSLIDES A DISASTER OF SEVERE NATURE SAYS CENTRE SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENT • The categorization of the Wayanad landslides as a “disaster of a severe nature”is based on the assessment of the Inter-Ministerial Central Team (IMCT)deployed by the central government. • PLI Remains a Core Industrial Strategy • ₹2,143 Cr for multiple PLI schemes shows continued support for manufacturing. • This designation, while acknowledging the significant impact of the landslides, falls short of the “national calamity” status sought by the Kerala state government. ENVIRONMENT WAYANAD LANDSLIDES A DISASTER OF SEVERE NATURE SAYS CENTRE • The distinction is important because the “national calamity” declaration does not exist within the current framework of the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) and National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) guidelines. SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENT • The categorization of the Wayanad landslides as a “disaster of a severe nature”is based on the assessment of the Inter-Ministerial Central Team (IMCT)deployed by the central government. • There is no official categorization of “national calamity” in India’s disaster management framework. • This designation, while acknowledging the significant impact of the landslides, falls short of the “national calamity” status sought by the Kerala state government. • The Disaster Management Act of 2005does not define or recognize this term. • • While there have been past proposals to establish such a classification, none have been formally adopted. The distinction is important because the “national calamity” declaration does not exist within the current framework of the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) and National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) guidelines. • Therefore, the aid provided is channeled through the existing SDRF and NDRF mechanisms, which are based on the “severe nature” assessment. • There is no official categorization of “national calamity” in India’s disaster management framework. • This categorization allows for the allocation of funds from the SDRF, with supplementary assistance from the NDRF, as per established procedures • The Disaster Management Act of 2005does not define or recognize this term. • While there have been past proposals to establish such a classification, none have been formally adopted. RECONSIDER PLAN TO DISPOSE TOXIC WASTE IN PITHAMPUR • SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENT Therefore, the aid provided is channeled through the existing SDRF and NDRF mechanisms, which are based on the “severe nature” assessment. • Toxic waste refers to any discarded material, liquid, or solid, that contains substances harmful to human health and the environment. These substances can be poisonous, radioactive, flammable, corrosive, or react dangerously with other materials. • This categorization allows for the allocation of funds from the SDRF, with supplementary PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 16

17. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Examples include: • Developing countries face economic constraints, debt burdens, and climate vulnerabilities. • Industrial byproducts: Chemicals, heavy metals, solvents, and asbestos. • Developed nations reluctant to commit adequate financial and technological support. • Medical waste: Infectious materials, pharmaceuticals, and sharps. • Biodiversity conservation stalled due to disagreements on financing sustainable land- use practices. • Electronic waste (e-waste): Discarded electronics containing heavy metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium. • Plastics treaty opposed by plastic-dependent economies. • Pesticides and herbicides: Chemicals used in agriculture that can contaminate soil and water. • Discussions on climate finance under the Paris Agreement failed due to differences on emission accountability. • Radioactive waste: Materials from nuclear power plants and medical treatments. • Lack of measurable mechanisms to monitor commitments by nations. • Several methods are employed to manage and dispose of toxic waste: • Developing economies are most affected due to delays in action on critical issues. • Landfilling: Specifically designed landfills with liners and leachate collection systems can contain some types of hazardous waste. • Delay in addressing biodiversity loss, desertification, climate change, and plastic pollution. • Incineration: Burning waste at high temperatures can destroy many harmful substances, but it can also produce air pollution if not properly controlled. • Vulnerable communities disproportionately impacted. • • Chemical treatment: Neutralizing or detoxifying waste through chemical reactions. Erosion of trust in multilateral negotiations and weakening of global cooperation mechanisms. • Biological treatment: Using microorganisms to break down organic waste. END OF GLOBAL CLIMATE POLICY • Recycling and recovery: Extracting valuable materials from waste for reuse. SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENT • Transition from G7-driven climate policies to a Global South-led framework. • Stabilization/Solidification:Converting liquid waste into a solid form to prevent leaching • Emphasis on”just transition”to address social dimensions of climate action. FOUR UN ENVIRONEMENTAL SUMMITS FELL SHORT IN 2024 • Disparity in emissions responsibility: G7 accounts for 25% of emissions with only 10% of the global population. SUBJECT: ENVIRONEMENT • Four major UN summits in2024on biodiversity (Colombia), desertification (Saudi Arabia), plastics (South Korea), and climate change (Azerbaijan)ended without meaningful resolutions. • Calls for alternate sustainability forums like BRICS • Role of international cooperation under UNFCCC and Paris Agreement. • Divergence between developed and developing nations on financial support and technology transfer was a central issue. • Balancing developmental needs with emission reduction goals PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 17

18. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 CENTRE ALLOWS KERALA TO USE SDRF FUNDS FOR WAYANAD REHABILITATION • Institutional Measures: Strengthening Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies (PACS): SUBJECT: DISASTER MANAGEMENT • Expansion to two lakh PACS, enabling broader functions beyond input credit. • The Centre has granted Kerala permission to utilize ₹120 crore from the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF)for rehabilitation following Wayanad landslides. • Creation of70,000 grain storage points for rural procurement and transportation cost reduction • Funds will cover airlifting service charges incurred by the Defence Department during rescue operations. • Four Pillars: Lending access, transformation of internal operations, digitisation, and climate resilience funding. • As per SDRF guidelines, the State Executive Committee has the authority to allocate funds under the Disaster Management Act. • Technology Integration: Use of drones and solar-powered solutions for sustainable farming practices. • The Union Home Ministry relaxed certain norms to facilitate fund utilization, reflecting cooperative federalism in disaster response • Financial and operational assistance through NABARD and corporate partnerships to scale the initiatives • The Kerala High Court observed that the Centre had responded positively to the state’s request, enabling the “freeing up” of resources for immediate relief and rehabilitation efforts. SURVEY ADDS 24 NEW SPECIES TO MANNAR’S FAUNAL STOCK SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENT • 24 new species of birds, butterflies, and odonates recorded. • Additional funding avenues, such as Local Area Development Funds and Special Assistance for States for Capital Investment (SASCI), are available for long-term recovery. • Includes 11 new bird species, raising the total to 258 in Munnar Wildlife Division. • CENTRE CALLS FOR COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO ADDRESS IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE Endemic butterflies like Nilgiri Clouded Yellow, Palni Bush-Brown, and documented • Highlights the ecological richness of Mathikettan Shola National Park and surrounding areas. SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENT • Climate change is significantly impacting agriculture, including irregular monsoons, price risks, and crop resilience. • Conservation efforts vital for biodiversity protection • Immediate and long-term strategies are necessary to safeguard food security and farmer livelihoods STRATEGIC NEED FOR TUNGSTEN MUST BE BALANCED AGAINST ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENT • Two-Pronged Approach: • Tungsten crucial for defense/high-tech industries; India imports 95% • Adaptation: Promotion of drought-and flood- resistant crops. • Auction annulled due to proximity to Arittapatti(Tamil Nadu’s first biodiversity heritage site) • Adoption of efficient water management techniques. • • Enhanced crop insurance to cushion farmers against extreme natural events. Central vs. State conflict (DMK’s muted opposition; BJP’s U-turn post-protests). PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 18

19. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • GSI tasked with redefining mining boundaries • Hydropower: Installed capacity of 11,000 MW (secondary goal) • Balancing ecological preservation (cave temples, rare species) vs. strategic resource needs. • Concerns over displacement, loss of livelihood, and environmental impacts. • WHAT WHO’S RECOMMENDATION FOR LOW SODIUM SALT MEANS FOR INDIA Tensions with China over water flow control COP29 CLIMATE FINANCE AND ITS OPTICAL ILLUSION SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENT SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY • Lower-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) recommended. • Instead of the requested $1.3 trillion per year by 2030, developed countries pledged only $300 billion per year by 2035. • Potassium chloride replaces sodium chloride to reduce hypertension risks. • This falls significantly short of the estimated needs ($455 billion-$584 billion annually) identified by developing countries in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). • Excess salt increases blood pressure, leading to CVDs, strokes. • India’s high-salt diet raises health risks • Insufficient Funds:The agreed amount is inadequate to address the scale of the climate crisis and the needs of developing countries. • Lowers BP(4 mmHg systolic, 2 mmHg diastolic). • Reduces stroke risk. • Lack of Grants and Concessional Resources:A significant portion of the funding should be in the form of grants and concessional loans, not commercial loans that burden developing nations with debt. • Prevents heart disease. • Kidney Disease Risks: Potassium-based salts unsafe for kidney patients. • Economic & Market Barriers: LSSS is expensive. • Ignoring Vulnerable Nations:While acknowledging the needs of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), the agreement lacks specific allocation floors for these particularly vulnerable groups. • Limited awareness. • Cultural & Dietary Habits: Indians rely heavily on salt • Disregarding Loss and Damage:The NCQG fails to adequately address the economic costs of loss and damage caused by climate change, estimated to reach hundreds of billions of dollars annually by 2030. GEOGRAPHY SIANG PROJECT TO HELP AVERT FLOODS IF CHINA RELEASES EXCESS WATER SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY • Non-transparent Process:India criticized the lack of consultation in finalizing the NCQG, highlighting a breach of trust and established norms within the UNFCCC framework. • Part of the Brahmaputra system originating in Tibet. • Flows through Arunachal Pradesh into Assam and Bangladesh EXCESSIVE NITRATES FOUND IN GROUNDWATER IN 440 DISTRICTS • Dual objectives: SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY • Flood Mitigation: Addresses risks posed by excess water released by China. • 440 districts in India report excessive nitrates (>45 mg per liter) in groundwater, up from 359 in 2017. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 19

20. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • High nitrate levels are a result of overuse of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. • Challenges include lack of resources, infrastructure, and constant risks from wildlife. • The Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) highlighted that 56% of districts face this issue, posing health and environmental hazards. • Highlights the importance of grassroots healthcare delivery in improving welfare for vulnerable populations. • • Nitrate toxicity poses significant risks to children’s health and overall environmental stability. Reflects the need for better infrastructure and support for healthcare workers in remote areas • Uranium contamination(>30 ppb) was found in regions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka. TODA TRIBE SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY • Location: Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu • • States with chronic nitrate issues: Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. Religious Worship: Worship at sacred “moonbo” temples(head-shaped structures) specific to their rituals. • Rising concerns in southern regions, such as Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Maharashtra. • Traditional Attire: Embroidered shawls, distinct black-and-red patterned cloth (called “Puthukuli”) • Maharashtra reported the highest contamination at35.74%, followed by Telangana (27.48%) and Andhra Pradesh (23.5%). • Rituals: Indigenous ceremonies involving nature worship and community participation • • Groundwater over-extraction: 60.4% of extraction levels remain unsustainable since 2009. Modwerth Festival • Purpose: Seasonal tribal festival celebrated annually. • Irrigation practices and subsidized fertilizers: Key drivers of contamination. • Marks the beginning of the year and sets plans for the future. • Monsoon rains exacerbate contamination, with32.66% of samples contaminated post- monsoon. • Activities: Community gatherings at sacred sites. • Traditional decision-making practices within the tribe MOVING MOUNTAINS SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY VARIOUS COUNTRIES DECLARE 2024 HEAT RECORDS • Healthcare workers in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, serve isolated tribal hamlets despite poor connectivity, infrastructure gaps, and threats from wild animals. SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY • 2024 recorded as the hottest year in many countries since industrial records began. • Workers, including ASHA staff, provide essential services like maternal care, vaccinations, and health monitoring. • India experienced its second-warmest year since 1901 • Increased frequency of climate-related disasters (e.g., floods, droughts, wildfires). • They traverse difficult terrains and forests inhabited by elephants, tigers, and leopards to reach remote areas. • Economic losses estimated at $310 billion globally. • Act as a bridge between the district healthcare system and tribal communities. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 20

21. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Reflects need for stronger action under Paris Agreement and National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). • Establishment of a National Committee on Dam Safety(to ensure dam maintenance and safety standards). • • Importance of climate resilience and adaptation measures Constitution of State Dam Safety Organizations (SDSO). • WHY THE LOCATION OF CHINA’S EARTHQUAKE MATTERS Non-implementation despite a legal mandate. • Threat to public safety due to delayed preventive measures. SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY • • A 7.1 magnitude earthquake struck on January 7, with its epicenter near the Tingri region, close to Mt. Everest, in the Lhasa terrane. A three-judge bench led by Justice Surya Kant criticized the Union Government for not fully implementing the law, remarking that it “exists only on paper.” • • Over 95 deaths and significant infrastructural damages reported in Tibet and neighboring areas, including tremors felt in Kathmandu and Kolkata. The court was hearing a plea regarding the safety of the129-year-old Mullaperiyar Damin Kerala. • Petitioner Mathews Nedumpara argued that a breach in the dam could endanger lakhs of lives. • The Lhasa terrane, a crustal fragment, lies near tectonic boundaries where the Indian plate continues to collide with the Eurasian plate at 60 mm/year. • Kerala sought a reduction in the permissible water level from 142 feet to 120 feet, citing safety risks. • China’s recently approved mega hydroelectric project on the Yarlung Tsangpo River (Brahmaputra in India) is located in the Lhasa terrane. • The court noted the lack of progress since 2021, including failure to reconstitute the monitoring committee, which must be renewed every three years. • Potential risks include destabilization of the river’s perennial flow, affecting ecosystems in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. EXPERT PANAEL CLEARS PLAN TO REBUILD WASHED AWAY TEESTA DAM IN SIKKIM • The Himalayas, referred to as the “Third Pole,” hold vast water resources in glaciers, lakes, and rivers, making the region critical for regional stability. SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY • Teesta-3 dam, Sikkim’s largest hydropower project, was destroyed by a Glacier Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). • Earthquake activity here poses risks such as glacier destabilization and flooding, disrupting natural cycles and dependent communities. • Over 100 fatalities occurred due to the disaster. • CENTRE YET TO WAKE UP FROM ITS SLUMBER ON DAM SAFETY ACT: SC Proposed Reconstruction Plan: • New Dam Features: Will be fully concrete(previous dam was part rock, part concrete). SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY • The Dam Safety Act, 2021, was enacted to prevent dam-related disasters and ensure the safe operation of dams. • Higher capacity: Spillway can handle19,946 cubic meters per second(3x previous capacity). • The Act mandates the constitution of a National Committee on Dam Safety within 60 days of its commencement. • Early warning system to prevent future disasters. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 21

22. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Cause of the Collapse:Floodgates failed to open in time, leading to excessive water pressure. • Conducted in 4 districts (Chennai, Kanchipuram, Coimbatore, and Vellore) by REACH and the National TB Elimination Programme. • If operational,the previous dam could have survived with reduced damage. • 36% of TB patients were migrants, with challenges such as: THE IMPACT OF CLASSIFYING DENOTIFIED TRIBES • Poor follow-up caredue to lack of documentation. SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY • First-ever categorizationof268 denotified, semi-nomadic, and nomadic tribesby: • Occupational hazards and high-risk environments. • Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) • Stigma and limited awareness • Tribal Research Institutes (TRI) • Gender: 66% male, 34% female. • Classification Outcomes: 179 communities recommended for SC, ST, or OBC inclusion. • Age Group: 77% were aged 15–59 years. • Comorbidities: 28.6% undernourished, 26.8% diabetic, 8.8% obese • 85 communities identified for classification for the first time. • National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP): Aims to eliminate TB by 2025. • 63 communities not trace able due to assimilation, migration, or name changes. • Free diagnostics and treatment, with financial support under Nikshay Poshan Yojana. • Criminal Tribes Act, 1924(repealed in 1949) led to misclassificationof DNTs. HMPV INFECTION NOT NEW, NO CAUSE FOR ALARM : CENTRE • Previous Committees Attempted Classification: SUBJECT: HEALTH • First Backward Classes Commission (1953) • The Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), first identified in 2001, has been in global circulation for years. • Lokur Committee (1965) • Mandal Commission (1980) • • It spreads through air and causes respiratory infections across all age groups Renke Commission (2008) • Idate Commission (2017)(documented 1,200+ DNT communities). • Recent cases in Karnataka and Gujarat involved no travel history and patients are recovering. • Special Committee under NITI Aayog to finalize categorization. Debate over SC/ST/OBC inclusion or a separate DNT category. • The Health Ministry emphasized that HMPV is not new and there is no unusual surge in influenza-like illnesses or severe respiratory diseases in India. • State governments may initiate independent classification • HMPV surveillance is active under the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP). HEALTH • WHO and Indian health agencies remain vigilant, particularly in light of increased cases in neighboring countries. 36% OF TB PATIENTS IN FOUR T.N DISTRICTS ARE MIGRANTS SUBJECT: HEALTH PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 22

23. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 HISTORY • Universality: TheThirukuralis admired for its universal and timeless wisdom, transcending specific religious or cultural boundaries. It has been translated into numerous languages. KUCHIPUDI SUBJECT: HISTORY (ART AND CULTURE) • • Influence:Thiruvalluvar’s teachings have had a profound impact on Tamil culture and continue to be a source of guidance and inspiration. Originated in Andhra Pradesh. • Named after the village Kuchipudi in Krishna District. • A blend of Natya(Drama), Nritta(Pure Dance), and Nritya (Expressive Dance). • Legacy: Revered as a great moral and philosophical figure. His statue in Kanyakumari stands as a testament to his STALIN OFFERS $1 MN PRIZE FOR DECODING INDUS VALLEY SCRIPT • Traditionally performed as a dance-drama based on Hindu religious themes, especially from texts like Bhagavata Purana. SUBJECT: HISTORY/ STATES • Bright costumes with unique pleated designs. • Time Period: Circa 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. • Elaborate jewelry and facial expressions. • Writing System: The IVC script remains undeciphered. • Accompanied by Carnatic music. • Instruments include mridangam, violin, and veena • Known for pictographic symbols found on seals, pottery, and other objects. • Use of hand gestures (Mudras)to narrate stories. • Features: Logosyllabicin nature. • Direction: Written from right to left. • Focus on both graceful body movements and facial expressions (Abhinaya) • Consists of around 400-600 unique symbols. THIRUVALLUVAR • No Rosetta Stone-like bilingual evidence exists. SUBJECT: HISTORY • Cultural Parallels: Urban planning, seals, and script suggest connections with later Tamil and Dravidian culture. • A celebrated Tamil poet and philosopher. The exact period when he lived is debated, with estimations ranging from the 3rd century BCE to the 5th century CE • Predates the Aryan civilization and Sanskrit. • Magnum Opus: Thirukural, a classic Tamil text consisting of 133 chapters, each containing 10 couplets (kurals). WHY IS DECIPHERING THE INDUS SCRIPT IMPORTANT? • Themes of Thirukural: Covers a wide range of topics related to human life and ethics, categorized into three sections: SUBJECT: HISTORY • The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)spanned 2.5 million sq. km across modern-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan (2600–1900 BCE). • Aram(Virtue):Deals with moral principles and righteous conduct. • • Its undeciphered script has hindered understanding of its societal structure, culture, and connection with contemporary civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt. Porul(Wealth):Focuses on material prosperity and good governance. • Inbam(Love):Explores the various aspects of love and family life. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 23

24. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalinannounced a ₹5 million prize for deciphering the script. • The President of India will mark the 75th Republic Day with a special “At Home” reception, showcasing GI-tagged crafts from South India. • A recent project by Tamil Nadu’s State Department of Archaeology explored parallels between Indus seals and Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions, suggesting potential cultural contact. • The curated crafts honor sustainability, cultural richness, and the legacy of”One District One Product” (ODOP). • Pochampally Ikat:Geometric-patterned pencil pouches from Telangana. • The “Dravidian Hypothesis” suggests the Indus script represents Proto-Dravidian roots, linking IVC to modern Dravidian languages. • Etikoppaka Toys:Lacquered wooden toys from Andhra Pradesh, renowned for natural dyes. • Scholars like Iravatham Mahadevan have studied structural similarities with Tamil- Brahmi and stressed the cultural overlap • Kalamkari Bamboo Box: Hand-drawn designs from Andhra Pradesh. • The INSCRIPT project documented 419 signs from Indus seals, correlating them with patterns in Tamil Nadu artifacts. • Kanchipuram Silk: Handloom pouches, known globally for their elegance. • Mysore Ganjifa Art:(Karnataka) Hand-painted playing cards tied to historical art revival. • Evidence suggests a shared linguistic or cultural legacy, reinforcing theories of ancient trade and migration between the IVC and South India • Screw pine weaving:(Kerala) a traditional craft TCHAY – E – GARD AHIKAR (SHADOW FISHING) JALLIKATTU • Fishing Technique: Tchay-e-gard Shikar(Shadow Fishing) SUBJECT: STATES • Definition: Jallikattu is a traditional bull- taming sport practiced in Tamil Nadu, particularly during the Pongal festival. • A unique, traditional fishing method used during winter(December 21 to April 30). • • Fishermen camouflage themselves under blankets to blend with the icy surroundings. Purpose: Celebrates Tamil culture and tradition. • • They use harpoons and reeds to create shock waves and lure fish into traps. Showcases the bravery of participants who attempt to tame bulls. • • Seasonal Practice: The technique is specific to the frozen conditions of the lake, which necessitates innovative adaptations for survival. Preserves native breeds of bulls like Kangayam, Pulikulam, and Bargur. • Supreme Court Verdicts • 2009: Ban on Animal Sports: • Supreme Court banned bull-related sports under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, citing animal cruelty concerns. • Cultural Significance: Reflects the ingenuity and resilience of Kashmiri fishermen in adapting to harsh winters. • A traditional craft that showcases a symbiotic relationship with nature • 2014: Supreme Court Strikes Down Tamil Nadu Regulation: PRESIDENT INVITE FOR AT HOME TO HONOUR CRAFTS FROM SOUTH • The court banned Jallikattu in the Animal Welfare Board of India v. A. Nagaraja case. SUBJECT: ART AND CULTURE PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 24

25. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Declared that Jallikattu violated the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act. • The contributions of translators to preserve and promote classical Indian literature globally are significant. • Recognized animals’ rights under Article 21 (Right to Life). • Thirukkural: A classic Tamil text by Thiruvalluvar, emphasizing ethics, politics, and love. • 2016: Tamil Nadu Ordinance: • Tamil Nadu passed an ordinance to allow Jallikattu by amending the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act. • Often cited as a foundational text in Tamil literature. • Avvaiyar: A renowned Tamil poet known for her didactic and philosophical poems. • Faced opposition from animal rights groups like PETA and AWBI. IN A FIRST A TRIBAL KING FROM KERALA TO ATTEND REPUBLIC DAY PARADE IN DELHI • 2017: Protests and Legislation: • Massive protests in Tamil Nadu against the ban, citing cultural and identity concerns. SUBJECT: HISTORY AND CULTURE • Raman Rajamannan, the head of Mannan tribal community, invited to Republic Day parade in Delhi. • Led to the Tamil Nadu government passing the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act, 2017to legalize Jallikattu. • Mannan tribe is primarily settled in Kerala, specifically in the Idukki district, within the buffer zone of the Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary at Kozhimala. • 2018: Supreme Court Review: • The case was referred to a Constitution Bench to examine: • Known as one of the Scheduled Tribes (ST)of Kerala. • The balance between cultural rights (Article 29)and animal rights (Article 21). • The community is unique in Southern India as it is the only tribal community ruled by a king. • Whether the Tamil Nadu amendment violated central laws or constitutional provisions. • Community retains a traditional governance structure. TALE OF TWO TRANSLATORS TAKING LITERATURE TO THE WORLD • Monarchical System: The Mannans are among the few tribal communities in India that continue to uphold a hereditary kingship system. SUBJECT: ART AND CULTURE • The work of two translators,Thomas Hitoshi Pruiksma and Leticia Ibanez, who are bringing Tamil literature to the global stage. • The king, known as “Raja,” serves as both the administrative and spiritual leader, overseeing community affairs and resolving disputes. • Pruiksma has translated works like Thirukkural and Avvaiyar’s poems into English. • The king is assisted by ministers and soldiers during community functions. • Ibanez, a French translator, learned Tamil as an expression of gratitude and translated Perumal Murugan’s Maadhoorbhagan into French • The royal residence is situated in Kozhimala, which functions as the community’s headquarters • Indian Literature: • The king’s regalia includes a turban embedded with conch and lined with pearls, straw bracelets, a scepter of authority (Adhihara dand), and an armbandon the shoulder. • Tamil literature, such as Thirukkural and Avvaiyar’s works, is part of India’s rich literary tradition. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 25

26. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • These symbols denote his status and are worn during official ceremonies and festivals. (exempting Scheduled Tribes and migrated natives). • • Festivals:The king presides over significant cultural and religious events. Provisions: Bans practices like halala,iddat, and talaq(linked to Muslim Personal Law). • IRON AGE KICKED OFF IN 4TH MILLENNIUM BCE IN T.N Mandates online registration of marriages, divorces, live-in relationships via portal (ucc.uk.gov.in). SUBJECT: HISTORY ART AND CULTURE • Discovery: Recent radiometric dating (AMS & OSL)at Sivagalai site (Thoothukudi, TN) suggests iron usage in Tamil Nadu dates back to3345 BCE(early 4th millennium BCE). • Live-in relationships must be registered within 1 month; partners can end relationships online/offline. • Equal inheritance rights for women. • Challenges existing timelines of iron usage in India; earliest evidence of smelted iron globally. • Aadhaar-based verification and AI translation in 22 languages on the portal. • Indicates independent technological advancement in South India (Iron Age in South vs. Copper Age in North India). TAMILNADU GOVT TO FILE REVIEW PLEA AGAINST SC VERDICT ON RESIDENCE BASED RESERVATION IN PG MEDICAL COURSES • Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL)used for dating. SUBJECT: STATES • Supreme Court ruled domicile-based reservations for PG medical courses unconstitutional. • Samples validated by labs in the US (Beta Analytic), Lucknow (Birbal Sahni Institute), and Ahmedabad (PRL). • Tamil Nadu had50% PG medical seats reserved for native students under State quota. DIGITAL TREE AADHAAR IN JAMMU & KASHMIR • SUBJECT: STATES The ruling removes this reservation, affecting State’s medical admission policies. • Initiative: QR-coded plates installed on Chinar trees(cultural symbol of J&K) under the Digital Tree Aadhaar conservation program. • Tamil Nadu Government’s Stand • 69% reservation policy in Tamil Nadu includes SC, ST, OBC categories. • Purpose:Track tree’s geographical location, health, and growth patterns. • 1,200 PG medical students impacted by the ruling. • Combat threats from urbanization and climate change. • State funds medical infrastructure, so it should have rights over PG admissions. • Significance: First-of-its-kind tech-driven conservation effort in India. • Impact of the Judgment – 50% of PG medical seats already under All India Quota, allowing students from other States. • Part of broader Smart City Mission and Digital India. • UTTARAKHAND ADOPTS UNIFORM CIVIL CODE LAUNCHES PORTAL Loss of local seats may affect Tamil Nadu’s healthcare system. • SUBJECT: STATES Service candidates (working doctors) might lose incentive for State service. • Implementation: Uttarakhand is the first Indian state post-Independence to adopt UCC • Tamil Nadu will file a review petition. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 26

27. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Legal consultations ongoing to safeguard the State’s control over medical admissions. • Afghanistan: The Taliban seized power in 2021, leading to U.S. withdrawal and$7.1 billion worth of U.S. weaponry left behind. • Push for reconsideration of domicile-based medical seat allocation • Despite the Taliban’s actions (restricting women’s rights and governance failures), global powers legitimized their rule. INTERNATIONAL • Syria:In 2024,Hay’at Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS), previously linked to Al Qaeda, toppled the Syrian government. GREAT ANNIVERSARIES OF PEACE INITIATIVES, A ROLE FOR INDIA • The U.S. removed the bounty on HTS leader Abu Muhammad al Jolani, raising concerns over supporting extremist groups. SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL • 80 years since the first nuclear weapon test(1945, Manhattan Project). • Bangladesh: A military coup in 2024 replaced Sheikh Hasina’s government with an interim military-led regime, allegedly to lerating Islamic radical groups. • 70 years of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto(1955), advocating global disarmament and peace. • Historical Context: 1945: First nuclear bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. • Groups like Jamaat-e-Islami and Ansarullah Bangla Team have gained ground, attacking minorities and adopting anti-India rhetoric • 1955: Issuance of the manifesto by Einstein, Russell, and Rotblat on the dangers of weapons of mass destruction. WHAT DID THE ILO REPORT STATE ABOUT INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS? • India’s Contribution: Long-standing advocate of global disarmament. SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL • The ILO’s fourth edition of ‘Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers’ highlights the contribution of international migrants (IMs)to economic growth, labour market shortages, and remittances. • Leadership under Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Rajiv Gandhi. • 1988 Action Plan: Proposal for a Nuclear- Weapons-Free and Non Violent World. • Statistics: Ims constitute 4.7%of the global workforce. • Current Global Scenario: Rising geopolitical tensions heighten the threat of nuclear conflict. • Higher proportion of males(61.3% employed vs. 38.7% females). • India’s No First Use (NFU) Policy as a nuclear power positions it to lead peace initiatives. • Sectors: 68.4%of IMs were in the services sector, especially healthcare. A SURGE IN RADICAL GOVERNMENTS THE HOPE OF DEMOCRACY • Host Countries: High-income nations absorb the majority (68.4% or 114 million). SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL • Regional data: Europe:23.3%of IM workers in 2022. • The rise of radical Islamic governments in regions like Afghanistan (2021), Syria (2024), and potentially Bangladesh is reshaping geopolitics. • North America:22.6%, showing a slight decline over the decade. • This trend highlights how power shifts lead to global responses varying from legitimization to indifference. • Arab states:13.3%, down from 2013 due to reduced demand PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 27

28. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 TRUMP, 47TH U.S. PRESIDENT VOWS TO STOP ALL CENSORSHIP • Environmental Efforts: Withdrawal weakens global resolve against climate change. • SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL U.S. defunding renewable energy programs undermines international goals. • Declared a “national emergency” at the Mexico border. • Energy Policy: U.S. focus on increased oil and gas production, contradicting climate sustainability. • Announced withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement. • India’s Position: India risks losing collaborative funding for clean energy from developed countries like the U.S. • Renamed Gulf of Mexico as “Gulf of America.” • Introduced gender-related policies and stricter immigration controls. THE OLIGRACHY WE SEE TODAY • Prioritized energy production and rolled back EV mandates. SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL • Outgoing U.S. President Joe Biden highlighted a “tech industrial complex” akin to historical oligarchies. • Called for a focus on “traditional values.” • Promised to restore the death penalty and citizenship rules for undocumented children. • Modern Oligarchy: Tech Industrial Complex: • Emphasis on tax reforms and reducing trade deficits. • Billionaires like Elon Musk influence U.S. politics through campaign funding. • Strengthening “America First” policies for global negotiations • Corporate interests overshadow public welfare. IMPACT OF WHO AND PARIS PULLOUTS BY THE U.S • Historical Evolution: Aristotle’s critique of oligarchy as elite-driven governance. SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL • • Modern analogies in the U.S. and other nations (e.g., the Philippines) Key Decision: U.S. announced withdrawal from WHO and halting of funding, citing failure to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. • Economic Inequality: Corporate monopolies widen wealth gaps. • Impacts: • • Democracy Undermined: Wealth-driven politics sidelines public interests. WHO Funding: U.S. contributed ~20% of WHO’s budget. • • Global Impacts: Other nations exhibit similar elite-dominated systems Loss of funds may impact WHO’s programs for global health emergencies. • India’s Impact: India benefits from WHO initiatives in combating diseases (e.g., tuberculosis, polio). AN ENDURING COMMITMENT TO THE INDO – PACIFIC • Reduced funding could affect health programs reliant on WHO’s assistance. SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL • Renaming “Asia-Pacific” to “Indo- Pacific”under the Trump administration. • Paris Climate Agreement Withdrawal • Key Decision: U.S. withdrawal could have larger consequences than 2017, especially for global climate goals. • Focus on sea-lane security and countering China’s influence. • Quad Diplomacy: Strengthened alliances with India, Japan, and Australia. • Impacts: PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 28

29. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Institutionalized Quad for regional stability. • Strengthened India’s nuclear energy program and strategic capabilities. • Continuity Under Biden: Quad Leaders’ Summit (2021) focused on climate, technology, and infrastructure. • Advocated for advancements in energy security, supercomputing, and nanotechnology. • Launch of Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for inclusive growth. • Recipient of Padma Shri (1975) and Padma Vibhushan (1999) • Challenges:Balancing Quad nations’ strategic autonomy with U.S. leadership. • Championed initiatives like RuTAG for rural technology development and SETS for cybersecurity. • Countering China’s Belt and Road Initiative. AN ENDURING COMMITMENT TO THE INDO – PACIFIC POLITY SUBJECT: INTERNATIONAL ONE NATION ONE ELECTION AND REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY • Renaming “Asia-Pacific” to “Indo- Pacific”under the Trump administration. SUBJECT: POLITY • Focus on sea-lane security and countering China’s influence. • Simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and Union Territories. • Quad Diplomacy: Strengthened alliances with India, Japan, and Australia. • Synchronization of elections starting from 2029 general elections. • Institutionalized Quad for regional stability. • Introduction of Article82A, amendments to Articles83, 172, and 327. • Continuity Under Biden: Quad Leaders’ Summit (2021) focused on climate, technology, and infrastructure. • Mid-term elections only for the remainder of the original term. • Launch of Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for inclusive growth. • Reduces frequent election cycles, which disrupt governance. • Challenges:Balancing Quad nations’ strategic autonomy with U.S. leadership. • Significant savings in financial and administrative resources. • Countering China’s Belt and Road Initiative. • Voter Turnout: Simultaneous elections may increase voter participation. PERSONALITIES • Policy Stability: Continuity in governance and focus on developmental agendas. CHIDAMBARAM DOYEN OF NUCLEAR PROGRAMME NO MORE PRIVATE MEMBERS BILLS GET SHORT SHRIFT IN BOTH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT SUBJECT: PERSONALITIES • SUBJECT: POLITY Former Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and Principal Scientific Adviser(2002–2018). • Definition: Bills introduced by Members of Parliament who are not Ministers. These offer a platform for individual MPs to raise issues and propose legislation. • Played a pivotal role in India’s nuclear tests in 1974(Smiling Buddha) and 1998(Operation Shakti). • Current Status: A negligible amount of time is allocated to Private Members’ Bills in both PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 29

30. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 Houses. No Private Member’s Bill has been passed since 1970. • Unfavorable scheduling (Friday afternoons). • Bills pending for years without discussion. • Time Allocation (17th Lok Sabha): • Proposed Solutions: Reschedule discussions to mid-week (Wednesdays). • Bills: 9.08 hours • • Resolutions: 16.43 hours Impact:The declining use of Private Members’ Bills limits the voice of individual MPs and hinders their ability to contribute to legislative processes. This also restricts alternative perspectives and potential solutions from being considered • Time Allocation (Rajya Sabha -same period): • Bills: 27.01 hours • Resolutions: 20.78 hours • Challenges: Lack of seriousness and attendance from members. THE NATURE OF DISSENT IN THE INDIAN JUDICIARY SUBJECT: POLITY • Unfavorable scheduling (Friday afternoons). • Context: Dissent is crucial in a democracy, reflecting diverse perspectives within the judiciary. Indian and U.S. Supreme Courts both see dissents, but their nature differs. • Bills pending for years without discussion. • Proposed Solutions: Reschedule discussions to mid-week (Wednesdays). • US Supreme Court Dissents: Often politically driven, reflecting the ideological leanings of judges appointed by different political parties. Examples include disagreements on affirmative action, abortion, and capital punishment. • Impact:The declining use of Private Members’ Bills limits the voice of individual MPs and hinders their ability to contribute to legislative processes. This also restricts alternative perspectives and potential solutions from being considered • Indian Supreme Court Dissents: More varied, encompassing political, social, and intellectual grounds. PRIVATE MEMBERS BILLS GET SHORT SHRIFT IN BOTH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT SUBJECT: POLITY • Political Dissents: • Definition: Bills introduced by Members of Parliament who are not Ministers. These offer a platform for individual MPs to raise issues and propose legislation. • ADM Jabalpur (1976):Justice H.R. Khanna’s dissent upholding fundamental rights during Emergency, later vindicated by a constitutional amendment. • Current Status: A negligible amount of time is allocated to Private Members’ Bills in both Houses. No Private Member’s Bill has been passed since 1970. • P.V. Narasimha Rao (1998):Dissent against parliamentary privilege for bribery, later upheld in Sita Soren (2023). • Social Dissents: • Time Allocation (17th Lok Sabha): • Shayara Bano (2017):Dissent against striking down triple talaq, arguing it was a matter of personal law and legislative domain. • Bills: 9.08 hours • Resolutions: 16.43 hours • Time Allocation (Rajya Sabha -same period): • Aishat Shifa (2022):Differing opinions on hijab ban in schools, reflecting varied interpretations of secularism. • Bills: 27.01 hours • Resolutions: 20.78 hours • Intellectual Dissents: • Challenges: Lack of seriousness and attendance from members. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 30

31. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Lalta Prasad Vaish (2024):Justice B.V. Nagarathna’s dissent on states’ power to tax industrial alcohol, based on differing interpretations of the Constitution. • Exclusion of candidates with close relatives already in the judiciary • Balancing judicial autonomy with accountability. TACKLING DELIMITATION BY REVERSING POPULATION CONTROL • Concerns over the executive’s role in judicial appointments SUBJECT: POLITY • Role of the judiciary inseparation of powers. • Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu expressed concerns over potential delimitation changes that could reduce representation for southern states in Parliament due to successful population control efforts. • Need for reforms in judicial appointment processes for transparency. RIVER INTERLINKING THE FOUNT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER SUBJECT: STATES/ POLITY • Representation Imbalance:States with controlled populations may lose representation, affecting the federal structure. • Proposed to address water scarcity in Bundelkhand by transferring surplus water from the Ken River to the Betwa River. • Includes a dam in Panna Tiger Reserve, threatening biodiversity. • Population Control Policies:Andhra Pradesh previously enacted a law limiting candidates with more than two children from contesting local elections, now reconsidered for reversal. • Cost: ₹45,000 crore • Environmental costs outweigh perceived benefits. • China: The one-child policy led to adverse socio-economic consequences, including a dependency burden and skewed demographics. • Imbalance in hydrological systems impacts biodiversity, river health, and livelihoods. • Ignores ecological principles and sustainable water management. • Japan and South Korea: Pro-natal policies have had limited success in reversing population declines. • Florida’s Kissimmee River channelization led to ecological disasters. • Variations in fertility rates across states are narrowing, but population momentum still influences representation. • Aral Sea desiccation from unsustainable water management. • Rapid fertility decline may require migration to balance regional workforce requirements • Focus on efficient irrigation systems and sustainable agriculture. THE COLLEGIUM AND CHANGES IT MAY STILL BE EARLY DAYS • Involve local stakeholders in water management decisions. SUBJECT: POLITY COURT ASKS CENTRE TO CONSIDER APPLICATION BY SRI LANKAN TAMIL OF INDIAN ORIGIN FOR CITIZENSHIP • Framework under Article 124and Article 217for appointments to the Supreme Court and High Courts. SUBJECT: POLITY • Ensures judicial independence but lacks transparency • A Sri Lankan Tamil refugee of Indian origin seeks Indian citizenship. • Inclusion of interviews for elevation to the judiciary. • Petitioner born in Jaffna, Sri Lanka (1975), migrated to India in 1984 due to ethnic strife. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 31

32. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Parents identified as Indian-origin Tamils but denied Sri Lankan citizenship, leaving them stateless. • Sarkaria Commission (1988):Suggested limiting Governor’s role to constitutional functions. • • The petitioner has been living in India for over 40 years. Madras High Court (2022):Affirmed statutory and limited role of Governors in university matters. • Application for citizenship filed under Section 5(1)(a)of the Citizenship Act, 1955. • Reducing the Governor’s role in university governance. • The Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court directed the Union Ministry of Home Affairs to consider her case within 12 weeks. • Alternative governance models like State- appointed academic councils. • • The High Court emphasized: – The petitioner had fulfilled legal conditions under the Citizenship Act. Adoption of global best practices for independent councils and Vice-Chancellors. • States like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Maharashtra lead progressive reforms. • The Ministry of Home Affairs should expedite the process and address statelessness. • Academic councils ensure transparent, autonomous governance • Indian Citizenship Rules: Case Analysis • Constitutional Provisions: Article 5 to 11of the Constitution deals with citizenship in India. JPSC REJECTS ALL AMENDMENTS TO WAQF BILL MADE BY OPPOSITION SUBJECT: POLITY • The petitioner seeks citizenship under Section 5(1)(a)of the Citizenship Act, 1955. • Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) Decision: • Section 5(1)(a) of Citizenship Act, 1955: • Accepted 32 amendments moved by BJP and allies. • Eligibility: Registration as a citizen of India for persons of Indian origin residing in India for 7+ years. • Rejected more than 500 amendments moved by the Opposition. • The petitioner qualifies based on long-term residence and proof of Indian origin. • No clause-by-clause discussion was allowed. • Key Amendments Passed: • Waqf by User: Originally proposed for removal but retained except for disputed or government properties. SHOULD GOVERNORS HEAD STATE UNIVERSITIES? • SUBJECT: POLITY Registration made mandatory for existing Waqf properties before the law comes into force. • Governor’s role as Chancellor introduced in 1857 for autonomy. • Inquiry into Disputes: Instead of District Collector, State Government can designate an officer above the rank of Collector. • Continued post-independence under State University Acts. • Political interference undermining autonomy in Opposition-led States. • Non-Muslim Representation in Waqf Boards: The Bill allows two non-Muslim members in Waqf Boards. • Delays in approvals and overreach of Governor’s powers. • New wording could increase this to four by excluding ex-officio members. • Judicial Perspective: PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 32

33. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Public Declaration of Waqf Properties: Every registered Waqf property must publish details online within six months. • Challenges: Protecting individual rights while ensuring minimal compliance burden on entities. • Mutawalli (caretaker) can seek extension with Waqf Tribunal approval. INTERGRATION OF J&K INTO RAILWAY NETWORK A MONUMENTAL STEP • Waqf Tribunal Composition: One member must have knowledge of Muslim law and jurisprudence SUBJECT: NATIONAL • Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL)and Chenab Rail Bridge. • Part of India’s efforts to improve connectivity in remote regions SCHEME AND NATIONAL GOVNT LAUNCHES PANCHAYAT SE PARLIAMENT 2.0 FOR WOMEN • Boosts economic development and tourism in J&K. SUBJECT: SCHEMES / NATIONAL • • Organized By: Lok Sabha Secretariat. Strengthens national integration and security. • • Participants: Over 500 women from Panchayati Raj institutions across India. Infrastructure development under PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan • Occasion: Celebrating 150th birth anniversary of tribal leader Birsa Munda MORE FLEXIBILITY BUT ALSO GREATER CHALLENGES SUBJECT: NATIONAL • Training Sessions: Workshops on the Constitution and parliamentary procedures. • The University Grants Commission (UGC)has introduced reforms such as accelerated and extended degree programmes, allowing students to complete their studies earlier or later than the standard duration. • Capacity-building sessions to enhance governance skills. • Experiential Learning: Guided tours of the New Parliament House, Pradhan mantri Sangrahalaya, and Rashtrapati Bhavan. • These changes aim to align with the National Education Policy (NEP), 2020, focusing on flexibility and interdisciplinary learning • Interaction with experts to understand democratic processes. • Flexibility and Autonomy: Students can align their academic pace with personal goals, enabling those with financial or professional constraints to progress at their convenience. DATA PROTECTION RULES : UNION GOVNT PROMISES TIME FOR COMPLIANCE SUBJECT: NATIONAL • Interdisciplinary Approach: Encourages skill diversification, preparing students for dynamic global markets by integrating research, internships, and innovation into learning. • Objective: Balances regulation and innovation. • Key Provisions: Rights of citizens for digital data protection. • Global Competitiveness: Promotes mobility for Indian students, both domestically and internationally, by adhering to international educational standards • Role of the Data Protection Board to ensure compliance. • Feedback Mechanism: Stakeholder consultations for smooth transition. • Requires curriculum restructuring and training for educators to adopt interdisciplinary pedagogy effectively. • Digital Access: Citizens can file complaints digitally, ensuring ease of access. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 33

34. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Digital Divide: Greater reliance on technology could marginalise students from rural or economically weaker sections. • Equal supports identity authentication and secure digital integration for large firms, aligned with the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023. • Financial Constraints: Accelerated programmes may deter students due to upfront costs, while extended programmes may lead to additional financial burdens • Justice Srikrishna previously chaired the2018 Committee on Data Protection, commissioned by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. • Led significant committees such as the Sixth Pay Commission and Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission, showcasing expertise in legal, financial, and policy reforms NATIONAL MODI CALLS FOR DOCUMENTING HISTORY OF INDIAN DIASPORA • • Advisory Board to establish frameworks for secure, compliant, and consent-driven data sharing. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, addressing the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas event in Bhubaneswar, emphasized documenting the journey of the Indian diaspora, their achievements, and contributions to societies globally. • Focus on fostering privacy protection, ethical data use, and setting global benchmarks for digital practices • This initiative aims to preserve and showcase the rich heritage and contributions of Persons of Indian Origin across different eras. PM APPROVES CONSTITUTION OF EIGHTH PAY COMMISSION SUBJECT: NATIONAL • Indian Diaspora as Cultural Ambassadors: Their success stories represent India’s unique legacy and global cultural influence. • Definition: A Pay Commission is a body set up by the Government of India to review and recommend changes in the salary structure of central government employees and pensioners. • Symbol of Peace: Modi referred to Odisha’s Dhauli, a site symbolizing peace and transformation since Emperor Ashoka’s time, as reflective of India’s heritage promoting non-violence. • Objective: Address pay disparities. • Enhance the living standards of government employees. • India’s Global Standing: In the past decade, India has: Lifted25 crore people out of poverty. • Align pay scales with inflation and economic changes • Transitioned from being the10th largest economy to the 5th largest globally. • History and Evolution • First Pay Commission(1946): Established under the chairmanship of Srinivasa Varadachariar. • India is poised to become the third-largest economy soon, amplifying its voice on the global stage, especially for the Global South • Subsequent Pay Commissions: Established every10 years on average. JUSTICE B.N.SRIKRISHNA TO CHAIR PANEL FOR ID VERIFICATION FIRM EQUAL • Review salary structures for civilian employees, defense personnel, and pensioners. SUBJECT: NATIONAL • Former Supreme Court judge Justice B.N. Srikrishna will chair the Advisory Board of Equal, a digital ID verification and data-sharing platform. STUDY MOOTS INCLUSION OF 179 GROUPS IN SC, ST, OBC LISTS PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 34

35. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 SUBJECT: NATIONAL A GREY BIRTHDAY FOR THE ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA • Study Details: Conducted by Anthropological Survey of India and Tribal Research Institutes; identified 268 denotified, semi-nomadic, and nomadic tribes. SUBJECT: NATIONAL • Electoral Roll Integrity: • Challenges: Ghost/duplicate voters, exclusion of eligible voters(e.g., linguistic minorities), and executive interference. • Recommendations: 46 groups for OBC, 29 for SC, and 10 for ST status. • Uttar Pradesh recommended the most additions (19), followed by Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Madhya Pradesh. • Maharashtra case study highlights manual verification flaws. • Solutions: • Concerns: 63 communities classified as“not traceable.” • Aadhaar linkage: De-duplication of voter IDs. • • Pending Actions: Report awaiting scrutiny by NITI Aayog; recommendations yet to be finalized Blockchain/AI for transparent audits. • Historical Context: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar warned against executive interference in electoral rolls(1949 Constituent Assembly debates). STATUS OF SMART CITIES MISSION SUBJECT: NATIONAL REPUBLIC DAY PARADE TAPS INTO HERITAGE, DIVERSITY, MILITARY MIGHT • The Smart Cities Mission, launched in June 2015, aimed to create 100 smart urban models with advanced IT-enabled services. SUBJECT: NATIONAL • Pralay Tactical Ballistic Missile: Making its debut, the Pralay is a short range, surface-to- surface missile designed for quick deployment and precision strikes, enhancing India’s tactical capabilities. • It focused on two components: • Pan-city Proposals: Enhancing mobility, waste management, etc. • Area-Based Development (ABD): Retrofitting specific zones for redevelopment. • Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher System:Widely used by the Indian Army and exported to other countries, the Pinaka system demonstrated its firepower and versatility in battlefield scenarios. • Governance relied on Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs), sidelining local governments • Mismatch in Strategy: Framework based on IoT was misaligned with India’s challenges, where basic urban services are still lacking. • Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS):This 155mm/52 caliber artillery system represents advancements in indigenous artillery technology, offering enhanced range and accuracy. • Governance Bypass: City councils excluded from planning; private SPVs assumed control under the Companies Act. • Medium Power Radar ‘Arudhra’: An indigenously developed radar system, Arudhra enhances air surveillance capabilities, providing medium-range detection and tracking of aerial targets. • Execution Issues: Only24% of funds utilised as of now. • Misallocation of resources –e.g., ₹2 crore spent on flower pots. • • Integrated Battlefield Surveillance System (IBSS): Designed to integrate both ground- based and aerial sensors on a common grid, the IBSS provides commanders with a unified view through a Geographical Information Traffic congestion worsened in Shimla, as initial plans like non-motorised corridors remain neglected PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 35

36. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 System overlay, enhancing situational awareness on the battlefield. • 124 high-prevalence districts identified. • Current Status– India accounts for 53.6% of global leprosy cases. • Akash Weapon System: A surface-to-air missile system developed by DRDO, the Akash system is capable of engaging multiple aerial targets and adds a robust layer to India’s air defense network. • New strategy includes three-drug therapy for Paucibacillary cases. • Challenges– Late diagnosis & stigma. • THE COPYRIGHT CONUNDRUM IN CARNATIC MUSIC Drug resistance risks SUBJECT: NATIONAL • Copyright law in Western classical music views a composition as a melody, whereas Indian classical music relies on improvisation and oral traditions. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ALL EYES ON PSLV – C60 MISSION AS ISRO LOOKS TO END 2024 ON A HIGH SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • Indian Copyright Act, 1914 & 1957failed to recognize improvisation and soulfulness in traditional Indian music. • Launch two satellites (SDX01 and SDX02), “Chaser” and “Target,” to demonstrate in- orbit docking under the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDEx). • Legal Debate: Should Carnatic musicians have copyright over their performance and improvisations, or only the original composition should be protected? • Carry24 additional payloads for academic, research, and private institutions • Rights of Performers vs. Composers • Scientific Payloads: POEM (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module)for diverse scientific studies. • Composers & lyricists get copyright protection for 60 years after death. • Includes experiments on robotic manipulators, atmospheric data, and biological models. • Performers’ rights include the ability to forbid unauthorized recording and receive royalty from digital streaming(not from live concerts). • Lays groundwork for India’s space station development. • However, recording performances without consent is a violation of the Copyright Act, even in sabhas. • Advances ISRO’s human spaceflight program. • Challenges in Copyrighting Improvisations • Strengthens collaboration with academic and private sectors • Carnatic improvisation is spontaneous, often responding to audience interest. NASA PROBE FLIES CLOSER TO THE SUN THAN ANY SPACECRAFT • Accompanists’ contributions(like variations in raga & tala) could significantly alter the composition. SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • NASA’s Parker Solar Probeflew closer to the sun than any previous spacecraft on December 24, 2024. • Lack of clarity on whether the performer can claim copyright over these improvisations GOVT PLANS TO EMPLOY TARGETED CONTAINMENT TO STOP LEPROSY TRANSMISSION • Achieved a distance of 6.1 million kilometers from the sun’s surface. SUBJECT: NATIONAL • Withstood temperatures exceeding 930 degrees Celsius on its heat shield • Eliminate leprosy transmission by 2027(ahead of SDG target). PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 36

37. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Launched in August 2018. • Error Correction: Effective error correction methods, such as surface code or concatenation, are essential to ensure stable calculations. • Seven-year mission to study the sun and improve space weather forecasting. • Confirmation of the flyby expected on December 28, 2024, due to communication blackout • Scaling Issues: Building larger, reliable quantum systems involves managing coherence time, error rates, and noise suppression. • Heat shield maintains internal instrument temperature near room temperature (29°C). • Willow’s Specifications: The chip includes 105 physical qubits, operates at extremely low temperatures, and distinguishes between “data qubits” (for computations) and “measurement qubits” (for error detection). • Speed during flyby: ~690,000 km/hr NASA PROBE FLIES CLOSER TO THE SUN THAN ANY SPACECRAFT SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • Progress and Comparisons: It compares Willow’s tasks to classical supercomputers, showing that while significant progress has been made, practical applications are still a long way off. • NASA’s Parker Solar Probeflew closer to the sun than any previous spacecraft on December 24, 2024. • Achieved a distance of 6.1 million kilometers from the sun’s surface. COWPEA SEEDS SPROUT IN SPACE, AND FIRST ROBOTIC ARM OPERATED, SAYS ISRO • Withstood temperatures exceeding 930 degrees Celsius on its heat shield SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • Cowpea seeds (lobia)successfully sprouted in space aboard the PSLV-C60 mission’s POEM-4 module. • Launched in August 2018. • Seven-year mission to study the sun and improve space weather forecasting. • Conducted using the CROPS(Compact Research Module for Orbital Plant Sustenance) payload, developed by VSSC. • Confirmation of the flyby expected on December 28, 2024, due to communication blackout • Objective: To study germination and plant sustenance under microgravity conditions as part of extraterrestrial agriculture research. • Heat shield maintains internal instrument temperature near room temperature (29°C). • Speed during flyby: ~690,000 km/hr BHARATPOL TO AID IN NABBING FUGITIVE CRIMINALS WHEREVER THEY HIDE : HOME MINISTER SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHOLOGY WILLOW IS A SMALL CHIP FOR GOOGLE BUT A QUANTUM LEAP FOR COMPUTING • Inaugurated by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, Bharatpol provides seamless connectivity between Indian law enforcement and Interpol. SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • Quantum Processor Features: Willow uses qubits to represent quantum states, offering potential for vastly superior computational power compared to classical computers. • Facilitates the identification, tracking, and prosecution of fugitives globally. • Developed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). • Challenges in Quantum Computing: Fragility of Qubits: Qubits are highly sensitive to external noise, leading to errors in computations. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 37

38. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Includes five modules: Connect, Interpol Notices, References, Broadcast, and Resources. RNA, NOT DNA IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF ACUTE SUNBURN SUBJECT: SCIENCE • Aims to simplify and expedite the extradition process of criminals • RNA, not DNA, is primarily affected by UV exposure, leading to skin inflammation and cell death • Enables the prosecution of fugitive criminals through trials in absentia. • The discovery shifts focus from DNA damage to RNA in understanding skin damage mechanisms. • Establishes a mechanism for structured and scientific handling of Interpol notices. • • Strengthens India’s ability to combat transnational crimes and secure international justice ZAK-alpha could be a potential therapeutic target for treating UV-induced skin conditions • Insights into skin immunity and mechanisms underlying skin cancers. • Empowers grassroots-level law enforcement through technology and training. • Development of RNA-based treatments to mitigate UV damage. • Integrates Indian law enforcement agencies with Interpol’s global systems. • Could influence sunscreen and dermatological product formulations targeting RNA protection. • Enhances collaboration to locate fugitives across borders effectively ISRO DOCKS TWO SATELLITES, PUTS INDIA IN ELITE LEAGUE HOW IS TRAI AND THE GOVT COMBATING SPAM? SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • SpaDeX Mission • Regulates the telecom industry with a focus on UCC. • Mission: Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX). • • Satellites Involved: SDX01 (Chaser)andSDX02 (Target). Introduced the Do-Not-Disturb (DND) registry in 2007, allowing customers to opt out of spam calls and messages. • Launched byPSLV-C60on December 30, 2024. • Mandated all telecom providers in 2024 to include DND reporting features in their apps for user convenience. • Achievement: Successful docking of two satellites in orbit, making India the fourth country(after the U.S., Russia, and China) to demonstrate this technology. • Blockchain Technology: Utilized to ensure traceability of spam messages. • Post-Docking: Electrical power transfer between the satellites to be demonstrated. Satellites will undock and continue individual operations for up to two years. • Telecom operators must maintain a blockchain ledger of approved senders and message formats to ensure traceability. • • Technological Milestone: Demonstrates orbital rendezvous and docking, a complex maneuver requiring precise coordination. Blockchain offers immutability, ensuring every transaction is securely recorded. • Regulations were tightened in 2024 to address vulnerabilities, ensuring only legitimate entities can register and send messages • Marks a critical step towards advanced space missions like long duration flights,space station assembly, and inter-satellite power transfer. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 38

39. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Partnership with law enforcement to track fraudulent activities. • Antivenoms are antibodies produced by injecting small amounts of venom into animals, primarily horses, to trigger an immune response. • Sanchar Saathi Portal: Includes the Chakshu reporting site for suspected fraudulent calls. • These antibodies neutralize venom toxins, which attack blood cells, nerves, and tissues, potentially causing paralysis, organ failure, or death. • Collaborates with banks and law enforcement to blacklist unauthorized telemarketers. • Telecom Security Operation Centre: Monitors suspicious internet traffic in real-time to detect and block fraudulent activities. • India uses polyvalent antivenoms to treat bites from the “big four” snakes–cobra, krait, Russell’s viper, and saw-scaled viper–but their effectiveness against other species is limited SATELLITE PROJECTS AIM TO HEAD OFF FUTURE WILDFIRES • Researchers are developing recombinant DNA-based antivenoms free from animal- derived proteins, improving safety and efficacy. SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • Scientists and engineers are leveraging satellite data and machine learning to predict and manage wildfires in the face of increasing climate related risks. • AI and computational techniques are being used to optimize antibodies for specific venom types. • Role of Satellites: Satellites detect dry areas prone to wildfire outbreaks, actively monitor flames and smoke, and track gas emissions. • Regional antivenoms are being tailored to match local species diversity. • Different satellites serve unique purposes: • India’s Status: • Low-earth orbit satellites(below 1,000 km):Provide high resolution images but observe any specific point only briefly. • India is home to more than 300 snake species, but the current focus on the “big four” creates a gap in coverage. • Geostationary satellites(36,000 km altitude): Offer continuous observation of the same area but at lower resolution. • Programs like those by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)are attempting to address regional disparities. • Innovations: Colorado-based Earth Fire Alliance plans to deploy a low orbit satellite constellation capable of imaging points on Earth every20 minutes. INDIA’S WINDING ROAD TO #END TB SUBJECT: SCIENCE • High burden: India accounts for ~27% of global TB cases, with drug-resistant TB and undernutrition as major drivers. • OroraTech, a Germany-based company, launched nanosatellites that deliver ultra-fast wildfire alerts and thermal data. • Diagnosis gaps: Only 35% of private doctors and 75% of government doctors can correctly diagnose TB symptoms. WHY ARE ANTIVENOMS NOT EASILY ACCESSIBLE IN INDIA? SUBJECT: SCIENCE • Extrapulmonary TB (EP-TB):Constitutes 24% of cases; vague symptoms (e.g., lymph node swelling) lead to delayed diagnosis. • India faces an alarming12 million snakebite deaths and three times as many cases of permanent disability between 2001 and 2014. • Government Initiatives: • Antivenoms, crucial for treating snakebite victims, remain inaccessible in many regions, posing a major public health challenge. • NTEP (National TB Elimination Programme):Free drugs, 95% treatment initiation rate. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 39

40. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Community-driven success: Kerala’s collaboration with Kudumbashree(women’s SHGs) improved case detection. • Trained forunder $6 million(vs. billions by U.S. firms); operational cost50x cheaperthan GPT- 4 • • Drug shortages (2023 supply chain disruption). Nvidia’s market value dropped by$0.5 trillion post-announcement. • • Limited access to molecular tests (CBNAAT/Truenat)in rural areas DeepSeek’s AI Assistant overtook ChatGPT as the top free app on Apple’s App Store. • THE HIDDEN DANGERS OF RHODAMINE B – A GLOBAL AND LOCAL PRESPECTIVE Skepticism over chip access (alleged use of50,000 restricted Nvidia H100 chips). • SUBJECT: SCIENCE Data security concerns due to China’s stringent regulations. • A synthetic dye with a bright pink hue. ISRO SET FOR A HISTORIC 100TH LAUNCH FROM SRIHARIKOTA • Industrial Uses: Textiles, paper, leather, and scientific research (fluorescent properties). SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • Illegal Use in Food: Added to enhance visual appeal of sweets, cotton candy, Gobi Manchurian, etc. • Mission:GSLV-F15(carrying navigation satelliteNVS-02). • • Health Risks Historic Milestones: First Launch (1979): SLV- 3 E10 under Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam. • Carcinogenic: Linked to DNA damage, mutations, and tumor growth in animal studies (liver, bladder). • Landmark Missions: Chandrayaan (2008, 2019, 2023), Aditya-L1 (2023), PSLV-C37 (104 satellites in 2017). • Human Risks: Long-term exposure may cause cancer, though conclusive evidence is pending. • Sriharikota’s Advantage: Proximity to equator, uninhabited safety zones • Other Risks: Skin irritation, redness, pigmentation changes. REPLACE REGULAR TABLE SALT WITH LOWER SODIUM SALT SUBSTITUTES THAT CONTAINS POTASSIUM : WHO • EU & U.S. Bans: Prohibited in food, cosmetics due to safety concerns. SUBJECT: SCIENCE • • Indian State Bans: Tamil Nadu (cotton candy), Karnataka (Gobi Manchurian), Puducherry, Himachal Pradesh. Replace regular salt with potassium-enriched alternatives(for adults without kidney issues). • Aim: Reduce sodium intake to <2g.day to curb hypertension, CVDs, and strokes. • FSSAI’s Role: • • Food Safety Act (2006): Prohibits non- approved additives like Rhodamine B. India’s Context: High salt consumption culture; need for affordable substitutes. • • Weak Enforcement: Reactive bans post-crisis; lacks proactive research/testing Caveats: Avoid for pregnant women, children, and kidney patients DEEPSEEL AI MODEL JOLTS GLOBAL TECH LANSCAPE RETINAL DISEASE : RNA THERAOEUTICS SHOW PROMISE BUT IS INDIA READY? SUBJECT: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT: SCIENCE • Deep Seek launchedDeepSeek- R1andDeepSeek-v3AI models, rivaling U.S. giants like OpenAI’s GPT-4 • Inherited Retinal Diseases (IRDs):Genetic conditions causing progressive vision loss, often leading to blindness.Caused by PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 40

41. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 mutations in 300+ genes crucial for retinal function. • Rural vs Urban Divide: Urban households consume 30% more milk than rural households. • Global Prevalence:5.5 million people affected, with a prevalence rate of 1 in 3,450. • Scheduled Tribes consume significantly less due to affordability & availability. • Higher Prevalence in India:Studies indicate higher rates in India (e.g., 1 in 372 in rural South India).Lack of large cohort studies (500+ patients) to determine the specific mutation spectrum in India • Enhancing Milk Provision • Expand POSHAN Scheme, ICDS meals, and take-home rations with milk integration. • States like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Telangana already provide subsidized milk, but quantities remain insufficient. • Treatment Breakthroughs: • Gene Therapy:FDA approved the first gene therapy for blindness (RPE65 gene mutation) in 2017. Limited awareness of this therapy among Indian clinicians. • Financial incentives can revive discontinued programs in Bihar & Chhattisgarh. • RNA-based Therapies:Emerging as a safer alternative to gene therapy. Offers temporary changes without affecting future generations. SOCIAL ISSUSES SCHOOL ENROLMENT DOWN BY OVER A CRORE IN 2023-24 – REPORT • Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs):Successfully used for other genetic disorders. Being explored for Stargardt disease, Leber congenital amaurosis, and retinitis pigmentosa. SUBJECT: SOCIAL ISSUES • Total enrolment dropped to 24.8 crore in the academic year 2023-24, marking a fall of 6% (1.22 crore students) compared to 2018-19. • RNA Editing with ADAR enzymes:Corrects specific mutations at the RNA level without altering DNA. • Enrolment numbers have been around26 crore for the past four years, with the current decline attributed to enhanced data validation through UDISE+. • Suppressor tRNAs:Bypass stop-codon mutations that halt protein synthesis. • Bihar: From 2.49 crore (2018-19) to 2.13 crore (2023-24), a loss of36.55 lakh students. • PTC124 (ataluren):Small molecule RNA therapy being investigated for aniridia (a rare eye disease). • Uttar Pradesh: From 4.44 crore to 4.16 crore, a drop of28.26 lakh students. BRIDGE THE MILK DIVIDE FOR NUTRITIONALLY SECURE INDIA • Maharashtra: Decline from 2.32 crore to 2.13 crore, a loss of18.55 lakh students SUBJECT: SCIENCE • Introduction of Aadhaar-linked validation in UDISE+ helped identify and eliminate duplicate or ghost entries. • Top-income householdsconsume3-4 times more milkthan lower income households. • Lowest 30% of income groups consume only18% of India’s total milk supply. • Separate Unique Educational IDs (EIDs)for each student created to ensure accurate data. • Regional disparities: Higher milk consumption in Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan(~ 333-421 gm/day). • Improved data verification for government schemes like Samagra Shiksha,PM Poshan, and National Scholarships • Lower consumption in Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal(~ 75-171 gm/day). THE RIGHT TO FOOD AND THE STRUGGLE WITH THE PDS PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 41

42. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 SUBJECT: SOCIAL ISSUES • Achievements: National Sex Ratio at Birth improved from 918 (2014-15) to 930 (2023- 24). • Reports of households being excluded from PDS rolls in Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bihar. • Enrollment of girls in secondary education rose from 75% to 78%. • Specific focus on marginalized communities like the Musahars in Bihar. • Institutional deliveries increased from 61% to 97.3%. • Several marginalized families lack ration cards, affecting access to essential food supplies. • First-trimester antenatal care registrations improved from 61% to 80.5% • Errors during biometric verification removed eligible individuals from rolls. NATIONAL HEALTH MISSION HAS CURBED SEVERAL PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS, SAYS CENTRE’S REPORT • Fair Price Shops (FPS) release insufficient quantities of food grains. SUBJECT: SOCIETY • • Corruption persists due to systemic flaws National Health Mission (NHM) • • Bureaucratic requirements like caste certificates and residence proofs delay inclusion. Key Contributions: Reduced Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)by 83%(higher than global average). • • These requirements lack a legal basis under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) of 2013. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):Fell from 39 (2014) to 28 (2020). • • Middlemen charge up to ₹3,000 for issuing ration cards. Total Fertility Rate (TFR):Declined from 2.3 (2015) to 2.0 (2020). • • Procedural delays often stretch from four to eighteen months Strengthened healthcare workforce (e.g., 5.23 lakh workers in FY 2023-24). • • NFSA 2013aims to provide subsidized food grains to 75% of rural and 50% of urban populations. Global Impact: India’s MMR improvement exceeds global targets. STATES YET TO USE RS.70,744 CR FUNDS FOR WELFARE OF WORKERS • Relates to Article 21(Right to Life) and Article 47(Duty of the State to raise nutrition). SUBJECT: SOCIAL ISSUES FLAGSHIP SCHEME FOR GIRL CHILD HAS HELPED DEFEAT BIAS • Building and Other Construction Workers Act (1996): SUBJECT: SOCIAL ISSUES • Mandates1-2% cess on construction costs for worker welfare. • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme • • Launch Date: January 22, 2015. Funds Collected:₹1.17 lakh crore (2005– 2024). ○ Funds Utilized: Only ₹67,669 crore (58% of total). • Purpose: Address declining Child Sex Ratio (CSR)and related gender equality issues. • States:Maharashtra (₹13,683 cr), Karnataka (₹7,921 cr), UP (₹7,826 cr) spent the most. • Key Elements: Multi-sectoral action in low CSR districts. • Challenges: • Enforcement of Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostics Act. • Cess Evasion: Builders underreport construction costs (e.g., Maharashtra’s annual cess collection implies ₹1 lakh crore/year construction, which is unrealistic). • Awareness campaigns promoting gender equality. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 42

43. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Social Security Code (2020):Dilutes cess collection via self-assessment and reduces rates. • SC acknowledged Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Kerala for enacting state specific protections for domestic workers. • NEW MGNREGS WAGE PAYMENT SYSTEM NOT SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER These States have social security boards to regulate: • SUBJECT: SOCIAL ISSUES Maternity benefits • MGNREGA Wage Payment Study Wages • • ABPS vs. Bank Accounts: No significant difference in timely payments (36% vs. 39% within 7 days). Workplace safety • Medical expense reimbursements • The court urged other States to follow similar initiatives in the absence of a Central law. • ABPS Issues: Centralized rejections harder to resolve; job card-Aadhaar mismatches. • Government Stance: ABPS ensures transparency, but workers face payment delays and deletions. MEASURING MIGRANT MOVEMENT SUBJECT: SOCIAL ISSUES LACK OF A PROTECTIVE LAW EXPOSES DOMESTIC WORKERS TO ABUSE, SAYS SC • Tracking migration is crucial for public policy as over45 crore people migrated internally in India between2000 and 2011(2011 Census). SUBJECT: SOCIAL ISSUES • • SC directed the Union government to consider bringing a Central law to protect domestic workers from exploitation. Since the next Census is delayed, alternative migration measurement methods are required. • • Observed that lack of legal protection has led to low wages, unsafe conditions, and extended working hours without recourse. The Economic Advisory Council to the PM (EAC-PM)proposes using train travel, banking, and telecom data to estimate migration trends • Highlighted the vulnerability of domestic workers, most of whom belong to marginalized communities(SCs, STs, OBCs, and economically weaker sections) • Methods to Measure Migration • 1. Unreserved Train Ticket Data• Indian Railways’ unreserved ticketing system helps track low-income labor migration. • Formation of an Inter-Ministerial Committee • • SC ordered the Centre to form a committee with experts from the Ministries of Labour, Women & Child Development, Law & Justice, and Social Justice. Findings: Gujarat:13.8% of passengers arrived from U.P. and Bihar. • Bihar:12.4% of passengers arrived from U.P.. • Tamil Nadu:8.4% of passengers arrived from Bihar. • Mandate:Recommend a legal framework for the rights, regulation, and protection of domestic workers. • 2. Banking Data– Banking deposits indicate savings and migrant financial behavior. • The report must be submitted within six months, after which the Centre will decide on enacting a law. • District-wise mapping shows: • Bihar and U.P. have high migration and low savings. • State-Level Initiatives PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 43

44. PM IAS ACADEMY January CA Compilation 2025 • Maharashtra and Gujarat have higher savings, indicating inflow of migrants. • 3. Telecom Data • Visitor Location Registers (VLRs)track SIM card usage to infer migration patterns. • DuringCOVID-19 lockdowns,VLR data showed reverse migration from metro cities to rural areas. • Charts show: Mass exodus during lockdowns from Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata. • Gradual return of workers post-pandemic. PLOVER MINDS INSTITUTE LLP | 7373799495| www.pmias.in 44