From Handloom Artisan to Factory Worker with Social Unrest Along the Way

1. From Handloom Artisan to Factory Worker with Social Unrest Along the Way An Overview of the Development of Weaving Technology and Its Impact

2. Upper Palaeolithic: Old Stone Age String is developed by twisting plant fibers together ca. 20,000 � 30,000 years ago Knotting and Finger Weaving appears to begin in the Old Stone Age

3. Neolithic Era Simple Weaving Looms Warp: Vertical Threads Weft: Horizontal Threads Horizontal Ground Loom Warp Weighted Loom Households began to produce their own cloth � remains a family oriented activity up into the Middle Ages Horizontal Ground Loom: sticks and poles driven into the ground, used still today by Bedouin weavers in the Middle East Warp weighted loom, still in use today, has the warp threads tied to a fixed horizontal pole and weighted at the bottom Horizontal Ground Loom: sticks and poles driven into the ground, used still today by Bedouin weavers in the Middle East Warp weighted loom, still in use today, has the warp threads tied to a fixed horizontal pole and weighted at the bottom

4. Distaff and Spindle

5. Whorl Spindle

6. Phoenician Whorls Stone: Sandstone, Soapstone One-inch or so in diameter Dowel about 6-inches long Hook in one end of dowel 800 � 1200 BC800 � 1200 BC

7. High and Low Whorls Oldest known example of woven cloth appears to be 25000 BCE: Figurine carved on the tusk of a wooly mamouth wearing a woven loin cloth. Oldest known example of woven cloth appears to be 25000 BCE: Figurine carved on the tusk of a wooly mamouth wearing a woven loin cloth.

8. Shang Period in China (1766-1122 BC) Development of the Treadle and Frame Loom Precursor to the European Loom To Understand How a Simple Loom Can Produce Complex Patterns: http://www.marlamallett.com/loom.htm

9. Warp and Weft Romans bring the handloom to England Weaving is the interlacing of one set of threads (warp) with another set of threads (weft) Warp threads are stretched lengthwise Weft threads are woven into the warp by passing a shuttle through the warp

10. Spinning Wheel Introduced into Europe from China possibly by the 13th century No Models from this Period Exist but Depicted in Illuminated Manuscripts

11. Flag of the Provisional Government of India Charkha Spinning Wheel Great Britain used India as large tenants farm community: farmers were required to plant the crops that GB wanted GB layed on high taxes on salt. Great Britain used India as large tenants farm community: farmers were required to plant the crops that GB wanted GB layed on high taxes on salt.

12. Details of the Spinning Wheel

13. Middle Ages Clever Changes Introduced into the Simple Frame and Shed Looms Complicated Patterns Developed by 11th Century Weaving is a Family Enterprise that Begins to Move into Specialized Workplaces

14. Draw Loom: Man and Son1400

15. Guild Structure Not Workers Associations but Associations to Protect Early Capitalist Florence (14th Century) Production of Cloth Involved 26 Specialists Bought Raw Materials and Provided to Weavers at Exorbitant Prices (Advances) Workers Had No Rights and Were Kept in Debt Medicci made their fortune through cloth. Medicci made their fortune through cloth.

16. The Guild Guild Master Owned the Workshop Guild Master was the Master Weaver Took on Apprentices Hired Journeymen Weavers Guild Controlled Quality of the Product Limited the Number of Weavers Set the Prices

17. Social Unrest Roots Loss of Ability to Provide for the Family Technology Can and Often Does Displace Jobs Unequal Rights

18. Early Examples of Social Unrest Thirteen Century: Water Mill Cloth Fulling Operation Replaces Men Manor Owners Require Tenants to Bring Cloth to the Manor Mill for Fulling 17th Century Fulling Mill on the Isle of Wight17th Century Fulling Mill on the Isle of Wight

