chem.jsums

1. Chapter 1 Introduction

3. Detection of Curare in the Jascalevich Murder Trial January 1976 - �Doctor X� newspaper articles Dr. Baden � statement to exhume patients� remains Recent Technological advances RIA and HPLC Expert Witness Testimony Defense: could not detect curare in human tissue Physicans misdiagnosed patients�s conditions and inferior post-operative care

4. Detection of Curare in the Jascalevich Murder Trial Detection of Curare Sensitivity Specificity Results RIA: 77 counts � 700 counts; aqueous solution for standard curve MS: no solvent blanks; not absolute test Curare Stability Embalming fluids and tissue juices had destructive effects on curare; used TLC � non detected after a few days

5. Detection of Curare in the Jascalevich Murder Trial Trial Seven and a half months Jury Two hours Not Guilty

6. Organization of Crime Laboratory Federal System of Government FBI: Largest crime lab in the world DEA: Analysis of seized drugs Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives U.S. Postal Inspection Service State Laboratory Local Laboratory Provide service to county and municipal agencies Operate independently of state crime labs Federal labs offer its expertise to any local agency that requests assistance in relevant investigative matters. Some states have a comprehensive statewide system of regional labs that operate under the direction of a central facility and provide forensic services to most areas of the state.Federal labs offer its expertise to any local agency that requests assistance in relevant investigative matters. Some states have a comprehensive statewide system of regional labs that operate under the direction of a central facility and provide forensic services to most areas of the state.

7. Services of the Crime Laboratory Physical Science Unit Biology Unit Firearms Unit Document Examination Unit Photography Unit

8. Physical Science Unit Principles and Theory Chemistry, Physics, Geology Technical Training Chemical tests, modern analytical instrumentation Analysis Drugs, glass, paint, explosives, soil, etc

9. Biology Unit Principles and Theory Biologists and Biochemists Technical Training DNA profiling, serology, assays Analysis Blood, other body fluids, hairs, fibers, botanical materials

10. Firearms Unit Principles and Theory Specialized Area Technical Training Chemical and physical methods Analysis Discharged ammunition, discharge residue, tool marks, angle and distance from target

11. Document Examination Unit Principles and Theory Questioned documents Technical Training Specialized Training Analysis Paper and ink, indented writings, obliterations, erasures, burned or charred documents

12. Photography Unit Principles and Theory Photography Technical Training Photographic techniques Analysis Examine and record physical evidence

13. Optional Services Toxicology Unit Latent Fingerprint Unit Polygraph Unit Voiceprint Analysis Unit Evidence-Collection Unit

14. Toxicology Unit Principles and Theory Toxicology Technical Training Drug analysis, instrumentation Analysis Body fluids and organs for drugs and poisons

15. Latent Fingerprint Unit Principles and Theory Specialized training Technical Training Chemical and physical methods for visualization of prints Analysis Fingerprints on various materials

16. Voiceprint Analysis Unit Principles and Theory Specialized Technical Training Sound spectrograph Analysis Analysis of voiceprint from sound patterns

17. Evidence-Collection Unit Principles and Theory Specially trained personnel Technical Training Collect and preserve physical evidence Analysis None

18. Forensic Scientist Proper Recognition and Collection of Physical Evidence Preservation of Physical Evidence Analysis of Physical Evidence Expert Testimony

19. Forensic Scientist Be Resourceful Integrate different disciplines Be creative Build a repertoire of analysis tools Know limitations of test methods Be Flexible Be Persistent

20. Forensic ScientistAnalysis of Physical Evidence Fiber Analysis Identification Classification Drug Analysis Analytical Instrumentation for Identification Biological Analysis

21. Admission of Evidence The Frye Rule: General Acceptance Accepted in scientific community The Daubert Decision: Federal Rule 702 Federal Cases Judges as gatekeepers of expert scientific testimony Kumho Decision: Extended Daubert Judges as gatekeepers of ALL expert testimony

22. Frye v. United States 1923, District of Columbia Circuit Court Standard guideline for determining the judicial admissibility of scientific examination Well-recognized scientific principle or discovery Method has gained general acceptance in its field

23. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc., 1993, U. S. Supreme Court Frye standard is not an absolute prerequisite to the admissibility of scientific evidence Based on the Federal Rules of Evidence � 1975: Rule 702, assign trial judge the task of ensuring that expert�s testimony is: Scientifically sound Relevant

24. Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. V. Carmichael 1999 Extended the judge�s gatekeeping role to all expert testimony Standards that would determine admissibility would be different depending on the discipline in question

25. Types of Evidence Inclusive The evidence is included in the population of items that came from the crime scene Exclusive The evidence is excluded from the items in the crime scene Direct Known by personal knowledge Circumstantial Knowledge by inference

26. Forensic Pathology Medical Examiners or Coroners Investigation of sudden, unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths Autopsy Time of Death Cause of Death

27. Time of Death Physical Changes Rigor mortis � first 24 h; disappear with 36 h Livor mortis � immediately and up to 12 h Chemical Changes Algor mortis � cooling of the body temperature to ambient temperature; about an hour after death, the body will lose heat at 1-1.5 oF/h until ambient Potassium level in ocular fluid � cells within inner surface of eyeball release potassium Rigor mortis � the muscles relax and then become rigid without shortening of the muscle Livor mortis � when human heart stops pumping, the blood begins to settle in the parts of the body closest to the ground. The skin will appear as a dark blue or purple color in these areas. The skin will not appear discolored in areas where the body is restricted by either clothing or an object pressing against the body. Info useful in determining if the victim�s position was changed after death.Rigor mortis � the muscles relax and then become rigid without shortening of the muscle Livor mortis � when human heart stops pumping, the blood begins to settle in the parts of the body closest to the ground. The skin will appear as a dark blue or purple color in these areas. The skin will not appear discolored in areas where the body is restricted by either clothing or an object pressing against the body. Info useful in determining if the victim�s position was changed after death.

28. Forensic Entomology Study of insects and their relation to criminal investigation Knowledge of insects, their life cycles, their habits Estimate time of death Blow flies Blow flies are the first to infest the body. They lay eggs with remains that hatch into maggots or fly larvae. Depend on environmental conditions.Blow flies are the first to infest the body. They lay eggs with remains that hatch into maggots or fly larvae. Depend on environmental conditions.

29. Forensic Anthropology Identification and examination of human skeletal remains Skeletal remains decompose slowly Determine origin, sex, ~age, race, skeletal injury Facial reconstruction

30. Forensic Psychiatry Relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings Competency Behavioral Profile Child Custody Juvenile Justice

31. Forensic Odontology Identification of victims when body is left in unrecognizable state Teeth Hard enamel X rays and dental records Age estimation Bite Mark Analysis comparative

32. Dental Profiling Comparison of bite marks

33. Forensic Engineering Failure analysis, accident reconstruction, causes and origins of fires or explosions.

34. Computer Forensic Cyber crime Security Evidence