Brain Wonderful Organic Computer: Parts of the Brain

1. Brain Wonderful Organic Computer: Parts of the Brain kobmel.com/human-structure/parts-of-the-brain November 26, 2020 The most complex, mysterious, and important part of the human body is the brain. Although everything in human existence is governed by the brain, the human concept of the brain is still in its infancy. Despite the invention of technology such as the supercomputer to conquer space, the knowledge of the brain inside the skull is still very vague. The gap between the knowledge of the brain, that is, self-knowledge, and man is an ocean. By crossing this ocean and gaining complete knowledge about the brain, that is, self- knowledge, man will be able to use this most important part of the body to the fullest. Will be able to overcome many of the current limitations and psychological discomforts. Be able to create new levels of success and possibilities for yourself. Neuroscientists say that if the man could discover why he was unique, he might not lead himself to collapse but would respect himself more than he does now. Man has to prove himself to be the best on this planet only because of his brain. We know that the most important part of the body is the brain. The heart can be called a pump machine. The lungs can be called oxygen supplements. But the controlling force behind every human action is the brain. The brain is the center of all human thought and consciousness. 1/16

2. Because of this brain skill, the ancestors of the human race have not only survived by defeating physically much stronger opponents but have also proved themselves to be the best among the fauna. The brain taught man to make the first stone weapon. And the genetic successors of that brain made the spacecraft. What people have done in the past, what they will do in the future is the product of this brain. The brain made man. It wasn’t too long ago that people began researching the brain, the stunning instrument inside the skull. The philosopher Aristotle taught his students that the heart is the center of thought and consciousness, the brain is just a radiator. The philosopher Pliny first identified the brain as the center of intelligence and perception. But neither he nor his later scientists had the knowledge or technical skills to study the brain. Psychologists, zoologists, physicists, and chemists are researching this brain in dozens of laboratories around the world. The reason scientists are interested in understanding the workings of the brain is that what is happening inside the brain cannot be separated from what is happening outside the brain. That is why every year more and more scientists are getting involved in research on the functioning of the brain. The more you know, the more you are caught in front of them. Man has crushed the atom, has been able to separate the genetic code. Has been able to set foot on the moon. But still, he did not understand himself. If a man wants to understand, he must first understand his brain. But understanding the brain is not so easy. So the scientists involved in this new science of understanding the brain, neuroscience, are not underestimating the obstacles to success in their research activities. Because the brain is a very complex organ. If we compare the brain to a computer, we will see that a modern computer can store or remember 100 billion bits of information, but in this case, the capacity of the brain is infinite. Computers, however, can determine payroll, accounting, and spacecraft faster than the brain. But the computer can only do the things that its creator man has programmed to do. The brain, on the other hand, can do a lot of fine work effortlessly. The brain controls the heart and breath level of the human being, the brain determines the body temperature, the brain removes the hand as soon as something hot is touched. And this control is being conducted without the knowledge of the people. Moreover, the brain can repair itself. When the brain is damaged, in some cases some parts can learn to handle and manage the work of other parts, which the computer cannot. The computer can be switched off but there is no way to turn off the brain. Whether you work or sleep, the brain is always active. Just as one reflects on oneself in the mirror, so the brain can constantly think about itself. A comparative discussion of the computer and the brain reveals that humans have great potential. If we think of a supercomputer in the world that weighs about 8 tons and on the other hand the human brain weighs one and a half kg. If supercomputers can do 400 2/16

3. million calculations per second, our brains can do 20,000 billion. If the supercomputer worked for a hundred years at 400 million calculations per second, the brain would be able to use only one minute of efficiency. Comparing the world telecommunication system with the communication system of neurons, its comparative position in front of the brain will be equal to that of a peanut. After a long study, scientists have just begun to realize that the brain is a wonderful biological computer. Whose infinite potential is still largely unused. Controller of all processes The brain keeps people connected to their surroundings. By combining and processing the information transmitted by the five senses, the brain enables people to make decisions based on new information. This is to save the person from harm or danger and to ensure that everything in the body works properly. And to do this, the brain is constantly monitoring everything that is happening inside the body, what is happening outside the body, what is happening in the environment. The brain is at the heart of all communication in the body. He has all the information inside the body Getting through hormones and receptors, all the information outside the body, the five senses, sometimes through the sixth sense. All this information is stored in memory. The brain communicates with all the organs of the body and coordinates with the old information and directs the necessary activities. The information capacity of the brain is infinite. Consciously or subconsciously physically or mentally what you are doing now or what action you are taking usually depends on your experience. That is when you have faced such a situation in the past, on the events of that time. This is memory. It is this memory that affects your physical behavior in most cases. Whether you are aware or not, this memory is the shortest path to every efficient decision and action. One has to be amazed at how quickly brain cells make electrical and chemical processes and how many neurons need to interact to make a decision. Dr. Manfred Egan, director of the famous Max Planck Institute in Germany, examined which chemical reactions in the brain take only a fraction of a millionth of a second to organize. He says the decision to step back to avoid falling under a speeding car requires communication and coordination between a million neurons to make it work, and the whole process takes less than a second to complete. Your existence depends on balancing your body with the environment. The health of your life process depends on the particular surrounding conditions. If the body is unable to adapt to this, its destruction is inevitable. For example, it is not possible to live long if the body temperature is not right, regardless of the outside temperature. However, the brain can immediately detect any changes in the outside temperature and provide the necessary work instructions to keep the body temperature intact. 3/16