19. Manor and Fulling Mill

20. Fulling Mill Over River

21. Early Examples of Social Unrest 1274: Abbot Roger of Saint Albans Requires Cloth to be Fulled and Corn to be Milled at the Manor Confiscated Cloth 1326: Abbot Richard of Saint Albans Ceased Tenant Millstones and Paves His Courtyard 1381: Wat Tyler Revolt Wat Tyler leads a Peasant Revolt over whether or not his 15 year old daughter is of taxable age. The peasants breakup the Millstone Courtyard although the issue was not over fulling or milling of grain per se. Richard II kills Wat Tyler and assumes leadership of the 100,000 peasants until his army can assemble and dismiss the mob. He then hangs 1,500 peasant leaders after a speedy trial. Wat Tyler leads a Peasant Revolt over whether or not his 15 year old daughter is of taxable age. The peasants breakup the Millstone Courtyard although the issue was not over fulling or milling of grain per se. Richard II kills Wat Tyler and assumes leadership of the 100,000 peasants until his army can assemble and dismiss the mob. He then hangs 1,500 peasant leaders after a speedy trial.

22. A Home Spun Industry Family raised the sheep Children �carded� the fiber Mother spun the fiber into thread Father wove the thread into cloth using a treadle loom

23. Blackstrap Loom

24. Treadle Loom

25. John Kay (1704-1764) Son of a Wool Manufacturer 1733: Patents the Flying Shuttle No Longer Passed Weft Thread by Hand On Man Could Do the Work of Two Men 1753: Angry Crowd Wreaked Kay�s House and Destroyed His Flying Shuttle Loom

26. The Impact of the Flying Shuttle Textile Industry Adopted the Use of the Flying Shuttle Textile Association Refused to Pay Royalties to Kay Kay Loses All His Money in Lawsuits Dies Poor in France

27. Treadle Spinning Wheel Wheel is powered by the foot Still has a distaff to hold the fiber material The flyer whorl and bobbin replace the simple whorl �on the distaff side �� came to refer to the female view or lineage on the female side. Function often shapes language. �on the distaff side �� came to refer to the female view or lineage on the female side. Function often shapes language.

28. The Flyer Whorl and Bobbin Rotation of the Flyer Whorl imparts the twist when the Bobbin and Whorl rotate together Holding the Bobbin still allows the Flyer to wind the thread on the Bobbin

29. The Unsung Thomas Highs . .

30. The Unsung Thomas Highs Thomas Highs or Heyes (1718-) Talented Reed Maker John Kay�s Flying Shuttle gave birth to a spiraling need for thread 50,000 handwheel spinners in Lancashire alone High joins forces with Kay, a clock maker and his neighbor High appears to have built the first vertical Jenny according to Thomas Leathers, another neighbor Every morning a weaving would walk three or four miles gathering thread from five or six spinners. Often bribed the spinners with a ribbon or gown. It is difficult to understand, but the flying shuttle of Kay fueled great demand through the continent and the Americas�50,000 hand spinners were kept busy in Lancashire alone and still weavers could not find enough thread. Leathers indicates that he named his machine after his daughter Jane or Jenny. However, engines were often referred to as a �gin� or �jenny�. Female mules were referred to a poor man�s engine or Jenny. Every morning a weaving would walk three or four miles gathering thread from five or six spinners. Often bribed the spinners with a ribbon or gown. It is difficult to understand, but the flying shuttle of Kay fueled great demand through the continent and the Americas�50,000 hand spinners were kept busy in Lancashire alone and still weavers could not find enough thread. Leathers indicates that he named his machine after his daughter Jane or Jenny. However, engines were often referred to as a �gin� or �jenny�. Female mules were referred to a poor man�s engine or Jenny.

31. The Unsung Thomas Highs The earlier Jennies spun only Linen, six threads at a time, from the Flax plant High build Jennies for cash payment High appears to have handed over the Jenny to Hargraves and Kay High works on developing rollers Highs invents rollers which are use to pull the threadHighs invents rollers which are use to pull the thread

32. The Unsung Thomas Highs High/Kay develops the first primitive water frame using drafting rollers Two sets of gripping rollers rotating at different speeds were used to stretch the fibers before the twisting occurred (5X) Kay makes a metal version

33. James Hargraves (1728-1778) Hargraves was a weaver whose daughter was Jenny. Spinning was done by unmarried daughters � spinsters. He devised a machine that would make eight/sixteen threads at once. His first attempt at a patent was rejected because he had made and sold a number of spinning jennies. By the time of his death over 20,000 spinning jennys were making thread. Hargraves was a weaver whose daughter was Jenny. Spinning was done by unmarried daughters � spinsters. He devised a machine that would make eight/sixteen threads at once. His first attempt at a patent was rejected because he had made and sold a number of spinning jennies. By the time of his death over 20,000 spinning jennys were making thread.

