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1914-1918: The World at War. Causes of the War. Causes of the War. Historians have traditionally cited four long-term causes of the First World War MILITARISM – The growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending
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Causes of the War • Historians have traditionally cited four long-term causes of the First World War • MILITARISM– The growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending • ALLIANCE SYSTEM – By 1907 Europe was divided into two armed camps • IMPERIALISM – Economic and political control over weaker nations • NATIONALISM – a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation
Militarism • Empires had to be defended and European nations increased military spending enormously in the late 19th and early 20th century. • By 1890 the strongest nation militarily in Europe was Germany • Germany had a strong army and built up a navy to rival England’s fleet. • France, Italy, Japan and the United States quickly joined in the naval buildup.
The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:
For many centuries, European nations built empires. Colonies supplied raw materials and provided markets for manufactured goods. As Germany industrialized, she competed with other nations and colonies made her more competitive. Imperialism
Nationalism Often nationalism led to rivalries and conflicts between nations. Additionally, various ethnic groups resented domination by others and wanted independence. Finally, Russia and Austria-Hungary disagreed over the treatment of Serbs in central Europe.
The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha[Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]
Taking Sides & Making Sense of it all Is isolationism really an option for a country as powerful as the United States
Which side should the US pick? Central Powers: Allies: • 11 million German-Americans • Irish-Americans hated Great Britain • Close cultural ties • Shared transatlantic cables (so censored stories) • Big business loaned much $ to allies US Exports to both sides:
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The“Powder Keg”of Europe
The Spark: An Assassination The Balkan region was considered “the powder keg of Europe” due to competing interests in the area. Russia wanted access to the Mediterranean Sea. Germany wanted a rail link to the Ottoman Empire. Austria-Hungary, which had taken control of Bosnia in 1878, accused Serbia of subverting its rule over Bosnia. Finally, in June of 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne was gunned down by a Serbia radical igniting a diplomatic crisis.
The Assassin: GavriloPrincip
The War to End all Wars? The Great War was believed to be the War that would end all other wars…. Do you believe that this is even possible?
Thinking Slide: • Should we tell the story of WWI with Germany as the “bad guy”? Explain.
Convincing the American People Idealism: Fourteen Points What? President Wilson’s Plan for after the war • Fourteen promises, including freedom of the seas & a League of Nations to work for peace President Woodrow Wilson
Mobilization • Home by Christmas! • No major war in 50 years! • Nationalism! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!
How did the War Affect the US? Women • Women filled factory jobs • May have led 19th Amendment after the war (Gave women the right to vote) African Americans • Black soldiers still served in Segregated Units • “Great Migration” - thousands of African Americans moved North to work in factories
Spies • “Mata Hari” • Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle • German Spy!
What is Propaganda? information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
German Poster Think of Your Children!
Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”
German Soldiers The conditions in these trenches were horrific. Aside from the fear of bombardment, soldiers also had to contend with mud, flooding, lice, vermin, and disease associated with living in such an unhealthy environment.
Verdun – February, 1916 • German offensive. • Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916 • 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. • Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
