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CY4E2 BIONICS

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CY4E2 BIONICS

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    1. CY4E2 BIONICS Medical Image Processing and Analysis Dr Virginie F. Ruiz v.f.ruiz@reading.ac.uk Cybernetics, room 184

    2. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 2

    3. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 3 Books Some in the Library: Digital Image Processing Algorithms and Applications, I. Pitas, Wiley Digital Image Processing, Castleman, Prentice Hall. Digital Image Processing, Gonzales and Woods, Addison Wesley Foundations of Medical Imaging, Z.H. Cho, Joie P.Jones, Manbir Singh, Wiley An Introduction to the principles of medical imaging, Chris C.N. Guy, Dominic Ffytche, Imperial College Press. The essential physics of medical imaging, Jerrod T. Bushberg et al., Williams & Wilkins. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. some more: Handbook of Medical Imaging, M. Sanka and J. M. Fitzpatrick eds, SPIE Press 2000 Vol. 1: Medical physics and psychophysics. Vol. 2: Medical image processing and analysis. Vol. 3: Display and PACs

    4. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 4 Medical Image Systems The last few decades of the 20th century has seen the development of: Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Digital Subtraction Angiography Doppler Ultrasound Imaging Other techniques based on nuclear emission e.g: PET: Positron Emission Tomography SPECT: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Provide a valuable addition to radiologists imaging tools towards ever more reliable detection and diagnosis of diseases. More recently conventional x-ray imaging is challenged by the emerging flat panel x-ray detectors. Medical imaging has experienced, during the last few decades, the development and commercialisation of a pletiora of new imaging technologies: computed tomography, MR Imaging, digital subtraction angiography, Doppler ultrasound imaging and various imaging techniques based on nuclear emission (PET,SPECT…). They all have been valuable addition to the radiologists arsenal of imaging tools towards ever more reliable detection and diagnosis of disease. More recently, conventional x-ray imaging technology itself is being challenged by the emerging possibilities offered by flat panel x-ray detectors. This course is to give some ideas and methods of image processing and analysis that are to work in the field of medical imaging. Medical imaging has experienced, during the last few decades, the development and commercialisation of a pletiora of new imaging technologies: computed tomography, MR Imaging, digital subtraction angiography, Doppler ultrasound imaging and various imaging techniques based on nuclear emission (PET,SPECT…). They all have been valuable addition to the radiologists arsenal of imaging tools towards ever more reliable detection and diagnosis of disease. More recently, conventional x-ray imaging technology itself is being challenged by the emerging possibilities offered by flat panel x-ray detectors. This course is to give some ideas and methods of image processing and analysis that are to work in the field of medical imaging.

    5. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 5 General image processing whether it is applied to: Robotics Computer vision Medicine etc. will treat: imaging geometry linear transforms shift invariance frequency domain digital vs continuous domains segmentation histogram analysis etc that apply to any image modality and any application

    6. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 6 General image analysis regardless of its application area encompasses: incorporation of prior knowledge classification of features matching of model to sub-images description of shape many other problems and approaches of AI... While these classic approaches to general images and to general applications are important, the special nature of medical images and medical applications requires special treatments.

    7. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 7 Special nature of medical images Derived from method of acquisition the subject whose images are being acquired Ability to provide information about the volume beneath the surface though surface imaging is used in some applications Image obtained for medical purposes almost exclusively probe the otherwise invisible anatomy below the skin. Information may be from: 2D projection acquired by conventional radiography 2D slices of B-mode ultrasound full 3D mapping from CT, MRI, SPECT, PET and 3D ultrasound. The special nature of medical images derives as much from their method of acquisition as it does from the subjects whose images are being acquired. While surface imaging is used in some applications (e.g. examination of properties of the skin), medical imaging has been distinguished primarily by its ability to provide information about the volumes beneath the surface (from the discovery of x-ray some 100 years ago). Image are obtained for medical purposes almost exclusively to probe the otherwise invisible anatomy below the skin. This information may be in the form of: 2 dimensional projection acquired by traditional radiography 2D slices of B-mode ultrasound or full 3D mappings such as those provided by CT, RMI, SPECT, PET and 3D ultrasound.The special nature of medical images derives as much from their method of acquisition as it does from the subjects whose images are being acquired. While surface imaging is used in some applications (e.g. examination of properties of the skin), medical imaging has been distinguished primarily by its ability to provide information about the volumes beneath the surface (from the discovery of x-ray some 100 years ago). Image are obtained for medical purposes almost exclusively to probe the otherwise invisible anatomy below the skin. This information may be in the form of: 2 dimensional projection acquired by traditional radiography 2D slices of B-mode ultrasound or full 3D mappings such as those provided by CT, RMI, SPECT, PET and 3D ultrasound.