4. The brain does all the work to keep the vital chemical process running, which is essential for sustaining your life. As complex as this process is, it is inextricably linked and interdependent. The slightest deviation in the combination of any of these stages can ruin the whole process. For example, if there was no blood circulation process, you would not be able to digest food and collect necessary nutrients from it and send it all over the body. Again, if you failed to identify the food or if you could identify it but could not get it right between the two lips by using it properly, then your digestion process would not be of any use. But when you pick up the food in front of you and chew it with your mouth without any thought, the glands of the mouth secrete saliva and you swallow it without any conscious effort and send it to the stomach. The process of digestion of food in the stomach begins by making enzymes. In the process of digestion, the nutrients required by the body are being enriched and the necessary parts are being excreted through the process of excretion. The brain manages this whole process of the body in such a way that every task starts at the right time and ends at the right time. It can be compared to an organized relay race. If there was a lack of coordination between each process, it would be seen that saliva is not excreted even after the food enters the mouth or the food is not digested and passes through the stomach and intestines and goes out in the process of excretion. I have already seen that the brain can perform these functions smoothly as a result of connecting with every part of the body and keeping in touch with the outside world. The five senses sometimes the brain receives external information through the sixth sense and the internal information is collected through the receptor. There is also a connection between the brain and certain organs of the body to take the necessary steps in this regard after receiving the information. The brain collects this information and guides it in two ways. The first is a superficial procedure through the nervous system. Slow-motion by hormones through the second endocrine system. Mind, body, and surroundings are closely intertwined. The brain is sending chemical messengers to the body to prepare for the challenge as soon as any threat occurs. This chemical messenger may again cause the brain to become more alert. Quantities The brain can continue to send warning signals even after the main danger has been cut. Wonderful organ The weight of the brain is about one and a half kg. It consists of two types of cells. Neurons and glial cells. The ratio of glial cells to neuron cells is 1:10. That is, there are 10 glial cells opposite a neuron cell. And the number of these neuron cells is about 100 billion. One neuron connects to another neuron through fine fibers dendrites and axons. Thus a neuron is connected to at least 10,000 neurons. Some neurons are connected to two million neurons. The connection circuit of one neuron to another neuron has a gap. This is called the synapse. The number of such synapses is at least 100 trillion. 4/16

5. The workings of the brain are conducted in an electrochemical manner. Brain management requires 20 to 25 watts of electricity. 1 to 10 million chemical reactions occur in the brain every second. Deep concentration consumes the same amount of calories as heavy exercise. The brain never gets tired. The brain works 24 hours a day. The brain is also active during deep sleep. Cerebral The cerebral lobes of the brain are evenly divided into two parts divided by the middle of the nut. One part is called the right ring and the other part is called the left ring. But since these two have a horizontal connection, the right ring controls the left side of the body and the left ring controls the right part of the body. The left ring between the two rings remains active in most people. The left ring controls speech, myths, numbers, logic, language, appetite, digestion, and thoughts. On the other hand, the right sphere controls imagination, emotions, beliefs, sleep, dreams, music, creativity, superconsciousness, spiritual and spiritual thoughts. These two rings are usually connected by a cluster of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. But if this connection is severed for any reason, then the autonomy of the two rings is clearly understood. The 100 billion neurons in the brain are further divided into three groups. Such as sensory, pea, and association centers. The brain is protected from external injuries by a hard skull. Then there is the three-layer membrane protective coating. There is a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid in the lining of the membrane, which acts as a shock absorber and washes away the waste material. This fluid contains oxygen and nutrients needed for nerves. It is this fluid that nourishes and protects the spinal cord. And this spinal cord is made up of the brain and your central nervous system. Cerebrum The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum. It occupies most of the skull. The cerebrum is divided into two parts. Right and left. These two rings are connected by a bunch of white nerves. The inner part of the cerebrum is made up of white matter. 5/16

