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How Firefighting Pumps Work: Key Features and Functions Explained

Sep 26, 2025

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The fire alarm blares. It screams and rambles, slicing through the quiet of the night. Firefighters spring into action. They race against time as flames consume everything in their path. Every moment is critical. A split second can prove to be the deciding factor between life and death. This is when their arsenal of tools makes all the difference. Among them, a hero tool takes the center stage. Itu2019s the firefighting pump.<br><br>Visit: https://www.idexindia.in/how-firefighting-pumps-work-key-features-and-functions-explained/

How Firefighting Pumps Work: Key Features and Functions Explained

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CDR Report Sample for Civil Engineer PDF

CAREER EPISODE 1 I. Introduction CE1.1 My first project experience is a project that I did while working at Qatar Building Company (QBC) when I worked as the Technical Engineer in the Estimation Department. The project was to prepare a sewer drainage line for the Public Works Authority, (PWA), also known as ASHGHAL. We had participated in the tendering process and won the tender. I worked on this project between June 2014 to December 2015.The project was located at Najma District in Doha Qatar in Zone 26. The Project entailed upgrading of the existing sewerage network in Najma area which involved the removal and replacement of 19.5km pipelines (200Ã˜ - 1200Ã˜). My assignment was to design the project and ensure the sewer was flowing uninterrupted. II. Background CE1.2 This project was awarded to rehabilitate the Existing Sewers within Doha by the ASHGHAL or the Public Works Authority, (PWA), who were the client. The project was divided into four sections namely Najma-Al Hilal(Package A) Al Arab-Al Kharaib (Package B).The other section was Najma-Al Hilal Sub (Package C) and Al Arab-Al Kharaib (Package D). The project involved the design of the main lines and branches to ensure it was allowing the flow and at the same time it was capable of handling the volume generated in central Doha. I worked on the design, implementation, and commissioning of the project. CE1.3 The goal of this project was to increase the capacity of the existing sewer so that it could serve several households. It was to replace the current new work with bigger diameter pipes that could allow the flow through gravitational force. This entailed excavating the trench and giving it gently gradient to allow the flow of waste water. The other objective of the project was to ensure the project was completed on time within the design specifications that was communicated by the ASHGHAL. The last objective of the project was to carry out the plan and commission it on time since it was overdue and it had been delayed previously. Below is the organizational structure that was used to manage the implementation of this project. Figure 1: Organization structure. CE1.4 Below is the statement of my duties as the Technical Engineer. â€¢ Designing of the sewer lines that included determination of the right diameter, the gradient of the pipe, velocity among other parameters. â€¢ Advice on the best route for the pipeline to serve more areas as much as possible. â€¢ I was responsible for the preparation of the documents and other logistics in the project to ensure the success. â€¢ I participated in brainstorming of the project after I encountered some challenges. â€¢ I made sure safety, environmental and ethical issues was followed at the site to the later. â€¢ I interacted with the suppliers on economic issues related to the supply of the raw materials needed for the site. III. Personal Engineering Activity. CE1.5 After winning the tender to rehabilitate the existing sewer within Doha C763/2, I started the implementation plan, by review the contract the contract details and preparing the most important points that were captured in it. I also assembled a strong team of engineers and technicians who further helped me in the mobilization of the resources like means of transport, excavator among others. Then I went through the standards and codes like the BS 5911-1 and BS EN 1916 that were relevant to the use of the concrete pipes. I organized a meeting with my team before moving to the site ready to execute the project. CE1.6 After the start of the project, I collected the information that was essential for the design work that included the geomorphology and ground topography of the areas where the sewer was to pass through. The other information that I collected from the owners of the sewer line was the projected volume of the sewage generated by the household that was gathered to the line. I organized all the data and came up with the implementation plan before calling the meeting to discuss the execution plan. I also reviewed the expectation of the client with my team members regarding the quality of the work and milestones that were to be delivered. CE1.7 I started the design work by identifying the best route for the main line followed by the sublines connecting the households to the main line. I also identified the location of the Underground obstructions like the power lines and water pipes. I then requested for the permission from the relevant authorities for the leeway since I didn't want to interpret existing amenities. The enabled free flow of the waste water through the pipes, and I designed the suitable gradient that allowed Natural flow. The calculations that I did during this design was the determination of the gradient or slope. CE1.8 Also, I determined the cross-sectional are of the pipes that I used for the sewer lines. The design was to ensure that it was able to a serve the volume generated from the sources. I used a combination of differential equations to solve this challenge. I used the relationship between the cross-sectional area of the pipe, flow velocity, and flow rate. I further used the Manning equation to determine the speed of flow. Below are the equations. Q = AV V = (1.49/n) [(D/4)2/3] (S1/2) (Manning equation) Q = (Ï€D2/4) V = (1.49/n) (Ï€D2/4) [(D/4)2/3] (S1/2). Where V= storm water flow velocity D = storm sewer pipe diameter S= storm sewer gradient n = roughness coefficient of pipe CE1.9 The next design that I did on the project was the determination of the diameter of the sewerage pipe for the mainline and the connections to the individual households. I had selected the concrete pipes due to its strength and the ease of installation. I determined the peak flow rate of the sewer to ensure that it was able to handle wastewater that was being generated. I used below equations to determine the peak flow rates Pmax/min.t=(Pmax/minhr-t-avghr) (Pi-avgd) Where; Pmax/minhr-t-avghr=(Qmax/minhr.