1 / 31

CSCE-212-Intro-To-Computer-Architecture-Lecture1-Introduction

CSCE-212 Introduction to Computer Architecture Lecture-1 (Fall 2024-Mehdi Yaghouti)

M436
Download Presentation

CSCE-212-Intro-To-Computer-Architecture-Lecture1-Introduction

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Introduction University of South Carolina Introduction to Computer Architecture Fall, 2024 Instructor: Mehdi Yaghouti MehdiYaghouti@gmail.com Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 1/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  2. Textbook Digital Design and Computer Architecture (RISC-V Edition) Sarah L Harris, David Harris Further Reading/Exercises: Computer Organization and Design RISC-V Edition: The Hardware Software Interface David A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 2/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  3. Assessment Grading: Assessment Component Assignments Quiz 1 (Chapter 5 + Review) Quiz 2 (Chapter 6) Final (Chapter 7) Optional Projects Weight Mandatory 30% 40% 30% Extra Bonus Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 3/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  4. An everyday experience! Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 4/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  5. Inside the box Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 5/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  6. The main components Mainboard CPU Off-chip memory (DRAM) Storage devices I/O Cards Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 6/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  7. Central Processing Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Logic Internal Memory Data path Pentium 4 Die shot Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 7/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  8. From sand to CPU! Silicon is abundant in nature Primarily found as (SiO2) in sand Silicon is a semiconductor Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 8/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  9. From sand to CPU! Silicon is a semiconductor Manufacturing process Silicon ingot Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 9/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  10. From sand to CPU! Silicon is a semiconductor Manufacturing process Silicon ingot Sliced into wafers (≤ 0.1 inches) Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 10/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  11. From sand to CPU! Silicon is a semiconductor Manufacturing process Silicon ingot Sliced into wafers (≤ 0.1 inches) Oxidation,Photolithography,... Conductivity is altered selectively Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 11/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  12. From sand to CPU! Silicon is a semiconductor Manufacturing process Silicon ingot Sliced into wafers (≤ 0.1 inches) Oxidation,Photolithography,... Conductivity is altered selectively Testing Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 12/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  13. From sand to CPU! Silicon is a semiconductor Manufacturing process Silicon ingot Sliced into wafers (≤ 0.1 inches) Oxidation,Photolithography,... Conductivity is altered selectively Testing Dicing Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 13/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  14. From sand to CPU! Silicon is a semiconductor Manufacturing process Silicon ingot Sliced into wafers (≤ 0.1 inches) Oxidation,Photolithography,... Conductivity is altered selectively Testing Dicing Packaging Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 14/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  15. From sand to CPU! Starts with Silicon ingot Silicon is a semiconductor Ingot sliced into wafers (≤ 0.1 inches) Oxidation,Photolithography,Doping... Conductivity is altered selectively More complex CPUs higher density SSI,MSI,LSI form ∼ 1 − 104transistors VLSI form ∼ 104− 106transistors ULSI more than millions Current feature size ∼ 9nm − 5nm Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 15/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  16. MOSFETs MOSFETs are predominantly the building blocks of almost all digital systems Each MOSFET is a sandwich of a few semiconductor layers There are two types of MOS, pMOS and nMOS In digital circuits, a MOSFET behaves as a voltage-controlled switch The gate voltage needed to turn on the transistor is called threshold voltage The threshold voltage is typically about 0.3 to 0.7 V The size of transistors are a fraction of a micron nowadays Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 16/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  17. Moore’s Trend More complex digital systems needs more transistors Increasing die size decreases yield, so it is costly! Smaller transistors are faster and more power-efficient Moore described in 1965 a long-term trend: ”Transistor counts double every two years” The trend can’t last forever It has already slowed down for couple of reasons Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 17/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  18. The Shrinking Business Technological advancements continually shrinks the size of transistors Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 18/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  19. Performance Performance is a multi-facets measure Computer performance can be limited by Memory Hard Disk Graphic system