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The Rise & Fall of Ancient Civilizations

The Rise & Fall of Ancient Civilizations

Muhammad155
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The Rise & Fall of Ancient Civilizations

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  1. The Rise & Fall of Ancient Civilizations

  2. Objectives Main Ideas:Students will learn: • About early humans and their migration patterns. • That systemic agriculture brought huge economic, political, and social changes for early humans. • The development and fall of early civilizations.

  3. I. Early Humans • Prehistory * Prehistory… Archaeology… Anthropology… Culture… Artifacts (on sheet) • Early Stages of Human Development 1. Hominids * Humanlike creatures… Africa… 3 or 4m years ago * Walked upright and make simple tools * Lucy: early hominid discovered by anthropologist Johansen (1974)… * Louis & Mary Leakey: early archaeologists

  4. I. Early Humans • Early Stages of Human Development 2. Homo Erectus * Upright… make fire to cook/ warm 3. Homo Sapiens Sapiens * “HS”: “Wise Humans”: 250,000 yrs. Ago: Neanderthals * “HSS”: subspecies: modern humans 4. “Out of Africa” / Replacement Theory * “HSS” began spreading out of Africa to other parts of world… Europe & Asia… why?

  5. I. Early Humans • The Old Stone/ Paleolithic Age 1. Definition: Early period of human history 2. Hunter-Gatherers… Nomadic Life * Simple tools/ weapons: stone, bone, wood * Nomadic: search of food, animal migrations, vegetation cycles. * Fire: survival, warmth, protection * 20 to 30 in group: main job was survival * Developed written language

  6. I. Early Humans • The Old Stone Age 3. The Ice Ages * Ice covered large parts of Europe, Asia, N. America * Last one: 100,000 to 8000 BC * People had to adapt: people migrated across land bridges 4. Paleolithic Art * Able to paint, not just survive… “Panel of Heroes” * Lascaux & Altamira (Spain) & Chauvet cave (France) * Religious or decorative purposes

  7. II. The Neolithic Revolution • Agricultural Revolution 1. Definition of Neolithic * Human history from 8000 to 4000 BC * Greek for “New Stone” 2. Two Parts of Agricultural Revolution * Systemic Agriculture * Domestication of Animals

  8. II. The Neolithic Revolution • Consequences 1. Rise of Permanent Villages & Structures… 2. Dependable source of food… villages into cities 3. Storage & surplus = able to trade and specialized 4. Early villages: plowing, weaving, pottery, social classes… and walls (need?) *** Great turning point: changed the way people lived & paved way for civilization

  9. II. The Neolithic Revolution • The Bronze Age (4000—3000 BC) 1. Heat metal-bearing rocks… turn metals into tools and weapons 2. Lead to development of more complex & wealthier societies 3. Metallurgy: copper… copper + tin = bronze

  10. IV. Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia • The Impact of Geography Tigris & Euphrates Rivers… Meaning of Meso… Fertile Crescent… Sumer, Assyria, Akkad… • Sumerians 1. City-states: Eridu, Ur, Uruk

  11. III. The Rise of Civilization The Basic Features of Civilization: • Cities • Central Govts • Traditional Economy • Organized Religion • Social Classes • Art & Architecture • Infrastructure: roads, bridges, public works • System of Writing • Specialized Jobs • Cultural Diffusion

  12. IV. Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia • Sumerians 2. Economy & Society * Farming & trade: what & where … wheel * Social Hierarchy 3. Religion * Polytheistic… Harsh… Theocracy… Powerful Priests… connected w/ king… ziggurats

  13. IV. Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia • Sumerians 4. Contributions • First wheeled carts/ wagons • Sun dial (time) • Arch: support in construction • Bronze out of copper • Irrigation systems • Cuneiform • Algebra & Geometry • Charted Constellations • The Epic of Gilgamesh

  14. The Spread of Civilization (3100 – 200 BC)

  15. Chapter 2 Objectives Main Ideas:Students will learn: • That Egyptian civilization brought periods of continuity and stability over thousands of years. • That b/w 3100 BC and 200 BC many civilizations flourished in central and western Asia, and around the Mediterranean Sea as well. • That environmental changes, along w/ migrations, led to major changes in ancient India’s culture. • That dynasties in ancient China developed philosophies, political theories, and cultural achievements.

