Thymine

1. Thymine Irtiza Binti Farooq MSc Food science and Nutrition

2. content Metabolism Functions Sources Deficiency

3. How does vitamins function? Vitamins form part of coenzymes that enables enzymes to release energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

4. Thymine Thiamine was first synthesized in 1926 as a coenzyme, which was very helpful in researching its properties in relation to beriberi, a vitamin b1 deficiency. as the first B vitamin discovered, so was termed vitamin B1. Compared to other micronutrients, body stores of thiamine are low. In addition, thiamine's half-life is only 10 to 14 days. Therefore, a continuous source of dietary thiamine is necessary to prevent deficiency.

5. Thiamin is a vitamin, an essential micronutrient. It is a water- soluble vitamin, which means it dissolves in water and is carried to different parts of the body but is not stored in the body. Thiamine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Within the body, the best-characterized form is thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP), also called thiamine diphosphate, a coenzyme in the catabolism of sugars and amino acids

6. Metabolis m? thiamine helps convert carbohydrates into energy. Eating carbohydrates increases the need for this vitamin, as your body can only store about 30mg at a time due to the vitamins short half-life. Thiamine metabolism begins in the extracellular space, being transported by a thiamine transporter into the cell. Once in the intracellular space, thiamine is converted into thiamine pyrophosphate through the enzyme thiamin pyrophosphate kinase. Thiamine pyrophosphate is then converted into thiamine triphosphate, again using the enzyme thiamin pyrophosphate kinase . In the jejunum, thiamine is converted to thiamine pyrophosphate(TPP), which is the main coenzyme form of thiamine. It is an essential part of energy metabolism. This means that

7. Thiamine and TPP play important roles within mitochondria in the decarboxylation of α-keto acids to coenzyme A (CoA) moieties, an important process in ATP synthesis. In short conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA. The uptake of thiamine is enhanced by thiamine deficiency, but can be reduced by the presence of diabetes mellitus. Additionally, thiamine absorption is inhibited by thiamine analogs (such as metronidazole), ethanol, and diuretics (such as amiloride). Thiamine is mainly excreted in urine.

8. Functions Thiamin is important for the growth, development, and function of the cells in the body. TPP is a coenzyme in reactions involved in myelin formation. Muscles heavily depends on thiamin. Thiamine may also have an effect on nerve conduction and transmission. Thiamine is involved in a wide variety of the intricate biochemical pathways necessary for proper tissue and organ function Thiamine plays a pivotal role in the pentose phosphate pathway, which is not only an alternate glucose metabolism pathway, but also a major route for the synthesis of several neurotransmitters, nuclic acids, lipids, amino acids, steroids, and glutathione.

9. Dietary sources It is found in food and commercially synthesized to be a dietary supplement or medication. Food sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, and some meats and fish. Grain processing removes much of the thiamine content, so in many countries cereals and flours are enriched with thiamine.

10. Deficiency People who are malnourished, who eat polished, refined cereals and those who derive most of their energy from empty k calorie items, like alcohol, risk thiamine deficiency. Prolonged thiamine deficiency can result in the disease beriberi. Symptoms of beriberi includes damage to nervous system, the heart and the other muscles. It also can cause paralysis as it participates in nerve processes. In alcoholics the most serious deficiency causes wernicke-korsakoff. Symptoms include disorientation, loss of short term memory, jerky eye movement, and staggering gait. Thiamine deficiency can lead to autonomic nervous system dysfunction, abnormal vagal tone, and lower acetylcholine synthesis.