6. It is covered with gray matter. This is called the cerebral cortex. The whole cerebrum is divided into different divided lobes. These are named after the skull bones. In the middle of the white matter of the cerebral ring is a lump of gray matter. This is called the cerebral nucleus. The two rings of the cerebrum do not reflect each other. They control different things in different ways. But they are connected and complementary to each other. Memory stored in one ring may be needed in another ring. So there is no question that if any part of the ring of the cerebrum is damaged, the special function of that part will disappear from your life. The cerebrum performs many complex functions in the body. It has also been possible to identify the parts of the cerebrum that control all these functions. Motor activity such as muscle management is regulated by the nerve centers inside the cortex near the front of the cerebrum. Different parts of the cerebral cortex control different muscles. So if there is any damage in this pea area, the muscles attached to it will become immobile. The sensory area of the cerebral cortex controls the information collected by the senses of hearing, sight, touch, and the five senses. Without this sensory area of the cerebrum, we would not be able to see what an object looks like. I couldn’t tell whether it was hot or cold. I could not hear any sound or melody. There are pea and sensory areas in both rings of your cerebrum. Memory, emotion, and judgment analysis are connected to the entire cerebral cortex and adjacent areas. It is said that memory is spread all over the area. So removing half of the cortex can reduce the ability to remember proportionately, but it does not destroy any specific memory. Because even though the cortex contains memory, it is not like computer memory. The memory of the computer stores individual data in an electronic cell. And cortex memory is scattered everywhere. The stability of memory in the cerebral cortex is also surprising to researchers. Memories that have not been remembered for a long time can suddenly come alive. In Remembering the Things Past, Marcel Proust tasted biscuits soaked in tea as well as flooded the book with memories. Many people can remember and describe exactly what happened many years ago as soon as they smelled a perfume, heard a word, or remembered a song. The association area of the cerebral cortex contains the fibers that connect the nervous system to the pea and sensory areas. It is because of this association area that you are instructed to take the most appropriate and effective action in the light of past 6/16

7. information in the light of experience in terms of current information and feelings. The position of the imagination is also assumed to be here. The cerebrum is what sets humans apart from other animals. Here is the center of thought. Which remembers the past, realizes the present, prepares to embrace the future. Cerebellum This part of the brain is called the cerebellum. It is located below the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum is composed of white matter in a circle of gray matter. Inside the white matter is again the gray matter area. This is called the cerebellum nucleus. There are two rings here. These two rings are connected by vermis. Controls and adjusts the speed of the cerebellum muscles. This results in coordination between each posture. You can easily do things like wiping a cold handkerchief by pressing your nose. The white matter of the cerebellum contains a bundle of nerve fibers. These nerves send sensory messages to the cerebellum from the balancing organs located in the muscles and ears. However, the extrinsic nerves are not the only ones that respond directly from here, but they also go around the association center. As a result, your activities are nicely controlled and coordinated without conscious interference. Without the cerebellum, your speed and activity would be risky instead of balanced and controlled. When the cerebellum is damaged, there is a lack of coordination in muscle activity. Brain stem The brain stem connects the higher centers of the brain with the spinal cord. 7/16

8. Its main organs are the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The medulla oblongata Inside the medullary white matter is gray matter. The four cranial nerve centers that control all conscious activity of the head, neck, and shoulders are located here. There are more important control centers inside the medulla. The heart beats control of the cardiac center. The vasoconstrictor center controls the circumference of the blood vessels. The respiratory system controls the rate of breathing and the depth of breathing. Various other centers control swallowing, vomiting, stomach activity, and digestive excretion. The medulla is the source of all kinds of will-neutral verbs. Mid Brain 8/16

9. The midbrain connects with the upper cerebrum and the lower cerebellum and pons. It also looks like medulla and pans. There is also a cluster of nerves, which descends from the brain to the lower spinal cord and ascends to the upper cerebral cortex. The source of the two cranial nerves is here. The Corpora Quadrigemina, located here, has a vision and hearing coordination center. This part of the brain determines which direction a particular sound is coming from. Thalamus A little above the thalamus midbrain is a gray substance covered by white matter. It is a major relay center. Every massage from the lower area of the brain and the spinal cord is processed here and sent to the cerebral cortex. Hypothalamus 9/16