    8. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 8 difficulties/specificities Radiology: perspective projection maps physical points into image space but, detection and classification of objects is confounded to over- and underlying tissue (not the case in general image processing). Tomography: 3D images bring both complication and simplifications 3D topography is more complex than 2D one. problem associated with perspective and occlusion are gone. Additional limitation to image quality: distortion and burring associated with relatively long acquisition time (due to anatomical motion). reconstruction errors associated with noise, beam hardening etc. All these and others account for the differences between medical and non medical approaches to processing and analysis. In the case of radiology, perspective projection maps physical points into image space in the same way as photography, but the detection and classification of objects is confounded by the presence of overlying or underlying tissue, a problem rarely considered in general image analysis. In the case of tomography, 3D images bring both complications and simplifications to the processing and analysis relative to two dimensional ones: topology of 3D is more complex than 2D ones problems associated with perspective projection and occlusion are gone In addition to these geometrical differences, medical images typically suffer more from the problems of discretisation, where larger pixels (voxels in 3D) and lower resolution combine to reduce fidelity. Additional limitations to image quality arise from the distortions and burring associated with relatively long acquisition times in the face of inevitable anatomical motion – primarily cardiac and pulmonary. reconstruction errors associated with noise, beam hardening, etc. These and other differences between medical and non medical techniques of image acquisition account for many of the differences between medical and non-medical approaches to processing and analysis.In the case of radiology, perspective projection maps physical points into image space in the same way as photography, but the detection and classification of objects is confounded by the presence of overlying or underlying tissue, a problem rarely considered in general image analysis. In the case of tomography, 3D images bring both complications and simplifications to the processing and analysis relative to two dimensional ones: topology of 3D is more complex than 2D ones problems associated with perspective projection and occlusion are gone In addition to these geometrical differences, medical images typically suffer more from the problems of discretisation, where larger pixels (voxels in 3D) and lower resolution combine to reduce fidelity. Additional limitations to image quality arise from the distortions and burring associated with relatively long acquisition times in the face of inevitable anatomical motion – primarily cardiac and pulmonary. reconstruction errors associated with noise, beam hardening, etc. These and other differences between medical and non medical techniques of image acquisition account for many of the differences between medical and non-medical approaches to processing and analysis.

    9. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 9 Advantage of dealing with medical images: knowledge of what is and what is not normal human anatomy. selective enhancement of specific organs or objects via injection of contrast-enhancing material. All these differences affect the way in which images are processed and analysed. Validation of medical image processing and analysis techniques is also a major part of medical application validating results is always important the scarcity of accurate and reliable independent standards create another challenge for medical imaging field. The fact the medical image processing deal mostly with living body bring other major differences in comparison to computer or robot vision. The object of interest are soft and deformable with 3D shapes whose surfaces are rarely rectangular, cylindrical or spherical and whose features rarely include planes or straight lines that are so frequent in technical vision applications There are however major advantages in dealing with medical images that contribute in a substantial way to the analysis design. The available knowledge of what is and what is not normal human anatomy is one of them. Recent advances in selective enhancement of specific organs or other objects of interest via the injection of contrast-enhancing material represent other advances. All these differences affect the way in which images are effectively processed and analysed. Validation of developed medical image processing and analysis techniques is a major part of any medical application. While validating the results of any methodology is always important, the scarcity of accurate and reliable independent standards creates yet another challenge for medical imaging field.The fact the medical image processing deal mostly with living body bring other major differences in comparison to computer or robot vision. The object of interest are soft and deformable with 3D shapes whose surfaces are rarely rectangular, cylindrical or spherical and whose features rarely include planes or straight lines that are so frequent in technical vision applications There are however major advantages in dealing with medical images that contribute in a substantial way to the analysis design. The available knowledge of what is and what is not normal human anatomy is one of them. Recent advances in selective enhancement of specific organs or other objects of interest via the injection of contrast-enhancing material represent other advances. All these differences affect the way in which images are effectively processed and analysed. Validation of developed medical image processing and analysis techniques is a major part of any medical application. While validating the results of any methodology is always important, the scarcity of accurate and reliable independent standards creates yet another challenge for medical imaging field.

    10. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 10 Processing and Analysis Medical image processing Deals with the development of problem specific approaches to enhancement of raw medical data for the purposes of selective visualisation as well as further analysis. Medical image analysis Concentrates on the development of techniques to supplement the mostly qualitative and frequently subjective assessment of medical images by human experts. Provides a variety of new information that is quantitative, objective and reproducible Medical image processing deals with the development of problem specific approaches to enhancement of raw medical data for the purposes of selective visualisation as well as further analysis. Medical image analysis then concentrates on the development of techniques to supplement the mostly qualitative and frequently subjective assessment of medical images by human experts with a variety of new information that is quantitative, objective and reproducibleMedical image processing deals with the development of problem specific approaches to enhancement of raw medical data for the purposes of selective visualisation as well as further analysis. Medical image analysis then concentrates on the development of techniques to supplement the mostly qualitative and frequently subjective assessment of medical images by human experts with a variety of new information that is quantitative, objective and reproducible

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    15. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 15 fMRI

    16. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 16 Virtual sinus endoscopy of chronic sinusitis. The red structure means inflammatory portion. The trip starts from right nasal cavity and goes through right maxillary sinus and ends at right frontal sinus. Virtual sinus endoscopy of chronic sinusitis. The red structure means inflammatory portion. The trip starts from right nasal cavity and goes through right maxillary sinus and ends at right frontal sinus.

    17. Dr V.F. Ruiz CY4E2: Bionics 17 This animation is derived from MRI data of a patient with a glioma 1. This demonstrates planning of a stereotactic procedure using computerized simulation 2. This shows three alternative approaches for a surgical removal of the tumour. 3. This demonstrates registration of vessels derived from a phase contrast angiogram and anatomy derived from double-echo MR scans. This animation is derived from MRI data of a patient with a glioma 1. This demonstrates planning of a stereotactic procedure using computerized simulation 2. This shows three alternative approaches for a surgical removal of the tumour. 3. This demonstrates registration of vessels derived from a phase contrast angiogram and anatomy derived from double-echo MR scans.

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