How Does the Body Communicate InternallyThe Nervous System

1. How Does the Body Communicate Internally? • The Nervous System • How Does the Brain Produce Behavior and Mental Processes? • Three Layers of the Brain • Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral Hemispheres • Methods of Examining Brain Activity

2. The Nervous System

3. Brain Spinal Cord Central Nervous System • Brain and Spinal Cord

4. Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Peripheral Nervous System • All parts of nervous system lying outside the central nervous system.

5. The Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic (Skeletal) Nervous System -Sends voluntary messages to the body’s skeletal muscles. • Autonomic Nervous System - Sends messages to the internal organs and glands. • Sympathetic Nervous System (Arousing) • Parasympathetic Nervous System (Calming)

6. Brain Dilates pupil Stimulates salivation Salivary glands Relaxes bronchi Spinal cord Lungs Accelerates heartbeat Heart Inhibits activity Stomach Pancreas Stimulates glucose Liver Adrenal gland Secretion of adrenaline, nonadrenaline Kidney Relaxes bladder Sympathetic ganglia Stimulates ejaculation in male Sympathetic • “ Fight or flight” response • Release adrenaline and noradrenaline • Increases heart rate and blood pressure • Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles • Inhibits digestive functions

7. Brain Contracts pupil Stimulates salivation Constricts bronchi Spinal cord Slows heartbeat Stimulates activity Stimulates gallbladder Gallbladder Contracts bladder Stimulates erection of sex organs Parasympathetic • “ Rest and digest ” system • Calms body to conserve and maintain energy • Lowers heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure

9. The Neuron: Building Block of the Nervous System Neurons: Cells specialized to receive and transmit information to other cells in the body. Bundles of many neurons are called nerves.

10. The Neuron: Building Block of the Nervous System • Types of Neurons: • Sensory Neurons: Carry messages from sense receptors toward the central nervous system. • Motor Neurons: Carry messages away from central nervous system toward the muscles and glands. • Interneurons: Relay messages from one set of neurons to another.

12. Structure of the Neuron

13. Structure of the Neuron Dendrites: Branched fibers that extend outward from the main cell body and carry information into neuron.

14. Structure of the Neuron Cell Body: The part of a cell (including neurons) containing the nucleus - which includes the chromosomes.

15. Structure of the Neuron Axon: Conducts information from the cell body to the axon terminals in the form of an electric charge.

16. Structure of the Neuron Myelin Sheath: A fatty insulation coating some types of neural axons, which speeds conduction of neural impulses.

17. Structure of the Neuron Axon Terminals: Bulb-like structures at the end of the axon, which contain neurotransmitters that carry the neuron’s message into the synapse..

18. Dendrite Axon Cell Body Neuron Communication Axon terminals of one neuron branch out near dendrites of another. A small gap - synapse - exists exists between the two.

19. Sending Neuron Axon Synapse Terminal Neuron Communication Synaptic Transmission: relay of information across the synapse by means of chemical neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers that relay information.

20. Neurotransmitters • Acetylcoline -In body involved in muscle movement. In brain it is involved in memory. • Dopamine - Plays important roles in disorders such as schizophrenia. • Serotonin - Involved in sleep and arousal. • Endorphins - Play a role in experience of emotion, pain and pleasure.

21. The Brain • Three Layers of the Brain • Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral Hemispheres • Methods of Examining Brain Activity

22. Three Layers of the Brain • Brain Stem and Cerebellum: Drives vital functions - heart rate, breathing, digestion and motor coordination. • Limbic System: Involved in emotion and memory. • Cerebrum: Enables reasoning, planning, creating and problem solving.

23. The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Brain Stem

24. The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Medulla: Controls breathing and heart rate.

25. The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Pons: Regulates brain activity during sleep and dreaming.

26. The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Midbrain: Regulates basic movement patterns - eating, drinking, etc.

27. The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Thalamus: “Relay station” of the brain.

28. The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Cerebellum: Responsible for coordinated movements Cerebellum

29. The Limbic System

30. The Limbic System Hippocampus: Involved in establishing long-term memories.

31. The Limbic System Amygdala: Involved in memory and emotion, particularly aggression.

32. The Limbic System Hypothalamus: Monitors blood to determine condition of body.

33. Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal The Cerebrum Cerebral Cortex: Thin gray-matter covering of the cerebrum. Carries on the major portion of our “higher” thinking, including thinking an perceiving.

34. Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal The Cerebral Cortex Frontal Lobes: Involved in movement and thinking.

35. The Cerebral Cortex - Frontal Lobes Primary Motor Area: Sends messages that control the body’s voluntary muscles.

36. Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal The Cerebral Cortex Parietal Lobes: Involved in touch sensation and in perceiving spatial relationships.

37. The Cerebral Cortex - Parietal Lobes Primary Somatosensory Area: Involved with sensations of touch.

38. Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal The Cerebral Cortex Occipital Lobes: Involved in visual perception and processing.

39. Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal The Cerebral Cortex Temporal Lobes: Involved in processing sounds including speech and possibly involved in long-term memory.

40. Cerebral Hemispheres

41. Corpus Callosum Cerebral Hemispheres Corpus Callosum: Connects the left and right hemispheres.

42. Verbal left hemisphere Nonverbal right hemisphere The ‘Split Brain’ Studies • Surgery for epilepsy : cut the corpus callosum • Sperry (1968) & Gazzaniga (1970)

43. Methods of Examining Brain Activity • EEG - electroencephalograph (ERP) • CT Scanning - computerized tomography • PET Scanning - positron emission tomography • MRI - magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

44. MRI

45. fMRI