10. The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus. The hypothalamus is a very important organ in the brain. This, in conjunction with the pituitary, ensures the continuity of the surviving biochemical environment located inside the body. The hypothalamus ensures that normal body temperature is maintained. This is because the hypothalamus is extremely sensitive to any temperature fluctuations. It controls food intake because it is sensitive to the pain and persecution of hunger. The thirst center located in it is more sensitive in determining the amount of water in the blood. So the body feels thirsty only when it needs water. The pattern of sleep and wakefulness is controlled from here. The heartbeat, the contraction of the intestinal tract, and the emptying of the bladder are all controlled from here. The hypothalamus is the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. The hypothalamus activates the pituitary through chemical secretions when it is aware of a physical need. The posterior pituitary releases two hormones into the blood, which are actually made by the hypothalamus. When oxytocin is secreted in large amounts in a pregnant woman’s blood, the baby begins to conceive. This hormone also plays a major role in breast milk production. Antidiuretic hormones ensure that excess water is not excreted from the body through the kidneys. Both hormones are made in the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary secretes 6 different hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus. Most of these instruct other glands to stop producing or producing their own hormones. Prolactin causes milk secretion and growth hormone causes cell division, 10/16

11. bone growth, and protein synthesis. These two hormones act directly on the tissues of the body. The hypothalamus is also part of the limbic system that controls emotions. The hypothalamus controls emotions with the help of special parts of the thalamus, the area connected to the hippocampus and brain stem. It can be said that the hypothalamus acts as a link between the mind and the body. This is where any change in emotion is recorded and it affects the physical condition. As you can see in the front, a cobra snake has lifted its hood. At the same time, the feeling you recorded is fear. And this fear can be manifested by the heart rate increase, pale face, body sweating, and screaming. It is through the hypothalamus that emotions become active in the body. Sensory organ One of the major functions of the brain is to take the necessary action by analyzing the information obtained through the five senses of the human being. You feel it only when the senses inform you about any external change. What the senses are making you feel is change. If you become accustomed to a particular feeling, such as the weight of the clothes on your body or the location of the hat on your head. Then you never consciously feel it. Then your feelings adapt to it. But if there is any change in this condition, the body has to take the necessary steps to maintain the balance of the biochemical system of the body. The five senses of the body collect information and transmit it to the brain through the nervous system. You feel nothing in your senses. The senses simply transmit information to the brain in waves through the nerves. The brain determines the nature of this information and takes the necessary steps. For example, information obtained through the eyes can be explained. When light enters the eye, it hits the rods and cones in the retina. When the light hits, the pigment located in the rod, and the angle breaks down chemically. This rupture produces nerve waves, which transmit visual information to the cerebral cortex through the optic nerve. What you are seeing is the brain’s explanation of the nerve waves received through the optic nerve. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves for the proper functioning of the five senses and the various organs of the body. Of these, 10 pairs originate from the brain stem. The pea nerve goes from the brain to the muscle or gland. The sensory nerve carries information to the brain. The mixed nerve contains sensory and motor fibers. Since the cranial nerve controls conscious activity, any damage to it will impair your ability to use certain muscles in the body. Communication between the brain and the body 11/16

12. All the senses of the body are connected to the brain or spinal cord by nerve fibers. When a sense receives information, it produces electrical waves in the nerve fibers. These waves travel to the destination through the nerve fibers. Sometimes it takes action automatically or through voluntary action and sometimes the brain consciously takes action by feeling it. There is so much information going on in the brain all the time that it is not possible to be aware of it, nor is it necessary. For example, in the event of a change in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood, there is no need to do anything consciously to take the necessary action. Such information never reaches the conscious level. In this case, the decision is taken automatically. Nervous system The internal communication system, known as the nervous system, is a combination of multiple communication systems. 1. The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. 2. The peripheral nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and the nerves that communicate with the organs and muscles of the body. 3. The autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic nervous system monitors and controls the functions of internal organs without your conscious effort. It is again divided into two parts. Such as the parasympathetic branch and sympathetic branch. The parasympathetic branch regulates general rest and body reconstruction activities. And the sympathetic branch regulates emergencies – such as fight or flight activities. Both tasks are conducted spontaneously without your knowledge. Endocrine system 12/16

