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Chapter 5 frontispiece. A dust plume from an intense dust storm over the Sahara

Coniferous forest 12. Deciduous forest 17. Forest with snow cover 25. Sea ice, no snow cover ... Smoke (compounds from forest fires) +0.03 0.12. Nitrates (ammonium, ...

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Chapter 5 frontispiece. A dust plume from an intense dust storm over the Sahara

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    Chapter 5 frontispiece. A dust plume from an intense dust storm over the Sahara E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Photograph by Jacques Descloitres, NASA 046 Figure 5.1. The spring Sun in the Arctic E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Photograph by Rear Admiral H.D. Nygren, NOAA 047 Figure 5.2. Variations in total annual and solstice insolations with latitude E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Hartmann, 1994 048 E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Hartmann, 1994 Figure 5.3. The flow of energy from the Sun to Earth and between the surface and the atmosphere 049 E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Hartmann, 1994 Figure 5.3. The flow of energy from the Sun to Earth and between the surface and the atmosphere 049 E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Hartmann, 1994 Table 5.1. Albedo of various surfaces 050 Figure 5.4. Changes in global mean radiative forcings, 1750-2005 E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Forster et al., 2007 051 Figure 5.5. Contributions of different greenhouse gases to radiative forcing E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Data from Forster et al., 2007 052 Figure 5.6. Spectral characteristics of the Sun and Earth’s atmosphere E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Rohde, Global Warming Art 053 Figure 5.7. Scanning electron microscope images of various aerosols E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Photographs by V. Martins, NASA 054 Figure 5.8. Global distribution of aerosols, 2006 E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Reto Stöckli, NASA 055 Table 5.2. Model estimates of the direct effects of aerosols on radiative forcing E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Forster et al., 2007 056 Aerosol Figure 5.9. Stratospheric aerosol before and on several occasions after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, June 15, 1991 E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NASA 057 Figure 5.10. Sunspots observed during a cycle of high sunspot activity, March 30, 2001 E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: SOHO/MDI Consortium 058
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