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Guillain_Barre_Syndrome_Presentation

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Guillain_Barre_Syndrome_Presentation

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  1. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) Detailed Overview Presentation

  2. Introduction • Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune-mediated polyneuropathy. It is characterized by rapid-onset muscle weakness and can progress to paralysis.

  3. Epidemiology • • Incidence: 1–2 cases per 100,000 annually • • Affects all ages, but slightly higher in adults • • More common in males than females

  4. Etiology & Risk Factors • • Often follows infections such as Campylobacter jejuni, CMV, EBV, influenza • • Molecular mimicry between microbial antigens and nerve gangliosides • • Vaccinations and surgery are rare triggers

  5. Pathophysiology • • Autoimmune response damages peripheral nerves • • Antibodies target gangliosides on myelin/axons • • Results in demyelination or axonal degeneration • • Leads to impaired nerve conduction and weakness

  6. Clinical Features • • Symmetrical ascending weakness • • Loss of reflexes (areflexia) • • Sensory symptoms: paresthesia, pain • • Cranial nerve involvement (facial weakness) • • Autonomic dysfunction: arrhythmias, blood pressure instability

  7. Diagnosis • • Clinical history and examination • • Nerve conduction studies: demyelination/axonal damage • • CSF analysis: albuminocytologic dissociation (↑ protein, normal WBC) • • MRI to exclude other causes

  8. Variants • • AIDP (Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy): most common in Europe/USA • • AMAN (Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy): common in Asia/Latin America • • AMSAN (Acute Motor-Sensory Axonal Neuropathy) • • Miller Fisher Syndrome (ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, areflexia)

  9. Treatment • • Hospitalization and supportive care • • IV immunoglobulin (IVIG) or Plasma Exchange (Plasmapheresis) • • Monitoring of respiratory function (risk of respiratory failure) • • Pain management and prevention of complications

  10. Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation • • Early physiotherapy to maintain joint mobility • • Passive/active-assisted exercises • • Strengthening exercises as recovery progresses • • Gait training, balance activities, endurance training • • Long-term rehab for residual weakness/fatigue

  11. Prognosis • • Most patients recover within 6–12 months • • 20–30% may have persistent neurological deficits • • Mortality: 3–7% (usually due to respiratory or autonomic complications)

  12. References • 1. Willison HJ, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2016. • 2. Van den Berg B, Walgaard C, Drenthen J, Fokke C, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barré syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014. • 3. Sejvar JJ, Baughman AL, Wise M, Morgan OW. Population incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2011.

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