  16. I. Egyptian Civilization • The Impact of Geography: “The Gift of the Nile” 1. Nile River * Course… predictable… silt… control… delta… 2. Egypt’s Natural Defenses: Desert, Cataracts, Sea *** Regularity of floods and isolation created sense of stability and security

  17. I. Egyptian Civilization • The Importance of Religion 1. Egyptian Mythology *Amon-Re; Osiris; Anubis; Isis; Seth *Religion united Egypt; gave sense of stability

  18. I. Egyptian Civilization • The Importance of Religion 2. Mummification * Life After Death *Religious; Scientific

  19. I. Egyptian Civilization • The Course of Egyptian History * Menes 1. The Old Kingdom * Pharaohs… ma’at… bureaucracy… vizier… necropolises… Great Sphinx… Khufu’s Pyramid

  20. I. Egyptian Civilization C. The Course of Egyptian History 2. The Middle Kingdom * Golden age: expansion, trade, arts * Pharaoh: responsible… irrigation, worship, cities * 1700 BC: Hyksos invaded: bronze, horses, chariots

  21. I. Egyptian Civilization • The Course of Egyptian History 3. The New Kingdom: Empire *Expansion & Militarism * Hatshepsut… Amenhotep/ Akenaten….Tutankhamen… Ramses II & the Battle of Kadesh * Nubia, Greeks, Romans

  22. I. Egyptian Civilization • Social Structure 1. Social Hierarchy 2. Women * Property * Business Deals * Divorce * No education

  23. I. Egyptian Civilization • Contributions 1. Science & Math * Knowledge… observe, diagnose, cures * Astronomy: constellations, planets, sun * Calander: 12 months, 30 days each * Role of Math 2. Writing *Hieroglyphics; hieratic, demotic, papyrus * Importance… bureaucracy…. Book of the Dead * Rosetta Stone (discovered 1799): Egyptian & Greek

  24. I. Egyptian Civilization • Contributions 3. Art * Temples, monuments, pyramids, statues, paintings * Daily life, ceremonies, military victories * Stiff, standard poses * Literature: gods, proverbs, advice…

  25. II. The Indus Valley Civilization • Geography * Subcontinent… Himalayas… Hindu Kush… Khyber Pass… Bolan Pass… Indus & Ganges River/ Plain… Deccan… plateau… Monsoons… Modern Pakistan

  26. II. The Indus Valley Civilization • India’s First Civilization 1. Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa (3000-1500 BC) 2. Rulers & Economy 3. Decline of the Indus Valley Civilizations

  27. II. The Indus Valley Civilization • Arrival of the Aryans & the Vedic Age 1. Aryans Migrate into India *Indo-European Nomads… Vedas… Vedic Age * Foundation of Hindu religion 2. Aryan Ways of Life *Sanskrit, rajahs

  28. II. The Indus Valley Civilization D. Society in Ancient India 1. Caste System * Vedas: divided by occupation… evolved… * Definition * No social mobililty 2. The Family in Ancient India * Patriarchal * Sati/ Suttee

  29. II. The Indus Valley Civilization • Religious Beliefs * Polytheistic… forces in nature * Indra… Brahman *Written records scarce before Aryans or can’t decipher *Aryans: Literature but little art, etc * Lacked dynamics of Egypt

  30. III. The Rise of China Introduction… Add Ban Po A. The Geography of China 1. Rivers: Yellow & Yangtze River 2. Terrain: Gobi Desert; Tian Shan & Himalayas 3. Monsoons 4. Effect: Middle Kingdom

  31. III. The Rise of China • Xia Dynasty * Yu the Great… Strong Royal Authority… Violent period… walled towns… * Contributions • Assembled armies • Carved jade 3. Worked w/ bronze 4. Primitive pictographs… evolve into Chinese script 5. May have designed first calendar

  32. III. The Rise of China • Shang Dynasty 1. Government * Kings & clans ruled locally * Walled capital city at Anyang * Role of kings 2. Social Structure * Aristocracy & Hierarchy

  33. III. The Rise of China • Shang Dynasty 3. Religion * Gods/ nature…. Ancestors…Yin and Yang… Oracle bones

  34. III. The Rise of China • Shang Dynasty 4. Contributions • Written Chinese… pictographs & ideographs • Work w/ bronze: masks, weapons, utensils, sculptures • Horse drawn chariots • Astronomers: studied movements of planets & recorded eclipses of the sun • Developed an accurate calendar w/ 365 ¼ days • Developed how to make silk thread from cocoons of silkworms

  35. III. The Rise of China • Zhou Dynasty 1. A Feudal Government 2. The Mandate of Heaven & Dynastic Cycle 3. Economy… Money economy

  36. III. The Rise of China • Zhou Dynasty 4. The Family in Ancient China… filial piety 5. Contributions *Book of Documents… Book of Songs… calendar… silk... Irrigation… iron plow 6. Fall of Zhou “Period of Warring States”

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