AP Review #1

1. AP Review #1 Part 1: Test Preparation 3/4/2011

2. The Test… • …is Monday, May 9, 2011 • …needs to be paid for by Friday 3/11/2011 • …is worth taking whether you think you will pass or not because • It looks good on your transcripts that you followed through and finished the AP course • If you pass (3 or higher) your semester AP Biology grades will be raised 1 letter grade. • As long as you pass your upcoming practice AP, if you take the real test, you will not have to take a final in this class 

3. Structure of the AP Test • Multiple Choice • 100 multiple choice questions • 60% of overall score • 80 minutes • NO GUESSING PENALTY ANYMORE!!!! • Free Response • 4 written questions • 40% of overall score • 10 minute reading period + 90 minutes to write • No penalties for writing wrong info, so write everything!

4. Molecules & Cells (25%) Chemistry of Life (7%) Cells (10%) Cellular Energetics (8%) Heredity & Evolution (25%) Heredity (8%) Molecular Genetics (9%) Evolutionary Biology (8%) Organisms & Populations (50%) Diversity of Organisms (8%) Structure & Function of Plants & Animals (32%) Ecology (10%) Content Breakdown • Just like this course, the test is broken down in the following content areas…

5. The Labs… • Yep! You were supposed to remember what we did on all 12 AP Bio Labs… • Diffusion & Osmosis • Enzyme Catalysis • Mitosis & Meiosis • Photosynthesis and Plant Chromatography • Cellular Respiration • Molecular Bio (transformation & electrophoresis) • Genetics of Organisms • Population Genetics • Transpiration • Physiology of the Circulatory System • Animal Behavior (& experimental design) • Primary Productivity & Dissolved Oxygen Content

6. The Labs… • At least 1 FRQ is based on labs, analyzing lab data, and developing lab protocols • Know your labs! • What did you see and WHY! • Know your graphs! • Scale, axis labels, keys… • Write a thorough lab protocol including… • CONTROL/S!!!! • HYPOTHESES!!!! • Procedure • Expected Results & WHY!!!!

7. How to Study… • There are ~9 weeks until the AP Exam! • Have you started reviewing nightly yet? • Do you have a review book yet? • Any book will do – more with more practice tests are even better! • Get a study group together! • The best advice a student ever gave was… • I didn’t know how to get started studying either, but one night I just picked up my review book and started reading.

8. How to Study… • Some useful resources: • SparkNotes Diagnostic Test • Lab Bench Website • BioCoach Website • Mrs H – my best AP scorers last year came in everyday at lunch with a study group and just studied AP Bio.

9. Review Part 2 Animal Behavior (Behavioral Ecology)

10. You Must Know… • The difference between a kinesis and a taxis • Various forms of animal communication • The role of altruism and inclusive fitness in kin selection

11. Animal Behavior • Behavior - What an animal does and how it does it • Ethology - The study of animal behavior • Proximate Causes – how it happens & the hereditary influences on behavior as well as the sensory/motor actions of the behavior • EX: Increased light during springtime triggers the male songbird brain to produce a sex hormone. These hormones drive the birds to sing. • Ultimate Causes – why it happens, what is the origin of the behavior, how it changes over time, and uses of the behavior for reproductive success • EX: A female songbird is attracted to male songbirds' songs. These songs also warn other males to stay away from the singer’s territory. At one point male songbirds that sang in the spring were naturally selected for; they attracted more mates, reproduced more, and passed their genes on.

12. Types of Behaviors • Innate – inborn, unlearned, developmentally fixed • Fixed Action Pattern – set of unlearned acts, interchangeable, carried to completion once initiated by a sign stimulus • Kinesis – change in rate of movement toward or away from a stimulus • Taxis – change in direction of movement toward or away from a stimulus • Migration – group movement from one place to another; may be regulated by earth’s magnetic field or visual cues

13. Kinesis & Taxis

14. Fixed Action Pattern – Stickleback

15. Regulation of Behaviors • Circadian Rhythms – daily cycle routines (triggered by daylight, hormones, etc…) • Signals – a behavior that causes a change in another individual’s behavior • Pheromones – chemical emissions • Visual Signals – colors and patterns • Auditory Signals – songs and screeches • Example: Honey Bee Waggle Dance! • Dance of the honey bee (described by Karl von Frisch) describes location and distance to a food source to others in the hive • http://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=Honeybee_Waggle_Dance_Experiment&video_id=12777