-tQavg-hr) (Qmax/minhr.-t) = the average flow during a duration (t) hours Qavg-hr = the average hourly flow for that day of record. CE1.10 I encountered the challenge when I was doing the excavation of the trench to lay down the concrete pipes where I found there was a lot of the underlying cables and the asbestos pipes. Besides, I discovered that the existing roads in the area where pipes were passing were not wide enough. Some of the areas were also narrow for the passage of the excavator that I was using. Therefore, I did analysis and discussed with my team where I proposed the hand excavation of this areas. The process was slow, but at least it was preferable because of the existing infrastructure. CE1.11 I completed excavation then removed and replaced approximately 2.5km trunk sewer gravity mains comprising VC pipelines (300mm Ã˜ â€“ 1000mm Ã˜) and associated manholes. I also did the replacement of 1km trunk sewer gravity mains that consisted of the GRP pipelines with diameters of 1000mm and 1200mm and utility holes on this section. Finally, I did the test run with water before filling back the top soil that I had excavated with my team I also reinstated the landscaping, paving blocks and asphalt. CE1.12 To easy the installation work, I innovatively choose reinforced concrete pipes that were one-meter-long, and it had a socket on one end. This made it easy for installation and lifting them in place. The assembling method was the socket connections and did not require any particular joining method as compared if the PVC pipes were used. This innovative approach reduced the sewer line installation time CE1.13 The useful software that I used in the project was the AFT Fathom, which is system modeling and pipe flow analysis software. I used to this software to calculated the flow distribution and pressure drops in the pipeline. Furthermore, the software was usefully when I was analyzing the distribution of wastes in the pipe. The software eased my work and improved on the accuracy of the project. CE1.14 With other members, I was able to work towards completing this task on time. The implementation team that I led consisted of both engineers and technicians. I consulted a senior technical engineer when I encountered some challenges in my projects and when I was participating in the tendering process. The other person who was worked closely was the quantity surveyors who were responsible for the BOQ for the project. I organized meetings on regular basis with the team to review the progress of the projects. CE1.15 My other responsibility as the team leader in the project was the preparation of the projects documentations for records keeping and as the mode of communication. I used the English language on this project to avoid language barriers because workers in the project were from different ethnic background. The documents that I prepared included the tender documents, project progress reports, weekly reports among others. I also did the presentation of this documents to my supervisor before it was approved for circulation. CE1.16 As the team leader in the project, I participated in making a decision that helped in reducing the cost of the project or at least working as per the budget. Therefore, from the start of the project, I developed my budget and came with some ways of reducing the cost by maximizing the productivity of every worker. This saved on the salaries and allowance that was paid to the casual Labour on site. CE1.17 With my project management skills, I was able to ensure all the plans went on through the project implementation time. I also used the traffic master plan when the was excavation near the road where the sewer line was passing through. I had developed the implementation plan that guided me in the budget and the millstones that were to be achieved at every stage of the project. CE1.18 At the time of the project implementation, I applied my skills in fluid mechanics to do the project. I also participated in the training that was offered by the company. The training was on simulation and how to lay pipes on the trenches using lifting machines. I also had some discussions with the senior members in the company who they shared their experiences in piping work. Lastly, I researched on my own whenever I encountered the challenge that was related to the project. CE1.19 I understood the importance of taking safety while implementing the project because it could cause adverse impacts to both implementation team, environment, and tools. We used the lift tools instead of manually lifting because of dangers in the back injuries. The other safety precaution that I took was to use protective equipment like safety boots and gloves. I also followed the user operation manuals for the lifting tools that we were using at the site to avoid damages and associated injuries. IV. Summary CE1.20 I completed this project on time and gained tremendous engineering experiences concerning team leadership and technical knowledge. I managed to lead the implementation team from beginning up to completion. Therefore, I achieved the goals of the project that included upgrading of the pipeline and completing it within the planned time. I played a significant role in the project from the beginning where I did the design, coordinated the implementation and commissioning. In the end, all the members of my team and management were happy with the way I implemented the project successfully. CAREER EPISODE 2 I. Introduction CE2.1 The second project discussion is my Engineering experience that I acquired while working as the Technical Engineer at Qatar Building Company (QBC). This project was the participation in the construction of the Al Otouriyah / Al Jemailya / Al Shihaniyah Road (P019) where I performed the Soil test that I will elaborate on the project. I worked and delivered this project within 18 months between November 2014 to May 2016.The project was located in the central region of the Qatar, where 28.7km of Rural Arterial road from Al Shihaniyah to Al Jemailya via Al Otouriyah. My responsibility was to perform the soil test that enables the determination of the amount of compaction and the to check whether the soil was able to current the maximum required loads. II. Background CE2.2 Qatar Building Company (QBC) is the market leader in civil engineering and building, and it was awarded the contracted to construct by road by ASHGHAL or the Public Works Authority of Qatar government, (PWA). The project was the design, and its implementation monitor by ASHGHAL. The road was divided into two sections namely 18.8 Km between Al Otouriyah and Al Jemailya. The second section was the 12.6Km