34. Richard Arkwright (1732-1792) Born the 13th child to a poor family Apprenticed to a Barber and Became a Wig-Maker Meets Kay and Convinces Him to Work for Him 1771: Installs a Water Powered Spinning Jenny that Produces 128 Very Good, Strong Threads at a Time Richard Akwright, Sir Richard, actually appears to have stolen the water frame from Highs/Kay. He seductively convinces the mechanic Kay that he was close to inventing a perpetual motion machine. Arkwright has no scientific or mechanical ability but is a master con man. He plied Kay with drink and challenged him that the water frame could not be built. Kay builds a metal version of the water frame and in 1767 Arkwright patents the water frame as his own invention�leaving Kay and Highs without recognition. Highs confronts Arkwright and accuses him of stealing his idea. Richard Akwright, Sir Richard, actually appears to have stolen the water frame from Highs/Kay. He seductively convinces the mechanic Kay that he was close to inventing a perpetual motion machine. Arkwright has no scientific or mechanical ability but is a master con man. He plied Kay with drink and challenged him that the water frame could not be built. Kay builds a metal version of the water frame and in 1767 Arkwright patents the water frame as his own invention�leaving Kay and Highs without recognition. Highs confronts Arkwright and accuses him of stealing his idea.

35. Water Frame (1771) Energy Provided by Water No Skilled Operator Needed Arkwright�s Mill is Destroyed by a Mob in 1768 1775: Arkwright Patents a Water Powered Carding Machine Built Cottages to Rent to Workers from Throughout Derbyshire Children as Young as 6 Years of Age Worked from 6 AM to 7 PM 2/3 of the Workers Were Children and the Rest Were Women Separation of Men and Women from the Home Work Place Arkwright invents the concept of the modern factorySeparation of Men and Women from the Home Work Place Arkwright invents the concept of the modern factory

36. Akwright�s Fortunes Creates the Modern Factory System Treated Workers Well by the Standard of the Day Expands North to Scotland Knighted and Names High Sherrif of Derbyshire Died on August 3, 1792 with an estimated personal fortune of �500,000 In 1781 Arkwright goes to court to protect his patents and loses. His patents are over turned. He tries again and Highs, Kay, Kay�s wife, and James Hargreaves all show up to accuse him of stealing their inventions. The court agrees. In 1781 Arkwright goes to court to protect his patents and loses. His patents are over turned. He tries again and Highs, Kay, Kay�s wife, and James Hargreaves all show up to accuse him of stealing their inventions. The court agrees.

37. Samuel Crompton of Bolton Combines the spinning jenny, the water frame, and drafting roller concept to created what came known as a Mule, sometime between 1772-1779 Crompton claims no knowledge of Highs work and yet they lived in the same town for a while and attended the same the tight-knit Swedenborgian religious sect. This mule produced the finest thread that could be produced from cotton. Poor business man. Crompton claims no knowledge of Highs work and yet they lived in the same town for a while and attended the same the tight-knit Swedenborgian religious sect. This mule produced the finest thread that could be produced from cotton. Poor business man.

38. 19th Century Factory

39. Eli Whitney (1765-1817) Born to a Farming Family in Massachusetts Could Fix Watches and Built a Violin as a Child After the Revolutionary War Started a Nail Forge at His Father�s Farm (14 Years of Age) Attended Yale and Graduated in 1792 Farmers usually had small workshop where they produced goods for their own use. Eli was a slow reader, but worked hard. Had to demonstrate to the President of Yale that he could translate and write in Latin and Greek and that he had mastered English grammar and arithmetic. No university taught useful arts at that time, which is what he wanted. Farmers usually had small workshop where they produced goods for their own use. Eli was a slow reader, but worked hard. Had to demonstrate to the President of Yale that he could translate and write in Latin and Greek and that he had mastered English grammar and arithmetic. No university taught useful arts at that time, which is what he wanted.

