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Cognitive Psych

Mercy
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Cognitive Psych

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    1. Cognitive Psych Neural Basis of Cognition – a crash course

    3. The Soma The cell body of the cell Contains the “engine” of the cell Organelles Nucleus Contains the DNA Mitochondrion Energy production Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum

    4. Cell membrane The outer structure of the cell Two layers of fat molecules Selectively permeable – some substances can pass at will, some not at all, some can come in sometimes, but not other times. Ion channels – protein gates that allow ions to pass through Generally closed

    6. Dendrites Branch-like projections around the soma Receive information from other cells

    7. Axons Long tubular looking structure Carries information away from the cell and towards another cell Myelin sheath – axon is covered by an electrically insulating phospholipid layer Functions to speed up neural transmission Protects the axon Node of Ranvier – gaps in the myelin sheath

    9. Axon terminal and synapse At the end of the axon is a bulge Presynaptic terminal Axon terminal Terminal button “transmits” information to another neuron Synapse – space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron Synaptic cleft

    11. Neural communication Neurons communicate in two ways Electrical signal: within a neuron Chemical signal: between neurons Electrical signal is sent from one part of the neuron to the other: The signal travels from the dendrite through the cell body to the axon Dendrites receive the signal from another neuron Axons send the signal to other neurons Chemical signal is sent from the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of another neuron

    12. Electrical Communication Resting potential: all neurons rest at -70 mV. Positive ions are outside the cell Forces trying to get them inside Shocks makes ion channels open Positive ions come in (Na+) Charge changes – action potential Potential is propagated down the axon

    13. Propagation of the action potential.

    15. The synapse

    16. Action potential results in NT released into the synapse NT contacts dendrite of another cell Dendrite contains receptors NT binds to receptors Initiates changes that can eventually stimulate an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.

    17. Parts of the Brain 3 major divisions Hindbrain: Cerebellum; Pons; Medulla Forebrain: Cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus Midbrain

    19. Hindbrain Cerebellum: Extremely large area, millions of neurons Responsible for coordination of movement timing Eyeblink conditioning

    20. Pons Important for sleep and especially dreaming Part of the “brainstem” Phylogenetically old

    21. Medulla Controls all vital functions of the body including breathing and heart rate Forebrain Thalamus Primary relay station of the brain Almost all sensory information passes through before going elsewhere Amygdala Responsible for many aspects of emotion Emotional learning

    22. Hypothalamus Regulates autonomic nervous system Regulates hormones, “4 F’s”; Feeding, Fighting, Fleeing, and sexual behavior Controls the pituitary gland Basal ganglia motor control, cognition, emotions and learning Nucleus Accumbens – receives dopaminergic input from the VTA Reward center Olds and Milner Important aspects of attention and thinking

    23. Hippocampus Especially important for learning and memory Resolving conflict Cerebral Cortex Does just about everything Many think that the cortex is what makes humans the way they are Cortex is broken up into 4 lobes: Frontal lobe: the front of the brain Temporal lobe: side, the temples Parietal lobe: kinda middle portion Occipital Lobe: very back

    25. Frontal lobe – very large, many functions Precentral gyrus: Primary motor cortex Generation of movement Broca’s area – production of speech Prefrontal cortex Integration of many types of information Thinking, planning, decision making Temporal lobe Audition Wernicke’s area: Language comprehension

    26. Parietal lobe Somatosensory function (touch, vibration, pain) Sensory areas have specific parts dedicated to certain parts of the body homunculus Association areas Combination of all senses with vision Occipital lobe Vision: Primary visual cortex Many aspects of vision

    28. Occipital lobe Vision: Primary visual cortex Temporal lobe Audition Wernicke’s area: Language comprehension

    29. Studying the human brain Study cases of brain damage Example: Phineas Gage Neural imaging – technology that allows inspection of an intact brain EEG: electroencephalogram – electrodes are placed on the scalp. It records the electrical activity of neurons. Event-related potentials Problem: It records from thousands of neurons at a time; not very precise

    31. “CAT” scan: Computerized tomography Computer enhanced 3-D X-Rays Not much resolution, still life

    32. MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging – uses magnetic fields to get brain scans Just get a picture

    34. PET scan: Positron Emission Tomography – patients are injected with radioactive glucose. The scanner tracks where the glucose moves to. This is used as an indicator of neural activity. - resolution is fairly low.

    36. Functional MRI (fMRI) – Registers changes in the metabolism of cells Increase in blood flow to the local vasculature that accompanies neural activity in the brain. Get 3-D picture of real time brain activity Very expensive Restricted video

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