between Al Shihaniyah to Al Otouriyah. The project that I did this construction work was the earthwork where I perform the various soil test to ensure compaction was done well. I implemented the project and made recommendations as per the test results. CE2.3 The goal of my engagement on this project was to upgrade the existing two-lane single carriageway (1 1) to a four-lane dual carriageway (2 2). There was also a provision of the cycle lanes that was reserved for future expansion to six carriageways (3 3) lanes. Because of the scope of the project, I participated in the earthworks that involved compaction and testing the strength. The objectives of the compaction soil test were to verify the strength of the road base the before the paving to make sure it was able to carry design loads. The other aim was to advise on the mixing combination in areas that did not yield the required test. The last goal of the project was to make sure the road was done as per the codes and standards that were mentioned in the project contract. Figure 1: The organization chart used CE2.4 Below are the roles and responsibilities that I was assigned as the Technical Engineer. â€¢ Participated in the design of the road especially the stabilization of the base foundation. â€¢ I did the soil compaction test and advice the earthworks team where necessary. â€¢ I was part of the project planning team where I came with the implementation plans and ways of mitigating challenges that I encountered in my line of duty. â€¢ I did the compaction test calculations where I was able to determine important test parameters that helped me in making the informed decision. â€¢ As the team leader in the soil compaction test, I prepared and presented various documents to the stakeholders. â€¢ I ensured safety was maintained at the workstation and ensured the dust was not affecting the surrounding environment. III. Personal Engineering Activity. CE2.5 We moved to the site after the company won the contract and after completing all the logistics work. To understand the project, I went through the contract that specified the scope and the timeframe for the project. Besides, I went through the applicable codes and standards that were mentioned in the contract that includes the standards as per ASHGHAL. Also, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) that I did was as per the AASHTO T193, D4429 and D1883-05. After assembly my team I met with the Engineering manager who we discussed what was expected of me as the person who was responsible for the soil compaction testing. CE2.6 Before I started the project, I listed down the details of the information that I wanted to initiate the implementation of the project. Some of the information was the test method that was expected, the reporting structure concerning conveying data for the purpose of action among other. The technician whom we worked together collected samples randomly from the road sections that had been compacted. Lastly, I organized meeting with my team members who we discussed the testing procedure that I adopted. CE2.7 The first Engineering work that I did while constructing the road was to ensure the road foundation was done correctly. The road foundation was done by mixing deferent soil mixture and compacting using a roller to form layers. To ensure that the compaction was done properly I did the soil test using various methods. I instructed compaction to be done until the required compacted soil was achieved. The soil compaction test that I used were sand cone method, California Bearing Ratio, and the Soil Permeability. CE2.8 While doing the California Bearing Ratio, I determined the quality of strength of the soil that was to form the base of the soil. I also measured the thickness of the base compacted soil and the layer. I performed this test by using a plunger with the standard area and measuring the pressure required to penetrate the soil. I then divided the measured pressure with the required pressure to achieve equal penetration on the norm crushed rock material. Below is the formula CBR = F/Fo where F = force needed to penetrate a soil mass. F0 = force necessary for the penetration as per the standard material. CE2.9 The other test that I did was the sand cone method and the Soil Permeability to ensure that the compaction process was done well. The purpose of the sand cone method was to determine the field density. For the ground permeability test, I used Darcyâ€™s law as shown below. V = kiA where V = Flow rate cm3 /s, A = cross-sectional area of soil conveying flow, cm2 k = permeability Coefficient CE2.10 After completion of the compaction of the base soil, and ensuring the road could sustain the design loads. We lay down the asphalt pavement in that contained approximately 313200-ton asphaltic concrete followed by 244,224-ton Polymer Modified Bitumen asphalt in various layer thicknesses. The other part of the road that we did was the pavement where interlocking blocks was used. Besides, the streets light was erected. We also made the road making and built the road signs to guide drivers while navigating the new path. We commissioned the project with my team and client after completing all the work that was stated in the contract. CE2.11 I encountered a technical challenge when I was preparing the granular road base layers and sub base whereby on doing the laboratory test I found that the materials did not meet the stipulated sand equivalent ratio that was 25. After researching for the best solution, I discussed with the quality manager and agreed to do different mix gradations, and I also added the Gabbro aggregate fines that helped in meeting the proposed mix in of sand equivalent ratio. In the end, I managed to achieve the equivalent sand ratio of 32 that was good enough for the project. CE2.12 To improve the quality delivery, I tried to be creative by following the company IMS Policy when I was working with subcontractorsâ€™ also followed the Quality & HSE to ensure the quality was maintained. On the design work, I made the decision to use three different compaction test methods to improve the reliability of the results and reduce the chances of the errors that are associated with soil compaction test. I also did the test on the rolling basis to ensure we deliver results on time without any delay. CE2.13 I leveraged on latest technology during the execution of this project regarding tools that I was using. For example, I used GEOSYSTEM programs software that helped me in plotting boring log, and the test pit logs that helped me in reducing the time taken in reporting test results for the geotechnical test. The software also helped me in the analysis of the cement products and concrete test results. This program supported