Network connection Almost all CPUs are synchronous digital circuits Changes occur at clock transitions Clock rate is a main factor in CPU performance CPU performance 1 ExecutionTime = (#Inst.) × (CPI) × Fclock Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 19/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  20. Power Wall Power is energy per unit time Power consumption limits the battery life Digital systems draws Dynamic and Static powers Dynamic power is drawn for charging capacitive loads Charging power of a capacitor C V2 DD Power Consumption Pdynamic∝ αC V2 DDFclock Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 20/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  21. Multi-Core Processors Power puts strict constraints on clock rate Power consumption limits the battery life Power is dissipated as heat Cooling chips can become costly Since 2006, the industry shifted toward multi-core processors Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 21/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  22. Multidimensional trade-off Complexity: A CPU is a highly intricate system involving millions of transistors, intricate circuits, and numerous subsystems. Cost vs. Speed: Faster designs usually come with higher costs due to advanced components and technologies. Power vs. Speed: High-speed processors often consume more power, impacting energy efficiency. Complexity vs. Cost: More complex designs enhances performance at the cost of increase development and manufacturing costs. Complexity vs. Power: Increased complexity can lead to higher power consumption and cooling requirements Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 22/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  23. Abstraction to the rescue Abstraction: The art of hiding complexity by focusing on high-level concepts and simplifying interactions Principles: Modularity: Breaking down systems into manageable, reusable modules Hierarchy: Organizes components in a structured manner, from high-level to detailed Regularity: Applies consistent design patterns to maintain order and predictability Discipline: Restricting the design space in favor of simplification Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 23/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  24. Abstracted View of a Computer System Von Neumann’s computer key components Central Processing Unit Memory Input Devices Output Devices Data path Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 24/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  25. Abstracted View of a Computer System Von Neumann’s computer Key Components Central Processing Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Internal Memory Control Unit Datapath Memory Primary Memory Secondary Memory Input Devices Output Devices Data path Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 25/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  26. Digital Abstraction Modeling the transistors as switches is an example of abstraction Logic gates are an abstraction of transistor circuits Binary signals are an abstraction of continuous voltages Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 26/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  27. Course Objectives How a program written in a high-level language (like C) will be translated to the assembly language? How a program written in assembly language will be represented as binary codes in machine language? How the architecture and micro-architecture are related? How a CPU executes the machine codes? How the micro-architecture of a CPU affects its performance? Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 27/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  28. Road Map Chapter 2,3 (Review) Reviewing the necessary digital design concepts Combinational Circuits Sequential Circuits Chapter 5 Reviewing the necessary digital design concepts Introducing Arithmetic and Logical Components Introducing Memory Components Chapter 6 Computer Architecture Assembly Language Programming Chapter 7 Micro-Architecture Performance Analysis Miscellaneous Topics As much as time permits Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 28/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  29. Road Map Chapter 2,3 (Review) Reviewing the necessary digital design concepts Combinational Circuits Sequential Circuits Chapter 5 Introducing Arithmetic and Logical Components Introducing Memory Components Chapter 6 Computer Architecture Assembly Language Programming Chapter 7 Micro-Architecture Performance Analysis Miscellaneous Topics As much as time permits Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 29/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  30. Road Map Chapter 2,3 (Review) Reviewing the necessary digital design concepts Combinational Circuits Sequential Circuits Chapter 5 Reviewing the necessary digital design concepts Introducing Arithmetic and Logical Components Introducing Memory Components Chapter 6 Computer Architecture Assembly Language Programming Chapter 7 Micro-Architecture Performance Analysis Miscellaneous Topics As much as time permits Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 30/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

  31. Contact info Please feel free to contact me via email: Y aghouti@mailbox.sc.edu Office hours Fridays 9:00am - 2:00pm Room #2205, Innovation Center Building Introduction to Computer Architecture, 2024 31/31 University of South Carolina (M. Y.) USC

More Related