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Understanding Enzyme Functions and Their Catalytic Mechanisms

Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. They function by lowering the activation energy required for reactions, facilitating processes essential for life, such as metabolism and DNA replication. Different classes of enzymes, including oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases, play specific roles in diverse biochemical pathways. The study of enzyme-substrate interactions is crucial for enhancing our understanding of biological processes and developing pharmaceutical applications. This overview explores enzyme types, active sites, coenzymes, and their vital functions in biochemistry.

Lucy
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Understanding Enzyme Functions and Their Catalytic Mechanisms

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    1. ????????? ?. ????? ???????

    2. ???? ???????

    3. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????

    4. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? Cofactor ??????? ???????? : ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? Mg ??????? Fe ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? Coenzyme ? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? . ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? .

    5. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????

    6. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? 1000 ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????

    7. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? Intracellular  ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? extracellular ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????

    8. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? Active site ????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? Substrate

    9. ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? 1961. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? substrates ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ase? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? amylase? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? lipase ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? protease.

    10. ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? 1961 ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????: ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????.

    11. ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??: 1? ????????? ??????? ? ????????  oxidoreductases ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? 2? ????????? ??????? (??? ???????? ???????)  transferases ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? 3?) ????????? ???????) ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? hydrolases ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????

    12. ????? ????????? 4? ????????? ??????? lyases ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? C-O 5? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? isomerases ??????? ???? ??? ??????? 6? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ligases ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? C-C C-O C-N ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????

    13. ??????? Catalysis ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? . ????? ?????? ?????? ( ???? ????? ) ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????

    14. ??????? Catalysis ????? ???????? ???????: ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????

    15. ??????? Catalysis ????? ???????? ?????? ?????: ??? ????? ??????? ???? ? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????: ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?????, ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ????????

    16. ??????? Catalysis

    17. ??????? Catalysis

    18. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ?????? .

    19. ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? (substrate) ???? ???? ????? ??????? , ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? . ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? "?????" ????? (Enzyme-Substrate Complex). ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? :

    20. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????

    21. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????

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