the AASHTO, ASTM, and ACI standards. CE2.14 I was a member of a team during the implementation of the roads construction works, and I was appointed the team leader when we were doing the road compaction test. As the team leader, I helped in guiding the technicians on how the test was performed. As the team leader, I maintained the flow of communication and gave the feedback to the management who lead the road construction works. We also worked together with subcontractors who were suppliers of the raw materials where we regularly discussed on the delivery lead times. CE2.15 As the team leader in the compaction soil test, I was tasked with the production of different types of reports that I share with the client and the company head office. These reports were important because it determined the compaction required which is normally associated with the cost. The other documents that I prepared with my team included the analysis reports, weekly progress report among others. The language that I used on this documents was English since that was the official communication language at the site. CE2.16 I made the economical decision during the implementation of this project because I always interacted with the suppliers of the soil compaction equipment. I always when for the most affordable but reliable option regarding hardware and test. Besides, as the team leader, I negotiated the project manager to allow my time work extra few hours to cover lost time. This reduced the overall cost of the project since it was billed as per the number of days spent at the site. CE2.17 Project management was a core part of the project because without it tracking of the progress could not have been possible. There with my skills in project management, I was able to plan the section that I was working on in the road project. I came with the work breakdown structure where I disintegrated all the soil testing procedure into subtask that I allocated my team members enabling me to monitor and track the progress well. CE2.18 To enhance my work delivery, I participated in self-study by studying various methods used in geotechnical test and their advantages and disadvantages. Also, I applied my knowledge that I acquired in university in areas like the soil mechanics for geotechnical investigation and analysis. The other skills that I used were the engineering soil properties that gave me knowledge in the standard soil test methods. The last application of knowledge that I involved in the project was the different road profiles that I learn during the study of the construction drawings in my undergraduate degree. CE2.19 Safety and sustainability were a paramount part of the project because it was the best way of mitigating the dangers associated with Road construction. For safety reasons, I protected and stored all the test samples in the secured place to ensure there was no contamination. I also used protective gear during the execution of the project by wearing safety boots, helmet, and gloves. I also considered the environmental hazards associated with roads construction by spraying water regularly to the excavated earth to suppress dust. Lastly, as an ethical engineer, we maintained good working relationship with everyone in the project and the neighborhood where we organized football games with the young kid in the surrounding. IV. Summary CE2.20 The scope of the project was huge, but I leveraged on teamwork and my good research skills. The project gave me a lot of experience in road construction and tested my ability as the team leader. I completed my project after successfully meeting the objectives of the project and after completion of the road construction work. The project met with the international roads standards, and the law stated in Qatar and Ashghal requirements. My contribution was significant as per the statement of my responsibilities and the quality of the work that i did with my team. CAREER EPISODE 3 I. Introduction CE3.1 My third project discussion is the experience that I acquired while working on the extension of Highway 55 temporary truck route section B and A. At the time of this project I was working for Qatar Building Company (QBC) as the Technical Engineer. This project consisted of the constructing 22.7 KM dual carriageways with four bridges, seven roundabouts and other associated amenities like diversions that ensured the flow of traffic. I worked on this project between November 2013 and January 2015 at west and north of Doha City. The work was divided into Sections A and B for Route 55 Temporary Truck Route (TTR). As the Technical Engineer, I was tasked with designing and ensuring the road was done to the right standard. II. Background CE3.2 QBC was established as a private civil engineer contractor in 1971 as a private civil engineering contractor in Qatar. It has cemented its position as the Civil engineering contractor, and it further introduced a new line of service called the Qatar Building Company Heavy Equipment Division that deals with construction equipment. This project was as a result of the tender that QBC had won after it was selected by the Ashghal to construct the road extension of the Highway 55 Temporary Truck Route of sections B and A. The project involved the supply of the civil engineering raw material and implementation of the traffic management plan. The other work included the re-routing of the power lines that was on the construction site and the design and construction of the Asphalt paved road. The other work that I did on the project was the design of the bridges and the drainage systems along the roads. After every section during the compaction of the base foundation, I did both penetration and compaction test to make sure the road was able to carry the design loads. CE3.3 The aim of the project was to extend the Highway 55 and construct the Temporary Truck Route through Section A and B. With my civil engineering skills, and I ensured the project was implemented within the standards. I made sure the raw material used were acceptable. I also performed random penetration and compaction test to ensure the road was done as per the standards applicable in Qatar. The other objective of the project was to provide the basic outline of the resources that was required to implement the project. The design was also to allow the smooth flow of the traffic. Thus I introduced some roundabouts to enable vehicles to move from one side to another without creating some congestion. The last objective of the project was to design and construct Bridge that was able to withstand all the loadings acting on it. Figure 1: Organization Chart CE3.4 As the project technical civil engineer, I was assigned the following roles and responsibilities. â€¢ I participated in the design of the road constructions, such as coming with the specifications like the compaction pressure, the number of roller passes, the thickness of the pavement layers, the excavation and fill volume among others. â€¢ I performed the both compaction and penetration test followed by calculations so as to ensure the road was done to the design specifications and was able to carry the design loads. â€¢ I enforced the Roads constructions standards that were necessary for Qatar approval. â€¢ I optimized my designs by using the latest civil engineering software. â€¢ I was the team leader who made sure that the members were doing the right things. I also implemented safety on behave of the client. â€¢ I managed the project through planning, implementation, monitoring coordination among other areas. III. Personal Engineering Activity CE3.5 As the Technical Engineer and after being appointed to be part of this project, I started by reviewing the contract to understand the project details like the scope of the work and responsibilities of every contractor in the work. I also went through the road design and the specifications to acquaint myself. Then I took two weeks to move to the site and set the base and to assemble my team that consisted of Civil engineers and other technicians who were experts in road construction. I also went through the standards and codes that I followed in the project to meet the international standards such as the Qatar National Construction Standards 2010, ASTM Standards D1883-05, AASHTO T193, and BS 1377. I then held meetings with the Project Engineer who we had the last briefing. CE3.6 I started the project by collecting the information that helped me in the implementation process. The data that I gathered on this particular project included the compaction passes that was to be used, the paving raw materials and the procedure used to test and analyze the road to ensure it was done correctly. I also collected information such as the mass of the sample, the volume of the mold and the water content in the sample that helped me when I was doing the compaction test for the samples that I had collected from the site. Then I came up with the implementation plan where I determine the key performance indicators, roles, and responsibilities of everyone, budget and the millstones that were to be achieved at every particular time. CE3.7 I reviewed the tender documents to make sure that I considered all the requirements on the project such as the design, implementations, materials used and tests to check the quality of the work. I made the approvals of all the materials on time to avoid the delays that could have happened to the project especially for the material with long lead times like the retaining wall face panels and the bridge deck. I issued various site instructions to the members of my team during the excavation, filling, compaction and paving using the bitumen. I did multiple tests on random sections of the road during every stage of the project implementation and determined their parameters through calculations followed by comparison with internationals standards. CE3.8 The other duty that I was assigned during the implementation of this project was performing the penetration test to determine mechanical strength of the new carriageway constructedto ensured that it was able to carry the design loads. I did this important test called the California bearing ratio(CBR) by measuring the pressure that was able to penetrate the tarmacked road using a plunger of the given area. I did this test under the ASTM Standards D1883-05, AASHTO T193 and thein BS 1377. During this test, I did the calculations that helped in the determination of the CBR using below formula. p= measured pressure for site soils [N/mmÂ²] ps= pressure to achieve equal penetration on standard soil [N/mmÂ²] CE3.9 I also calculated compaction density for the already paved road to ensure that it was able to carry the loads from the vehicles moving on it. I used the information that I collected with below formula to determine the densities that were important in the determination of the road compaction. Bulk density, P=M/V Dry Density, Pd= P/(1 W) Where; M=Mass of the sample(grams) V=Volume of the mold(ml) W=water content of the sub-samples CE3.10 The difficulty that I encountered during the implementation of this project was when I realized the CBR value on the proposed existing road ground was less than 15% that I measured at 95% of MDD. As per the Qatar Standard Specifications, the values of the CBR for the existing ground ought to be higher than 15% so as to receive permanent road layers. To solve this technical challenge, I researched online and consulted my friends and senior members of the company and came with the suggestion of excavating some portion. Therefore, I excavated 300mm thickness of weak topsoil and filled it before doing the compaction of the layers less than 150mm thickness so as to meet the requirements of the CBR value. CE3.11 After completion of the compaction and penetration tests on every section of the road and at different stages, I prepared short reports that I shared with the project engineer who was heading the project. I also kept the test samples with the name tags for future references. Lastly, I held discussion with the implementation team to ensure that the compaction and ingredients mixing was done correctly. CE3.12 I embraced the innovative technique, in the way, I implemented the project, for example, I discussed with other engineers, and they agreed to work on sections until it was completed then move to another section. This prevented the suffering of the motorist who needed only to pass through diversions. The other innovation that I introduced was the use of the softwares that tremendously improved on the design accuracy. CE3.13 As an engineer who values new technologies, I adopted the application of engineering software during the implementations of my road design and construction project. The software that I leveraged on is AutoCAD Civil 3D, Micro station, and the AutoTurn. This softwares gave me the edge during the implementation process because I was able to cut the delivery time and I was also able to do the design optimization. CE3.14 As shown by the scope of the project, there was a lot of work; therefore, teamwork at the site provided the solution. Therefore, I organized a team consisting of technicians and engineers who we worked together. I discussed and reviewed the site progressed with my team members. As the team head, I tasked every technicians and engineer who were working under me. CE3.15 I created various documents at different stages of the project for the purpose of records keeping and channeling