40. Eli Whitney Took a Teaching Job in South Carolina Moved to Katherine Greene�s Plantation (1793) The Problem of �Green Seed� Cotton Observed the Manual Process of De-Seeding Cotton Built a Mechanical Engine for De-Seeding Cotton One man could produce one pound of clean cotton per day. Made his own tools and built the first gin in the basement of Widow Greens�s home (Nathaniel Greene).One man could produce one pound of clean cotton per day. Made his own tools and built the first gin in the basement of Widow Greens�s home (Nathaniel Greene).

41. The Cotton Gin �having invented a Machine for the Purpose of ginning Cotton, � ..it is entirely new .. ..if powered by water or horses, two persons will clean as much cotton in one Day, as a Hundred persons could cleane in the same time � �Cotton which is cleansed in (t)his Ginn contains fewer broken seeds and impurties� Letter to Tho. Jefferson: 20th June 1793

42. Jefferson to WhitneyNovember 16, 1793 As the state of Virginia, of which I am, carries on household manufactures of cotton to a great extent, as I also do myself, and one of our great embarrassments is the clearing the cotton of the seed, I feel a considerable interest in the success of your invention for family use. Permit me therefore to ask informa- tion from you on these points. Has the machine been thoroughly tried in the ginning of cotton, or is it as yet but a machine of theory? What quantity of cotton has it cleaned on average of several days, & worked by had, & by how many hands? What will be the cost of one of them made to be worked by hand? Favorable answers to these questions would induce me to engage one of them to be forwarded to Richmond for me....

43. The Cotton Gin Patent Issued in March 1794 Patent Not Upheld in Court Until 1807 with only one year left South Carolina paid $50,000 and also sold the rights to Georgia and Tennessee Phineas Miller becomes his business partner. Fifty nine cases heard in 1794, but the gin had been stolen by too many to pursue. Original idea was to lease the machines for 1/3 of the cotton ginned. Phineas Miller becomes his business partner. Fifty nine cases heard in 1794, but the gin had been stolen by too many to pursue. Original idea was to lease the machines for 1/3 of the cotton ginned.

44. The Cotton Gin Patent

45. The Cotton Gin Patent Two Men Could Gin 50 Pounds of Cotton a Day What was agriculture like in the South before and after the Cotton Gin? What was the impact on the economy of the South? What was the impact on the workforce? Who was the primary customer for American cotton? Prior to the Cotton Gin, a man could clean one-pound of cotton a day. The South grew primarily two non-food, cash crops: Tobacco and Indigo. Cotton was not viewed as a profit crop. Previously useless land (Texas) was planted in cotton. Only two years before the invention of the Whitney gin was cotton beginning to be planted as a cash crop. The amount of farm land increased tremendously. Crop Rotation patterns changed. Entire communities and regions came to depend upon the price of one crop; the economy was not diversified. When cotton prices went up, the South lived high. When the price of cotton fell the South sunk. Whereas slavery had been falling out of favor large farms (plantations) turned to slaves since new immigrants were less likely to take field jobs. By 1803, some 20,000 slaves a year were being brought into Georgia and South Carolina to work in the cotton fields. Prior to the Cotton Gin, a man could clean one-pound of cotton a day. The South grew primarily two non-food, cash crops: Tobacco and Indigo. Cotton was not viewed as a profit crop. Previously useless land (Texas) was planted in cotton. Only two years before the invention of the Whitney gin was cotton beginning to be planted as a cash crop. The amount of farm land increased tremendously. Crop Rotation patterns changed. Entire communities and regions came to depend upon the price of one crop; the economy was not diversified. When cotton prices went up, the South lived high. When the price of cotton fell the South sunk. Whereas slavery had been falling out of favor large farms (plantations) turned to slaves since new immigrants were less likely to take field jobs. By 1803, some 20,000 slaves a year were being brought into Georgia and South Carolina to work in the cotton fields.

