VietnameseLiterature_K

1. VIETNAMESE LITERATURE ENT 504 - Literature of the East Discussant: Maria Karla S. Sepcon (Khey)

2. Brief Background Writing Systems Literatures of Vietnam CONTENTS

3. BRIEF BACKGROUND

4. * Việt Nam- means the Viet people living in the South.  Viet is an ethnic term, of unknown linguistic origin. In its Chinese form it could mean either the people beyond the boundary (outsiders). Country Name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam ) Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Vietnamese 54 73.7% No religion / Folk 14.9% Buddhism 8.5% Christianity 1.5% Hoahaoism 1.2% Caodaism 98,479,673 (As of Friday, October 22, 2021)  Nam is a Chinese word meaning "south“. Capital City: Largest City: National Language: Ethnic Groups: Religions:  The early Chinese histories refer to a kingdom called Nam Viet. The Chinese objected to this new name because it was the same as an ancient state that had rebelled against Chinese rule. They, therefore, changed it to Viet Nam.  Vietnamese officials resented the change and it did not attain public acceptance until the late 1800s.  Population: The name Việt Nam originated in 1803.

5.  Vietnam occupies approximately 127, 243 square miles (329,560 square kilometers)  It borders China in the north, Laos in the northeast and center, and Cambodia in the southwest. Country Name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam) Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Vietnamese 54 73.7% No religion / Folk 14.9% Buddhism 8.5% Christianity 1.5% Hoahaoism 1.2% Caodaism 98,479,673 (As of Friday, October 22, 2021) Capital City: Largest City: National Language: Ethnic Groups: Religions:  The Vietnamese culturally divide their country into three main regions, the north ( Bac Bo ), center ( Trung Bo ), and south ( Nam Bo ), with Hanoi, Hue, and Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) serving as the main cities of each region.  Hanoi, the site of the former capital of one of the country's earliest dynasties, has been the capital of the unified Vietnam since 1976. Population:

6.  Vietnamese is the dominant language, spoken by an estimated 86.7 percent of the population. It is a tonal Mon-Khmer language with strong Chinese lexical influences. Country Name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam) Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Vietnamese 54 73.7% No religion / Folk 14.9% Buddhism 8.5% Christianity 1.5% Hoahaoism 1.2% Caodaism 98,479,673 (As of Friday, October 22, 2021)  During the twentieth century, the country's elite have mastered a variety of second languages: French, Russian, and English. Capital City: Largest City: National Language: Ethnic Groups: Religions:  Vietnam's socialist government places a strong emphasis on the arts due to its socialist values.  The main artistic forms such as theater, literature, cinema, and painting have state-controlled organizations that artists are encouraged if not forced to join. Population:

7. WRITING SYSTEMS

8. Vietnamese has used three writing systems: 1.  Chinese Script (Chữ Hán) The means for education and formal communication for centuries. 3. National Language (Chữ Quốc Ngữ) 2. Southern Script (Chữ Nôm)   It was invented by European missionaries who started arriving in Vietnam during the 17th century. Nôm graphs, which consist of Chinese graphs or their components and combinations, are often undecipherable to the Chinese themselves.  The Vietnamese were taught not only Chinese calligraphy but also lessons in Chinese history, philosophy, and classical literature.  They developed a new script for Vietnamese based on the Latin alphabet which they used to write prayer books and other religious material in Vietnamese.

9. Changes in writing system • Sino script • Nom script • French script • Quốc ngữ script (Vietnamese script) * An actual birth certificate in Bac Ninh – 1938 9

10. LITERATURES OF VIETNAM

11.  Vietnam has a vibrant literary tradition dating back many centuries.  Elite mandarins, scholars in the pre-modern period composed sophisticated poetry.  Many poems from earlier eras such as Nguyen Du's The Tale of Kieu and Nguyen Dinh Chieu Luc Van Tien are regarded as literary masterpieces. Oral legacy: songs and poems Literary masterpieces: poems  The Vietnamese also maintained a rich oral legacy of songs, poems, and morality tales people still recite today.  Prose and fiction became popular under colonial rule in the first half of the twentieth century.  Writers of this period developed the role of the authors as social critics. Oral legacy: morality tales Prose and Fiction

12. Vietnamese literature has been fed by two great tributaries: • The oral tradition also contains third-person narratives: 1. Indigenous oral literature Ca tru (ceremonial songs) tradition in the north Vong co (echoes of the past) tradition in the south Tuc-ngu proverbs (customary words) related to Ca dao (folk ballads)  Oral poetry - origins in the agrarian prayers common to the pre-history of the Mon-Khmer language family  Still popular today in the countryside and remains a strong influence in contemporary poetry and fiction writing  Its word stock, prosodic patterns, and themes show few foreign influences * the pattern of rhythm and sound in poetry  Its main contemporary feature is the lyrical, first-person, sung poetry of Ca dao (folk ballads)

13. Vietnamese literature has been fed by two great tributaries: 2. Written literature of Chinese influence  Chinese influence on the written literature of Vietnam.  Most Vietnamese writing was in Chinese ideograms.  A Roman alphabetical script was first proposed in 1651 by the Jesuit priest Alexandre de Rhodes.  In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, literacy spread and introduction of Western ideas and literary forms, like Western- style novel and short story sped throughout Vietnam .