information to other stakeholders. For example, after compaction and penetration tests, I documented the procedure that I used plus the outcome results. The other documents that I prepared include the progress reports, weekly reports, and monthly reports. I used the language that was understood by everyone at the site thus I avoided the language barriers. CE3.16 I interacted with the suppliers of all the raw materials that was used at the site; thus I was able to make economic decision based on the goods that was purchased. For example, I negotiated for the discount since I instructed the procurement department to buy the materials in bulk thus we were given discounts. There other are that I made an economic decision was when I requested and negotiated with the client to allow us to work for extra one hour every day and shorten the delivery time. This saved some money since the payment was pegged on the number of days worked and not the hours. CE3.17 With my skills in project management, I was able to track the project progress using the MS project where I was able to come up with the work breakdown structures (WBS). With this skill, I managed my project very well and planned accordingly especially for the task that was dependent on others. With this knowledge and expertise, I was able to monitor the project implementation process that led to cost minimization. Besides, I was able to develop Gantt chart that I used to illustrate the project schedule that was easy to be followed by my team. CE3.18 During the implementation of this project, I took some initiative to improve my skills in the delivery of this project apart from the skills that I acquired in my engineering school. For example, I did self-study and research online on the various methods of performing the compaction test in the tarmacked road like this project. Apart from that, I applied the knowledge that I acquired in my undergraduate degrees such as the Highway and Pavement Design, Transportation Engineering, Soil Mechanics, and Design of bridge structures. CE3.19 I put safety in the forefront in all the activities that I did at the site to avoid any form of accidents that could have jeopardized the project implementation. Therefore, I ensured all the workers were supplied with the protective gears like the safety boots, coverall, and helmets. Besides, I followed the correct operation procedures for the tools and equipment to avoid any breakage. Lastly, I protected the environment and ensured the project was sustainable by preventing pollution. IV. Summary CE3.20 In my view, the project gave me valuable experience and improved my engineering knowledge because I was able to lead the design team. I was also able to make decisions and research on the project when I encountered some challenges. The project was successful despite the technical problems that I faced. The project was completed on time and within the standards that was agreed from the beginning. As the team leader in the project, my contribution was enormous since I came up with the construction plan, time management, resources management among other duties. SUMMARY STATEMENT FOR PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Competency Element A brief summary of how you have applied the element Paragraph in the career episode(s) where the element is addressed PE1 KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL BASE PE1.1 Comprehensive, theory-based understanding of the underpinning natural and physical sciences and the engineering fundamentals applicable to the engineering discipline a) I use my knowledge in physical science and natural science to understand and implement the project as per the codes and standards in my projects CE1.5, CE1.8, CE1.9, CE1.10 CE2.5, CE2.7, CE2.8, CE2.9, CE2.10, CE3.5, CE3.7, CE3.8,CE3.9, CE3.10, PE1.2 Conceptual understanding of the mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics and computer and information sciences which underpin the engineering discipline a) I did mathematical calculations that helped me in determination of important engineering parameters like flow rate, density among others. b) I used Civil Engineering softwares to model and analyze my designs for optimization. c) The basis of my design work was the information that I collected from the beginning of the project. CE1.8, CE1.9 CE2.8, CE2.9 CE3.8, CE3.9 CE1.13 CE2.13 CE3.13 CE1.6 CE2.6 CE3.6 PE1.3 In-depth understanding of specialist bodies of knowledge within the engineering discipline a) I leveraged on my skills in the data management to gather the information that was important during the design. b) I used my calculation skills in Civil engineering to determine the parameters that I used in implementing the project. c) I introduced the engineering softwares as the way of introducing new implementation procedures in my project. CE1.6 CE2.6 CE3.6 CE1.8, CE1.9 CE2.8, CE2.9 CE3.8, CE3.9 CE1.13 CE2.13 CE3.13 PE1.4 Discernment of knowledge development and research directions within the engineering discipline a) I participated in trainings during my project implementation to improve my knowledge. b) I used the method of research to find solution to the challenges that I encountered. c) I reviewed the information in both online and off line to understand the project well. CE1.18, CE2.18, CE3.18, CE1.10, CE2.11, CE3.10, CE1.5 CE2.5 CE3.5 PE1.5 Knowledge of contextual factors impacting the engineering discipline a) I understood the impact of teamwork, because without it the delivery could not have been possible. b) I knew the impacts of not following safety precaution, therefore I followed it to the later. c) I avoided language barriers at the site by using the official language that was English CE1.14 CE2.14, CE3.14, CE1.19 CE2.19 CE3.19 CE1.15 CE2.15 CE3.15 PE1.6 Understanding of the scope, principles, norms, accountabilities and bounds of contemporary engineering practice in the specific discipline a) I made economic decisions that helped in cutting the cost b) I was aware of my roles and responsibilities that was necessary to implement the project. c) I implemented the project as per the codes and standards in Civil Engineering CE1.16 CE2.16, CE3.16, CE1.4 CE2.4 CE3.4 CE1.5 CE2.5 CE3.5 PE2 ENGINEERING APPLICATION ABILITY PE2.1 Application of established engineering methods to complex engineering problem solving a) I used my research skills in civil Engineering to find solution to the challenges that I encountered. b) I did the mathematical calculation that was paramount in design progress. c) I followed standards and codes that was set by the ASHGHAL CE1.10 CE2.11, CE3.10, CE1.8, CE1.9 CE2.8, CE2.9 CE3.8, CE3.9 CE1.5, CE2.5 CE3.5 PE2.2 Fluent application of engineering techniques, tools and resources a) I used the