46. Whitney to Fulton �I have always believed that I should have had no difficulty in causing my right to be respected, if it had be less valuable, and ben used only by a small portion of the community.�

47. Eli Whitney and Manufacturing Invents a New Way to Manufacture Muskets in 1798 Designed Products with Interchangeable Parts (known as the American System as Opposed to the English System) Invents a Milling Machine Uses Unskilled Labor to Produce Products Never Patents Any Further Inventions Whitney receives a $134,000 from the federal government (President Adams) to manufacture 10,000 muskets with uniform, interchangeable parts. This project took 10 years, so he produced roughly 1000 muskets a year for less than $15 a musket. This was the first mass production assembly line. His plant was powered by water wheels on the Mill River outside of Springfield, MA. At age 51 he finally married Henrietta Edwards when she was 31 and they had four children. He ran his factory as a model. Whitney receives a $134,000 from the federal government (President Adams) to manufacture 10,000 muskets with uniform, interchangeable parts. This project took 10 years, so he produced roughly 1000 muskets a year for less than $15 a musket. This was the first mass production assembly line. His plant was powered by water wheels on the Mill River outside of Springfield, MA. At age 51 he finally married Henrietta Edwards when she was 31 and they had four children. He ran his factory as a model.

48. Eli Terry (1772-1833) Built Wooden Clocks Starting at Age Fourteen Sold Door to Door Clockwork Costs $20 and Case about $20 Learned About Whitney�s Interchangeable Part Approach (1800) when He was Twenty-One

49. Eli Terry Designs a Circular Saw and Other Machines for Cutting Wooden Clock Gears Provided 4,000 Clock Movements to the Waterbury Salesmen for $4 each Soon Was Producing 10-12,000 Clocks per Year Began to Use Brass and soon Five Family Members were Operating Three Terry Firms He dies as age 61 in 1833He dies as age 61 in 1833

50. Hand Weaving

51. Hand Weaver

52. Carding or Scribbling

53. Water Frame (1771) Energy Provided by Water No Skilled Operator Needed Arkwright�s Mill is Destroyed by a Mob in 1768 1775: Arkwright Patents a Water Powered Carding Machine Built Cottages to Rent to Workers from Throughout Derbyshire Children as Young as 6 Years of Age Worked from 6 AM to 7 PM 2/3 of the Workers Were Children and the Rest Were Women Separation of Men and Women from the Home Work Place Arkwright invents the concept of the modern factorySeparation of Men and Women from the Home Work Place Arkwright invents the concept of the modern factory

54. Leeds Woolen Mill Petition (1786) One hundred and seventy scribbling machines within and seventeen miles south of Leeds 8000 men unemployed

55. Letter from Cloth Merchants (1791) The Scribbling Mill, Spinning Frame and the Fly Shuttle have reduced labor cost by at least one-third � has at its aim the advantage of the Kingdom in general

56. The Chess Playing Automaton: The Turk 1770: Created by Wolfgang von Kempelen for the Court of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa 4 feet by 2 feet deep by 3 feet high Powered by a Spring Von Kempelen contributed much to mechanics, hydraulics, architecture, engineering and natural history, including embossed printing for the blind, mechanical reproduction of the voice (important in the development of the telephone), and a canal system that linked Budapest with the Adriatic SeaVon Kempelen contributed much to mechanics, hydraulics, architecture, engineering and natural history, including embossed printing for the blind, mechanical reproduction of the voice (important in the development of the telephone), and a canal system that linked Budapest with the Adriatic Sea

57. The Chess Playing Automaton: The Turk Toured Russia and France Played against Benjamin Franklin 1785: Paris publication states the automaton is operated by a dwarf 1805: Johann Maelzel bought the Turk from Kempelen 1819-1836: Tours in the US 1836: Edgar Allan Poe wrote an Article on How the Turk Works The fraud successfully played 15 chess experts and masters over a period of 85 years. In London, the Turk won 45 games, drew 2, and lost 3. The Turk gave odds of a pawn and one move. The fraud successfully played 15 chess experts and masters over a period of 85 years. In London, the Turk won 45 games, drew 2, and lost 3. The Turk gave odds of a pawn and one move.

