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biology (8th science) cell and cell organelles

#Cell Biology is the study of cell's structure and function. As a cell is like a building block, so it is the basic unit of life. All living things are made up of cells.

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biology (8th science) cell and cell organelles

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  1. Cell and Cell Organelles Exploring the structure and functions of cells Prepared By: Ms. Rahat Khalid

  2. What we will learn: • Introduction to Cell and Cell Organelles (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells) • Cell structure (video demonstration) • Cells organelles • Nucleus • Rough ER & smooth ER • Golgi bodies • Mitochondria • Vacuoles • Ribosomes • Chloroplast

  3. Identify me ….

  4. Cells are the building blocks of life • Cell organelles are specialized structures within cells • Cells perform various functions essential for living organisms • Understanding cell structure is crucial in scientific research Introduction to Cell and Cell Organelles Photo by Pexels

  5. Video link… Video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8

  6. Nucleus • Nucleus is the controlling center for the entire cell. • It controls all metabolic activities of the cell. • The cell division is possible due to the nucleus. • The chromosomes present in the nucleus carry the genes. These genes are responsible for the transmission of hereditary characters from parental generation to the next generations.

  7. Nucleus is the most important part of the eukaryotic cell. Inside the nucleus there is round darkly stained nucleolus. The nucleus is covered over by double membrane which is porous. The nuclear pores allow the transport of different substances in and out of the nucleus to cytoplasm. Inside the nucleus is the chromatin network which contains chromosomes. Chromatin fibers are thin which condense to form chromosomes. The chromosomes become clear and distinct at the time of cell division. In every cell there are specific number of chromosomes. Chromosomes contain genes which are bearers of hereditary characters. Cont.…

  8. Genes and Chromosomes • Genes are functional segments on chromosomes • They carry genetic information and determine traits • Chromosomes contain DNA and histone proteins • Genes guide the development and functioning of organisms Photo by Pexels

  9. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Supporting the Cell • The endoplasmic reticulum provides structural support to the cell • It is involved in protein and lipid synthesis • Endoplasmic reticulum transports molecules within the cell • It plays a role in detoxification and calcium storage

  10. Answer: • The endoplasmic reticulum works as pipelines to carry different substances in the cell. • It is a net like structure consisting of interconnected small tubes and sheets filled with fluid. • On the inner side the E.R. is connected to nucleus while at the outer side it is in contact with plasma membrane. Therefore, it works like a pipeline. Question:Why is endoplasmic reticulum compared with the pipelines?

  11. Ribosomes: The Protein Factories • Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis • They translate genetic information into functional proteins • Ribosomes are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • They play a critical role in cell growth and repair

  12. Mitochondria: The Powerhouses of the Cell • Mitochondria produce ATP, the energy currency of cells • Mitochondria are involved in cellular respiration • They convert nutrients into energy through oxidative processes • Mitochondria play a vital role in cell metabolism

  13. Q2: How the structures of mitochondria help in this process? Question.How is energy produced in the mitochondria? Answer: Around every mitochondrion there is a double membrane. The outer membrane of these is porous while the inner membrane is deeply folded. These folds or ‘cristae’ enclose the matrix filled with proteinaceous gel containing ribosomes, phosphate granules and DNA. Protein synthesis takes place in this matrix. Mitochondria carry out oxidation of carbohydrates and fats in the cell. This produces energy in the form of ATP i.e. Adenosine Tri Phosphate

  14. Question: What is the benefit of folding's ofinner membrane in mitochondria? Answer: The structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane is extensively folded and compartmentalized. The numerous imaginations of the membrane are called cristae. This folded inner membrane increases the area which is about 5 times more than that the outer membrane due to cristae. Cristae membranes have small round protein complexes known as Fx particles. In these particles the process of energy production goes on.

  15. Golgi Complex: The Secretory Factory • The Golgi complex modifies, sorts, and packages proteins • It plays a crucial role in intracellular transportation • Golgi complex also participates in cell secretion • It ensures the proper functioning of the cellular machinery Photo by Pexels

  16. Golgi complex is made up of 5-8 hollow and flat sacs called cisternae. These are placed parallel to each other and are filled with different enzymes. Golgi complex has two faces called forming face and maturation face. The proteins packed in vesicles and coming from ER reach Golgi complex through cytoplasm. They fuse with the formation face of the Golgi membranes for emptying their contents in the cisternae. When these contents pass through the cisternae, they are chemically modified with the help of enzymes and are again packed in the vesicles. These vesicles come out of Golgi ‘ complex at the maturation face. Question: Write an account of the different structures seen in Golgi complex.

  17. Vacuoles help regulate osmotic pressure in cells • They store water, ions, and other substances • Vacuoles maintain cell turgidity and shape • Vacuoles are essential for cell homeostasis Vacuoles: Maintaining Cellular Osmotic Pressure

  18. Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis • They convert sunlight into energy and synthesize carbohydrates • Chloroplasts give plants their green color. • They play a crucial role in food production for plants Chloroplasts: The Green Factories

  19. Identify and label the organelles Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApvxVtBJxd0

  20. Complete the chart:

  21. Cell differentiation leads to specialized cell types • It allows cells to perform specific functions • Differentiation is vital for organism development • Understanding cell differentiation is key in medical research Importance of Cell Differentiation Cell differentiation is thus a transition of a cell from one cell type to another and it involves a switch from one pattern of gene expression to another. The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.

  22. Cont.…. Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type.The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.

  23. Thank You

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