latest technology tools to implement my project like the softwares. b) I used the resources that was available to ensure the safety of every person in my project was taken care of. c) I used the available information to design different parts of my project. CE1.13 CE2.13, CE3.13 CE1.19 CE2.19 CE3.19 CE1.6 CE2.6 CE3.6 PE2.3 Application of systematic engineering synthesis and design processes d) I used civil engineering softwares to optimize my design work. e) I follow the project objectives to make sure I was not deviating from the course. f) I made the progress documents that helped me in recording everything that I did at the site. CE1.13 CE2.13 CE3.13 CE1.3 CE2.3 CE3.3 CE1.15 CE2.15 CE3.15 PE2.4 Application of systematic approaches to the conduct and management of engineering projects a) I used my project management skills to plan, coordinate and implement the project. b) I managed the cost associated with the project by make economic decisions. c) I was a good team manager in all my projects. CE1.18, CE2.17 CE3.17, CE1.16, CE2.16, CE3.16 CE1.14 CE2.14, CE3.14 PE3 PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES PE3.1 Ethical conduct and professional accountability a) As an ethical civil engineer, I observed environmental safety, safety of workforce and tools. b) I had good working relationships with my team members that avoided any frictions. c) The guiding principle in all my projects was the relevant standards and codes that I studied in the start CE1.19, CE2.19, CE3.19, CE1.15, CE2.14, CE3.14 CE1.5 CE2.5 CE3.5 PE3.2 Effective oral and written communication in professional and lay domains a) I communicated well through written documents that I prepared and share within the company. b) I held meetings before the start of the project with stakeholders to discuss the implementation plan. CE1.15 CE2.15 CE3.15 CE1.5, CE2.5, CE3.5 PE3.3 Creative innovative and proactive demeanor a) I adopted innovative methods in implementing my projects b) I used the latest engineering softwares to optimize my designs CE1.12 CE2.12 CE3.12 CE1.13 CE2.13 CE3.13 PE3.4 Professional use and management of information a) I used my skills in information management to collect the relevant project data. b) I review all the information that was available the project contract. CE1.6 CE2.6 CE3.6 CE1.5 CE2.5, CE3.5 PE3.5 Orderly management of self, and professional conduct a) I managed myself well through the use of project management skills to track the progress. b) I start the projects by having objectives in place, that helped me in determining whether the project was successful or not. c) I followed the guide of standards and codes to execute my projects and gained acceptance. CE1.18 CE2.17 CE3.17 CE1.3 CE2.3 CE3.3 CE1.5 CE2.5 CE3.5 PE3.6 Effective team membership and team leadership a) As a team leader, I worked well with every person in the project and I was the unified the team members. . CE1.16, CE2.14, CE3.14

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Optimization and energy management of hybrid standalone energy system: a case study

Optimization and Energy Management of Hybrid Standalone Energy System: A Case Study T.M. Tawfik*, M.A. Badr*, E.Y. El-Kady**, O.E. Abdellatif** *Mechanical Engineering Dep., National Research Centre (NRC) ** Mechanical Engineering Dep., Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Banha University Abstract Electric power shortage is a serious problem in remote rural communities in Egypt. Over the past few years, electrification of remote communities including efficient on-site energy resources utilization has achieved high progress. Remote communities usually depend on diesel generator (DG) networks to supply the community with reliable energy and fresh water. The main objective of this paper is to design an optimal economic power supply from a hybrid standalone energy system (HSES). The system is intended to cover the energy required for a desalination unit (DU) installed in a farm in Noubarya, Egypt. The proposed system consists of PV panels, Wind Turbines (WT), Batteries, and DG. DU load is about 105.6 kWh/day rated power with 6.6 kW peak load operating 16 hours a day. The objective of system optimization is to reach the suitable size of each component and the control strategy that provide reliable, efficient, and cost effective system using net present cost (NPC) as a criterion. The harmonization of different energy sources, energy storage and load requirements is a challenging task. Thus, the performance of various possible configurations is investigated, using iHOGA software that is based on genetic algorithm (GA). In this study the achieved optimum configuration is further improved by adapting the daily load pattern to the periods of high renewable generated energy to increase direct energy utilization rather than charging batteries. This will result in effective minimization of battery bank size. Keywords: Hybrid system; iHOGA; Optimization; Energy management; Renewable energy Nomenclature COE: cost of energy DG: diesel generator DU: desalination unit GA: genetic algorithm HESE: hybrid standalone energy system NRC: National Research Centre PSO: particle swarm optimization SA: simulated annealing SOC: state of charge WT: Wind Turbine 1. Introduction About one billion people; approximately fifteen percent of global populations are still living without electricity according to WEO- 2016 [1]. Most of this percentage is in rural areas of developing countries. Millions of people hopelessly in quest of energy sources for simple needs such as cooking or water purification. People in these areas mainly use DG to fulfill their requirements, causing air pollution and consequently deteriorating their health. Using the new technologies and renewable energy sources in remote areas is very effective solution that reduces the consumption of fossil fuel-based energy consumption. The main problem of off-grid standalone systems is the fluctuation of power supply which can be avoided using HSES. A hybrid energy system can be defined as a combination of different energy sources; renewable/convention energy. Recently, the application of HSES has increased steadily as a suitable solution for rural remote areas. There have been a number of researches carried out in this field over the last few decades. M. Uzunoglu et-al, [2] presented a review of the optimization techniques for HES sizing within minimum investment and operating cost. The studied techniques are (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), simulated annealing (SA) and HOMER. The selection of sizing approach depended on user demand, availability of renewable resources and climatic conditions. Lanre Olatomiwa et-al, [3], focused on the various approaches and