58. The Chess Playing Automaton

59. Edmund Carwright (1743-1823) Clergyman Fascinated by a Chess Playing Automaton Patented (1785, 1787) Automated Weaving Machines Built a Bull-Powered Weaving Shed (20 Looms) in 1787

60. Edmund Carwright (1743-1823) Converted to Steam Power in 1789 In 1790 the Hand Loom Weaver was King Fancy Boots 5-Pound Note in Hat Band

61. Cartwright-Grimshaw Sells machines to Grimshaw in 1790 who adds 580 more looms Hand Loom Workers were Wealthy in 1790 Wore Fancy Boots and 5-Pound Notes in Their Hat Bans Workers torched the Grimshaw Factory in 1792

62. Hand Weaving Goes Not Gently Into Demise Hand Looms Power Looms 1812 200,000 14,150 1820 240,000 1829 225,000 60,000 1833 213,000 100,000 1845 60,000 250,000 1861 400,000

63. Great Britain in 1800 King George III Rules from 1760 -1821 Known to be Mentally Ill from 1778 Forward Son Serves a Ruling Regent from 1810-21 King Appoints Prime Minister and Other Key Ministers Veto on Laws Over Parliament Population approximately 15 million Some 435,000 had the right to vote Over 21 No Women Allowed to Vote No Secret Ballot No Government Supported Education Education Only for Nobles, Wealthy and Upper Middle Class Many MP�s beholden to KingMany MP�s beholden to King

64. Economy Primarily Agriculture Limited Workshops Major Landowners Were Annexing Land from 1770 Forward Rapid Population Growth Following Napoleonic Wars Periodic Food Shortages, Recessions Great Britain in 1800

65. Sir Robert Peel, Prime Minister � A Prime Offender Many Influential Men Exploited Children in the Mills A Conspiracy Between Government and the Emerging Industrialist Employed Children as Young as 4 or 5 Working 15 Hour Days Until the Factory Act of 1819

66. Mills and Looms Manchester, England 1818: 14 weaving mills with 2,000 looms 1821: 32 weaving mills with 5,732 looms 1823: In Excess of 10,000 looms Within 30 Years the Home Weaver as a Vocation Ended

67. Workhouse A Family in Poverty Would be Placed in a Workhouse Fed at Most Two Meals a Day All Adults and Children Over 9 Required to Work If a Father Died, It Was Almost Automatic that the Family Would Be Sent to the Workhouse Elements of this System Existed Until 1929

68. Children in the Mills

69. Increasing Tensions Typical Broadside published in 1810-12Typical Broadside published in 1810-12

70. Mills Move Toward Nottingham Nottingham 1811: Large Textile Riots Take Place General Nedd Ludd and His Army of Redressers Wage reduction for 11 years Socking Mills Target 200 Frames Destroyed Nottingham believed to be more open to machine manufactoriesNottingham believed to be more open to machine manufactories

71. Reward for Luddites Prince Regent Posts Reward Posters for Frame Breakers

72. Frame Act of 1812 Parliament Makes Frame Breaking a Capital Offense Send 12,000 Troops to Join the 400 Constables to Protect Factories 12 Arrested and Executed 13 Transported June 1812: Troops Increased to 30,000 in the Manchester Area Of the first 12 executed one was 12-year old mentally retarded child Transportation for 7, 14 years or for lifeOf the first 12 executed one was 12-year old mentally retarded child Transportation for 7, 14 years or for life

73. Blankteers March: 1817 Plan to March to London to Present a Petition to the Prince Regent St. Peter�s Field � Organizing Point Some 10,000 were at St. Peter�s Field to See the Marchers Off in a Picnic Atmosphere Kings Dragoon Guards had Arrested the Leadership (28) the Evening Before Manchester and Salford Yeoman Attack 1st Regiment of Hussars Attack The Petition was for Universal Male Suffrage and an End to Rotten and Pocket Boroughs Hope for 100,000 by the time they reach London Many Advised Against the March Manchester Yeomanry are local militia (vigilantes) Only one person makes it to LondonThe Petition was for Universal Male Suffrage and an End to Rotten and Pocket Boroughs Hope for 100,000 by the time they reach London Many Advised Against the March Manchester Yeomanry are local militia (vigilantes) Only one person makes it to London