13. Being able to respond quickly in any situation is a feature of the nervous system. The endocrine system, on the other hand, works slowly and on time. The endocrine glands produce hormones and release them into the blood and transmit them throughout the body through the blood. Whenever this hormone reaches its destination, it causes specific changes. The action of hormones is slower than the message sent by nerve waves. Chronic changes such as physical growth, puberty, and reproductive processes are regulated by hormones. There is an excellent feedback mechanism for carefully controlling hormone production. Which is known as the Bio-Feed-back Loop? Its effectiveness is based on the close relationship between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. Although the pituitary gland sends instructions to other glands to produce the necessary hormones, it is activated by nerve signals transmitted by the hypothalamus. Neurons 13/16

14. The brain and nervous system are made up of billions of tiny neurons. Neurons are the strongest unit in the brain. Its size and shape depend on its position and responsibilities. However, every neuron has a nucleus and a cell body surrounded by it. And from this neuron cell, innumerable nerve fibers known as axons and dendrites have gone around like wires. Neurons are basically divided into 3 parts: 1. Sensory Neuron: It carries information from the senses or receptors to the brain or spinal cord. 2. Motor Neuron: It stimulates the glands and muscles and organs to work with information and instructions from the brain and spinal cord. 3. Association Neuron: It is located in the brain and spinal cord and acts as a link between sensory and motor neurons. Most neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord. But their fibers can be much longer. Such as fibers extending from the spinal cord to the tip of the toe. This fiber has reached every organ and muscle. Hundreds of fibers come together to form a bunch of nerves. Transmitting information Nerve fibers communicate with the brain, with muscles, with glands, and with each other. But they do not touch each other. The action of a neuron, the fiber that transmits information from a neuron, is called an action, and the dendrites of other neurons, which receive information, are called dendrites. This is called the synapse. When electrical charges are formed in a nerve, the process of transmitting information from one neuron to another or a muscle begins. An electrical nerve signal travels through the action of the neuron and reaches the synapse. As soon as the synapse reaches the nucleus, a chemical molecule is called a neurotransmitter escape. This neurotransmitter continues to deliver information to the dendrites or muscles of the next neuron. This is how the relay of information exchange inside the body works. Information travels at 225 miles per hour through nerve fibers. A signal travels from the brain to the feet in about 1 / 50th of a second. Whether the information goes from the senses to the brain, from one cell of the brain to another, or from the nervous system to the muscles, the process of sending and receiving information is the same. Neurotransmitter 14/16

15. We learn about the brain’s neurotransmitters through a story. The story of the Incas. Reaching Machu Picchu, the fortified city of the Incas, was a daunting task. The first step was to cross the 17,000-foot-high mountain range of Mount Andes. Anyone who lamented the lack of oxygen would be able to reach the city gate by crossing the 3,000 steps made of stone, even after seeing the city above the clouds. Surprisingly, the runners maintained contact with every village in the 2,000-mile-long Inca Empire. They could run a long way barefoot. Sometimes they ran 50 to 65 miles a day, two to three times as much as a marathon. Sometimes their path started from the top of the mountain. I had to get up a mile. Their endurance and speed can be said to be superhuman in one word. These were the eyes and ears of Emperor Atahualpa. These hardworking and hard-working runners had already warned the emperor about the arrival of the Spanish looters. But the emperor had no concerted preparation to deal with the attack. So in 1532, this capital of the Incas fell. Pizarro, the leader of the Spanish looters, used the method of betrayal to kidnap and kill Emperor Atahualpa after demanding a large ransom. The Inca civilization collapsed. If you think of Brain as the Machu Picchu castle at the top of the Andes Mountains, you will see that it also has several hardworking runners. Those who relentlessly carry the message from the farthest edge of the body empire to the brain and deliver the command from the brain to the farthest end like the toes. These runners are neurotransmitter molecules. These neurotransmitter molecules are affecting the lives of everybody’s cells. This neurotransmitter transmits all the thoughts, hopes, dreams, desires, reluctance, do’s, and don’ts of the brain to every cell. Again, this neurotransmitter transmits all the information about the body and its surroundings to the brain. Why does the body sometimes fail to take action against disease despite having such an excellent system, why can’t it overcome the surrounding adversity and continue to climb the golden peak of success or success? There is only one answer and that is the lack of 15/16

16. integrated mental preparation. We know the infinity of the power of the mind. We know objects are destroyed. But the information is indestructible. Body cells die. But its internal information DNA survives in new body cells. Thoughts are omnipresent. Again we know that thought has a material view. This is because each neurotransmitter carries a particular type of thought or information. And neurotransmitters are a special kind of chemical molecule. So the mind and the power of thought have the power to affect everything. If we can use the power of the mind and thought creatively and productively, to take integrated mental preparation, then thought will create happiness and success just as it has created objects. 16/16