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The naturist doctrine has several sources, many of which can be traced back to early 20th century well-being and fitness philosophies in Germany and England, although the notions of returning to nature and creating equality have much deeper roots. Naturist writers Elton Raymond Shaw was a Methodist churchman and publisher who composed on the Body Taboo. Heinrich Pudor composed on strategies to improve social hygiene in his book Nackende Menchen und Jauchzen der Zukunft (Naked folks and the future of World) and then Nacktkultur (Nude Culture). It prescribes an austere lifestyle and nudity.[34] Paul Zimmermann, started the Freilicht Park in Lbeck which was open to those who subscribed to Nacktkultur rules.[34] Richard Ungewitter wrote Die Nacktheit (Nakedness) which sold 90,000 copies, prescribed a similar Utopian lifestyle, where everyone would be bare, eat only vegetables and abstain from alcohol and tobacco. In his Utopia, everyone was to be Germanic with blue eyes and blond hair.[34] Adolf Koch, a leftwing primary school teacher, sought to use social nudity to free the people from 'authority fixated conditioning which held proletarians in deference of their masters: parental authority, paternalism of the church, the mass media and organs of law and order. He used Organic-Rhythmic exercises in Berlin schools in the 1920s. In 1932 there were about 100,000 Germans involved with Nudism, of which 70,000 were in Koch's Krperschlen schools.[34] Hans Surn instructed bare gymnastics to soldiers for five years, and on being pressured to leave the army, he composed in 1924, Mensch und die Sonne (Men and the Sun) which ran to 61 reprints.[34] Later, in 1936, Surn proposed physical exercise and nudism as a means of creating a pure German race and of beauty. In the early 1940s he was out of favour and detained. By 1945, he had turned full circle and was composing religious texts. Though never an associate of any FKK club he was awarded honorary membership of the DFK in 1952. Werner Zimmermann was Swiss. He promoted Progressive education, supporting https://glazisexik1976.wordpress.com/2016/10/23/nudity-laws-challenged-by-drive-thru-naturist/ to eliminate body guilt and to support openness that would lift the repression of the human spirit, which he viewed as the cause of sexual deviation. The basic position was that the human body, in and of itself, was neither sinful nor obscene. This was adopted into the emerging doctrine that created the modern Western naturist movement. Naturist ideals Family in Praia do Abric, Brazil People have formed naturist groups for a variety of specific purposes.[8] It is generally agreed by naturist organisations that eroticism and clear sexuality don't have any place in nudism and are, in reality, antithetical to its ideals. Reasons that have at times been given: Environmental or environmental --- connection with the natural world. Health --- bathing in the sun, fresh air and water (balneotherapy, thalassotherapy, heliotherapy). Sunshine is a type of medicine. Diet --- Nudism has at times been connected with claims made for moderation with alcohol, meat, tobacco, drugs; leading to a teetotal, vegetarian or vegan lifestyle. Rapport with other people --- equality and respect. Being nude in groups makes all feel more accepted -- physically, intellectually and emotionally.[35] https://ramtelesglu1981.wordpress.com/2016/10/23/nonsensenyc-bias-against-naturist-portal-naturism-and-naturism-is-still-an-issue-for-many/ --- guy is no more than an animal.[citation needed] Pedagogy --- kids should be honored as equals instead of being patronised[citation needed] Equality --- garments construct social hurdles. Social nudity results in acceptance regardless of differences in age, https://twitter.com/zyzemeqynaz , fitness, and health.[35] Liberty --- no one has the right to tell others or their children that they must wear garments. Naturism and the romantics Walt Whitman American writer, A Sun bathed Nakedness: Never before did I get so close to Nature; never before did she come so close to me... Nature was naked, and I was also... Pleasant, sane, still Nakedness in Nature! - ah if poor, sick, prurient humanity in cities might really know you once more! Isn't nakedness indecent? No, not inherently. It is your thought, your sophistication, your fear, your respectability, that's indecent. There come moods when these clothes of ours aren't only too irksome to wear, but are themselves indecent.[36] Henry David Thoreau, In wildness is the preservation of the world., Walking: We cannot adequately recognize this aspect of nature if we approach it with any taint of human pretense. It's going to elude us if we let artifacts like garments to intervene between ourselves and this Other. To apprehend it, we cannot be nude enough.[36] Naturism was part of a literary movement in the late 1800s (see https://twitter.com/pekovuqyvit of Andr Gide) which additionally influenced the art movements of the time particularly Henri Matisse and other Fauve painters. This movement was based on the French concept of joie de vivre, the idea of revelling freely in physical sensations and direct encounters and a spontaneous approach to life Finland