14. Luc Bat (six-eight, referring to a basic couplet of six syllables in the first line and eight in the second) prosody of the oral tradition. * the pattern of rhythm and sound in poetry xxxxxA xxxxxAxB xxxxxB xxxxxBxC xxxxxC xxxxxCxD xxxxxD xxxxxDxE

15. Written literature of Chinese influence Formal and thematic literary works: Luc-bat (six-eight, referring to a basic couplet of six syllables in the first line and eight in the second) prosody of the oral tradition. * the pattern of rhythm and sound in poetry xxxxxA xxxxxAxB xxxxxB xxxxxBxC xxxxxC xxxxxCxD xxxxxD xxxxxDxE

16. Lushi Grandpa's Visit Grandpa's Visit ( (Lushi Lushi) ) Formal and thematic literary works: Lushi or (regulated verse) form, of the Tang Dynasty became the classical carrier of lyrical expression. grandfather enters room; grandson smiles grandfather enters room; grandson smiles toddles towards papa; wanting play. toddles towards papa; wanting play. boy, man watch each other boy, man watch each other each watching the other's way each watching the other's way boy and grandpa mutually focused boy and grandpa mutually focused each learning from each today. each learning from each today. grandson points down grandson points down- - to floor that means, "Papa, here! stay that means, "Papa, here! stay!  It is referred to an eight- line regulated verse form with lines made up of five, six, or seven characters. to floor  Its cultural function was similar to that of the English sonnet.  The concubine, Ho Xuan Huong, composed regulated verse poems filled with tonal puns (noi lai). © Lawrencealot - November 24, 2013

17. Written literature of Chinese influence Formal and thematic literary works: Lushi or regulated verse form, of the Tang Dynasty, became the classical carrier of lyrical expression.  It is referred to an eight- line regulated verse form with lines made up of five, six, or seven characters.  Its cultural function was similar to that of the English sonnet.  The concubine, Ho Xuan Huong, composed regulated verse poems filled with tonal puns (noi lai).

18. Lushi Formal and thematic literary works: Lushi or regulated verse form, of the Tang Dynasty, became the classical carrier of lyrical expression.  It is referred to an eight-line regulated verse form with lines made up of five, six, or seven characters.  Its cultural function was similar to that of the English sonnet.  The concubine, Ho Xuan Huong, composed regulated verse poems filled with tonal puns (noi lai).

19. Palindrome Formal and thematic literary works: Palindrome or regulated verse is Vietnamese from start to finish but then, going backward ideogram by ideogram, became poems in Chinese, switching languages on the reversal The Funny Side of English (By O. A. Booty) “Lewd did I live & evil I did dwel.” This is the first sentence using a palindrome that appeared in the English language, back in 1614. In this sentence, the words read the same forward and backward.

20. Written literature of Chinese influence Formal and thematic literary works: Palindrome or regulated verse is Vietnamese from start to finish but then, going backward ideogram by ideogram, became poems in Chinese, switching languages on the reversal. Thieu Tri (ruled 1841–47) wrote a poem for his intellectual recreation that was a circular palindrome offering 12 different readings.

21. Folk Literature  Myths  Epics  Legends  Fairy tales  Folk Ballads  Proverbs, sayings  Narrative verses  Folk theatre: puppet theatre, Legend of Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ Tam Cam Four mythical creatures Epic of Kieu chèo, tuồng, chầu văn  Big treasure of folk literature of different ethnic groups in Vietnam Folk Ballads Proverbs/sayings Folk Theater 21

22. Medieval literature (10th-19thCentury) • There are influences of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism thoughts in literary works. • The roles of Sino script and Nom script in literature are seen. 22

23. Major authors of medieval literature Hồ Xuân Hương: Xuân Hương thi tập (Collection of Xuan Huong’s poems) Nguyễn Trãi: Bình Ngô đại cáo (Great Proclamation upon the Pacification of the Wu) Lê Thánh Tông: Hồng Đức Quốc âm thi tập (Hong Duc Nom poem collection), Quỳnh uyển cửu ca Nguyễn Du: Truyện Kiều (The Tale of Kiều)

24. Vietnamese Literature under French Colony and before August 1945 Revolution Modern short stories and novels (Hoàng Ngọc Phách, Nhất Linh, Khái Hưng, Thạch Lam, Nguyễn Tuân, Tự lực văn đoàn) Thơ mới - New Poem literary movement (Xuân Diệu, Huy Cận, Thế Lữ, Chế Lan Viên) Realism literature (Ngô Tất Tố, Vũ Trọng Phụng)

25. Vietnamese Literature 1946-1975  Indochina War, Vietnam War  Revolutionary literature under the influence of Communist Party: propaganda of the revolutionary movements (Tố Hữu, Nguyễn Khoa Điềm, Chế Lan Viên, Nguyễn Trung Thành; War diaries: Đặng Thùy Trâm’s diary, Nguyễn Văn Thạc’s diary  Literature in the South of Vietnam

26. Modern literature (20thCentury – Present) Social background  French colony: writing systems, education, printing and publishing industry  Nationalist movements against French, August 1945 Revolution 26

27. Modern literature (20thCentury – Present) Social background  Vietnam War  Reform period  Internationalization, globalization period 27

28. Modern literature (20thCentury – Present) Social background  Vietnam War  Reform period  Internationalization, globalization period 28

29. Post-war & Post-reform literature  Memory of the war: Bao Ninh’s The Sorrow of War  Life in subsidiary period (Lê Lựu’s Thời xa vắng, Lưu Quang Vũ’s plays and short stories)  Reflections of changes of life under market economy: Nguyễn Huy Thiệp’s Tướng về hưu  Depictions of daily life in peace time: Nguyễn Ngọc Tư, Nguyễn Nhật Ánh  Female writers and the expressions of gender and sexuality: Vi Thùy Linh, Đỗ Hoàng Diệu  Writings of/ about ethnic minorities  Internationalization and travel writings

30. Modern literature (20thCentury – Present) Social background  Vietnam War  Reform period  Internationalization, globalization period

31. Internationalization and the explosion of travel writings  Youngters living in Vietnam  Viet kieu (Vietnamese expatriates) returning to Vietnam  Students studying abroad  Spouses of foreigners

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