74. Peterloo � August 1819 Massacre of Women and Children Eleven Dead, 400 Wounded Several Hundred Arrested Thomas Chadwick (Mill Owner) : An inhuman outrage committed on a unarmed, peaceful assembly Percy Shelly Writes a Famous Poem of Peterloo

75. 1819 Factory Act Backed by Robert Peel Children Under the Age of 9 Not Allowed to Work in Factories A Child Between 9 and 16 Could Work Only 12 Hours Each Day, Seven Day Week

76. Machine Threshing in 1820 - 1830

77. Low Wages � No Jobs: RIOTS Pets treated better than laboring people August 1830 in Kent: Farmers Receive Letter from Captain Swing Threshing Machines, Barns and Homes are Burned One Shot, 19 Executed, 500 Transported, and 600 Imprisioned

78. Farmers Wages in 1830 Wages --- 9 to 10 Shillings per Week Expenses Rent 1 sh 2 pence Food 10 sh 13 pence Coal and Wood 9 pence Soap, Candles 9 Pence Total 13 sh 9 pence Peasant had no land on which to grow vegetables or for stock Basic food was tea, bread and potatoes People were undernourished and smallPeasant had no land on which to grow vegetables or for stock Basic food was tea, bread and potatoes People were undernourished and small

79. Captain Swing Farm Workers were distressed with low wages in the 1830 The introduction of horse-powered threshing increased the unrest and gave rise to the Captain Swing Movement

80. Machine Breaking Riots of 1826 Upwards of 7,000 Men Out of Work Blackburn Weaver�s Union Request Home Secretary to Control Wages After 11 Years of Wage Reductions No Government Action Taken 1,000 Men and Women Start a March on Mills in April 1826

81. Machine Breaking Riots of 1826 Rampaging Crowd Grows to 3,000+ Over 3 � 4 Days a Total of 1,139 Looms Are Destroyed Military Takes Action Large Number of Arrest 35 Men and 6 Women Sentenced to Hang Commuted to Life Transportation Government Pays Mill Owners 16,000 Pounds One Mill Belonged to William Turner who often had workers imprisioned for which he deemed as poor workmanshipOne Mill Belonged to William Turner who often had workers imprisioned for which he deemed as poor workmanship

82. Great Reform Act of 1832 Government Takes Action to Reform Ended Rotten and Pocket Boroughs Extended Representation to Towns and Cities not Previously Represented in Parliament Increased Voting Roles to a Total of 813,000 from 435,000; Population Now Exceeds 20-million

83. Meanwhile in Europe What is happening in Europe? France � Revolution 1789 � 1792 Capital Flees Napoleonic Wars Fought Solely in Europe French Revolution of 1847 High Unemployment in Paris; Government Workshops Industrialization Comes Late, Guarded Germany Does Not Unify until after 1860 Lack of Rivers and Roads Lack of Railroads >150,000 unemployed in Paris>150,000 unemployed in Paris

84. What Does England Have? Relatively Stable Government No Internal Tariffs Abundant Rivers Quality Roads Naval Power Merchant Mentality Natural Resources (Coal, Iron)

85. Coal and Lignite Output(million metric tons) UK France Germany 1820-4 17.7 1.1 1.2 1840-4 34.2 3.5 4.4 1860-4 86.3 10.0 20.8 1880-4 158.9 20.2 65.7 1900-4 230.4 33.0 157.3

86. Pig Iron Output (Thousand Metric Tons) UK France Germany 1781-90 69 141 - 1825-29 669 212 90 1855-59 3583 900 422 1875-79 6484 1482 1770 1900-14 8778 2665 7925

87. Railways (kilometers) 1840 1860 1880 1900 GB 2390 14603 25060 30079 Germany 469 11089 33838 51678 France 496 9167 23089 38109 Italy 20 2404 9260 16429 Russia 27 1626 22865 53234

88. World�s Manufacturing 1870 1913 USA 23.3% 35.8% Germany 13.2% 15.7% UK 31.8% 14.0% France 10.3% 6.4% Russia 3.7% 5.5%

89. Chartism 1839 - 1848 The Chartist Movement Demanded Universal Male Suffrage (21) Annual Parliament Secret Ballot Abolition of Property Requirement of MP�s Payment of MP�s Equal Electoral Representation

90. Chartism 1839 - 1848 Feargus O�Connor � Former MP from County Cork 1839: Political Union Rally Attracting 300,000 in Manchester: Banner � �For children and wife, we war to the knife.� Sir Charles Naiper, Observer: Consideration should be given to considering the Charter in Parliament lest pikes are constructed.