16. Types of Behaviors • Learned Behaviors – modifications of behaviors based on experiences • Imprinting – learned + innate responses during a critical/sensitive period; for recognition of parents and mates • Habituation – loss of responsiveness to repeated stimulus • Associative Learning – ability to connect one aspect of the environment with another

17. Associative Learning • Classical Conditioning – associate stimuli with reward or punishment • Operant Conditioning – associate a behavior with a reward or punishment

18. Why? • Selection and fitness explain most behaviors… • Agnostic Behaviors – ritualized contests (w/out bloodshed) to establish dominance • Mating Systems – based on needs of young • Promiscuous – no pair bonds • Monogamous – one male/female pair • Polygamous – one individual with several mates • Altruism – reduction of individual fitness for improved fitness of the overall population

19. Kin Selection • Inclusive fitness – the total effect an organism has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables close relatives to reproduce. • Natural selection favoring altruistic behavior that promotes reproductive success of relatives is called kin selection.

20. Lab 11: Animal Behavior • Experimental Design! • What did we do? • What constituted a good experimental design? • Control? • Variables? • Hypotheses? • Analysis? • Conclusions?

21. Practice Questions… • A student wanted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on plant growth, so she took two similar plants and set them on a window sill for a 2-week observation period. She watered each plant the same amount, but she gave one a small dose of fertilizer with each watering. She collected data by counting the total number of new leaves on each plant and also measured the height of each plant in centimeters. Which of the following is a significant flaw in the experiment? • A. there is no variable factor • B. there is no control • C. there is no repetition • D. measurable results cannot be expected • E. it will require too many days of data collection

22. Practice Questions • Students placed 5 pillbugs on the dry side of a choice chamber and 5 pillbugs on the wet side. They collected data as to the number on each side every 30 seconds for 10 minutes. After 6 minutes, 8 or 9 pillbugs were continually on the wet side of the chamber, and several were under the filter paper. Which of the following is NOT a reasonable conclusion from these results? • A. it takes the pillbugs several minutes to explore their surroundings and select a preferred habitat • B. pillbugs prefer a moist environment • C. pillbugs prefer a dark environment • D. pillbugs may find chemicals in dry filter paper irritating • E. pillbugs demonstrate no significant habitat preference

23. Practice Questions • Which of the following hypotheses is stated best? • A. If pillbugs are allowed free movement then more will be found in a moist environment than in a dry environment. • B. If pillbugs like a moist environment then they will move to the wet side of a choice chamber. • C. If an experiment with pillbugs is run for 10 minutes, them more pillbugs will be found in the moist favorable environment. • D. Pillbugs are found in moist habitats so I predict more will be found where it is wet.

24. Practice Questions • Fixed Action Patterns (FAPs) are instigated by which of the following? • A. mating behavior • B. ritual behavior • C. innate behavior • D. sign stimulus • E. action potential

25. Practice Questions • One morning a woman who usually feeds her cats in the morning passes by the food bowl without putting food in it. The cats usually run over to the bowl as she approaches it, but after 4 mornings of her passing the bowl without putting food in it, the cats no longer run over to the bowl. This is an example of: • A. maturation • B. imprinting • C. habituation • D. foraging • E. sensitivity

26. Practice Questions • Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate when they heard the ring of a particular bell; this is an example of: • A. classical conditioning • B. operant conditioning • C. sensitivity • D. imprinting • E. maturation

27. Practice Questions • The phenomenon in which young ducks follow their mother in a line is a result of which of the following? • A. habituation • B. imprinting • C. maturation • D. foraging • E. conditioning

28. Practice Questions • Altruism exists in populations because: • A. it deprives members of the species of territory and results in agnostic behavior • B. it can result in the passing on of the altruistic member’s genes • C. it can result in the overall success of the ecosystem • D. it can result in a bond between the altruistic member and recipient of the altruism, and the recipient might later reciprocate the altruism • E. it can result in the maximizing of the altruistic member’s genetic representation in the population if the altruistic member’s behavior is directed toward a close relative.