91. Charter Convention 1839: A Charter Convention (Quasi � Parliament) is Held to Draft a Formal Petition Delegates Could Not Agree on Passive Resistance or Open War Fare Suffers from a Glut of Leadership (O�Connor, Levett, et al) Parliament Rejects the Petition Out of Hand

92. Chartism 1839 - 1848 1839: Some 7,000 Chartist Gather at Newport � Miners and Iron Workers Attacked by Military 20 Men Killed 50 Men Seriously Wounded All Leaders Convicted of High Treason To Be Hung, Drawn and Quartered Sentence Commuted to Transportation Petition signed by 3.5 million, but Parliament rejects out of handPetition signed by 3.5 million, but Parliament rejects out of hand

93. Plug Plot (1842) 1841: City of Manchester Dispatches a Cartload of Petitions to Queen Victoria August 9: Wages of Spinners at Bayley�s Mill Cut; Precipitates a Strike The Strike Spread Rapidly as Workers Removed �Plugs� from Steam Engines Making Them Inoperable

94. Plug Plot (1842) Thousands of Men on Strike Throughout the Midlands � Peaceful with No Looting John Bright, Manchester Businessman: Has the revolution commenced? It looks very probably as the authorities are powerless.�

95. Plug Plot (1842) Government Sends 2000 Troops and Six Artillery Pieces into Manchester by Railway Two Unions Are Involved in a Meeting Endorsing the Charter By August 20, the Strike Failed Because of the Lack of Food Mill Owners were willing to close the mills and not have to pay wagesMill Owners were willing to close the mills and not have to pay wages

96. The End of Chartism Though Not Directly Involved, Chartist Take Credit for the Plug Strike O�Connor Elected to Parliament in 1847 British Economy Takes a Downturn in 1848 1848: A New Petition Drive is Launched May 1848: Some 80,000 Gather at Kensington Commons Planning to March on Parliament with a 5-million Signature Petition

97. The End of Chartism Thousands of Special Police Called Up Stopped the March at Thames O�Connor Requests the Crowd to Disperse Proceeds with Petition in Three Taxi Cabs Queen Victoria Departs London for the Isle of Wight

98. The End of Chartism May 1, 1848: National Assembly (Rump Parliament) Meets in Bradford Workers Drilled on the Yorkshire Moors Mobs March the Streets of London Silently The Chartists Talk and Dither and Got No Where; the Assembly Dissolves Chartism is Dead

99. Fredrick Karl Engels Son of a Prosperous German Mill Owner Sent in 1842 to Oversee Family Investments at a Mill in Salford By Day He Was a Diligent Businessman By Night He Prowled the Slums of Manchester Gathering Information

100. Fredrick Karl Engels Returns to Germany in 1844 and Publishes in 1845 His Seminal Book: The Condition of the Working Class in England Participates with Other Reformers in the German Uprisings in 1848 Returns to Manchester in 1850 to Take Charge of the Family Businesses

101. Engels and Marx Engels Devotes Time and Money to Subsidizing Karl Marx in London for the Publication of Das Capital

102. The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto begins with the assertion, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."

103. Forecast of Rising Oil Demand Challenges Tired Saudi FieldsBy JEFF GERT: New York TimesPublished: February 24, 2004 Saudi Arabia, the leading exporter for three decades, is not running out of oil. Industry officials are finding, however, that it is becoming more difficult or expensive to extract it. Today, the country produces about eight million barrels a day, roughly one-tenth of the world's needs. It is the top foreign supplier to the United States, the world's leading energy consumer.

104. But the country's oil fields now are in decline, prompting industry and government officials to raise serious questions about whether the kingdom will be able to satisfy the world's thirst for oil in coming years.