techniques that can be used to develop a successful energy management strategy; for both standalone hybrid renewable energy systems and the grid-connected hybrid renewable systems, such as "energy management based on linear programming, intelligent techniques and also energy management by fuzzy logic controller". This paper showed that selecting the suitable energy management strategy is essential to control the energy flow between various components of the energy system that increases the system reliability, decreases electricity shortage, reduces the COE and increases the system component lifetime. Monowar Hossaina et-al, [4] presented a hybrid stand-alone renewable energy system that comprises of PV, WT, DG, converter and battery for a touristic resort in South China Sea, Malaysia which fully depends on diesel generators as a power supply. The resort estimated peak and average load per day were 1185 kW and 13,048 kW respectively. HOMER software was used for economic and technical analysis of the system. The results showed that the hybrid system have lower NPC and COE than the diesel only system. Lanre Olatomiwa et-al, [5] studied the feasibility of different power generation configurations comprising PV, WT and DG in six geo-political zones of Nigeria. Seven system configurations including: stand-alone DG only system, PV/DG, PV/DG/battery, WT/DG, WT/DG/battery, PV/WT/DG and PV/WT/DG/battery, were investigated; also by HOMER, to determine the most economically feasible solution based NPC, COE and renewable fraction (RF). The result showed that the PV/DG/battery hybrid renewable system configuration is found to be the optimum configuration in cases of 1.1 and $1.3/l of diesel fuel. It also displayed better performance in fuel consumption and CO2 reduction. The best optimum location to install this system was in Tambo village in the tropical dry climatic zone and the overall results indicated that system configurations perform better with regards to the NPC for all six simulations, generated energy, fuel consumption and CO2 reduction. Alam et-al, [6] presented a design of a hybrid WT/PV/Fuel cell power system with battery for remote area. A fuzzy logic power flow controller has been proposed to provide continuous power based on the economic power generation of preliminary analysis. A 20 kW Wind turbine and 80 kW PV array with 10 kW fuel cell was used in the simulation. Excess power was directed to the batteries first and then to electrolyzer. The results showed that the optimum system has 254 kWh/yr unmet load which represented a high percentage of the total load. The cost of energy is estimated to be 1.045 $/kWh which is very high. Therefore the system needs to be improved for better reliable performance. A comparison between grid supply, PV system, and wind power system was presented by [7]. The results of this study considered the renewable systems to be more expensive than the grid supply. Using a multi-sources renewable energy system (hybrid energy system) instead of a single source system would improve the renewable systems economics and reliability. This could be further improved using energy storage device to utilize the excess energy. Ajao et-al, [8] performed an economic analysis of PV-WT system for a Nigerian area. The authors concluded that the proposed system is expensive because of high capital and installation costs. In this study, reduction of greenhouse gas emission wasn't taken in account to improve the cost-effectiveness of the system would be if the system was designed for remote areas. Getachew Bekele et-al, [9] focused on the possibility of supplying electricity to 200 household in rural remote area in Ethiopia using HSES. In this case, HOMER software had been used for the evaluation purpose. Moreover, the effects of wind speeds, PV costs and diesel prices on the optimization solutions were studied. The results showed the most cost effective combination is PV, DG and battery using load following strategy. The authors concluded that the study results could be considered applicable for the regions that have similar climatic conditions. Feasibility analysis of hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for a village in Bangladesh far from grid was presented by Himadry Shekhar Das, et-al [10]. HOMER program had been used for simulating the system using site weather data and load profile of 50 families (annual average load is 213 kWh/day). Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out to determine the best suitable system in case of future change of the parameters. The results showed that the feasible system for this location and load profile is PV-WT-Battery. The optimum system had a total NPC of 224,345 $ and COE of 0.161 $/kWh with no CO2 emission (in the current work, the obtained COE less than 0.15). The sensitivity analysis also proved that HRES could cover any expected increase in load in the future. Also Md. Mustafizur Rahman et-al, [11] suggested seven scenarios of combining HSES to minimize the economic and environmental impact. The suggested scenarios were (100%, 80%, 60%, 50%, 35%, 21% and 0%) renewable fraction. A case study for the remote community in Canada was conducted. The aim of this study was also finding the best combination of HSES from the available resources for off-grid location. Using HOMER software the results showed that 80% renewable energy scenario could achieve the optimum techno-economic demand while using 72% scenario obtained higher COE.In a similar study M. Fadaeenejad et-al, [12] presented an analysis and optimization for a HSES which designed for rural electrification in Malaysia. The evaluation of the optimization fulfilled using IHOGA. The reached results illustrated that the wind energy is used as a supportive source of energy and the HSES are cost effectively for this rural area. Similarly, Anita Gudelj et-al, [13] optimized the size of HSES minimizing the NPC and the pollutant emissions using iHOGA. The results showed that the PV-WT-battery system had considerable reductions in CO2 emission and NPC while using DG as a back-up source improved system reliability diminishing shortage. J. B. Fulzele et-al, [14] focused on finding the optimum hybrid energy system (HES) which is economically feasible subject to physical and operational constraints and strategies. The system was designed to feed a load which had seasonal variations. The system has been simulated and optimized using iHOGA. The main goal of optimization was to select the best combination of components to satisfy the constraints and minimizes NPC. The results showed that the system covered the required load with only 1% shortage. The results of this study didn't take into consideration that the excess energy was about 25% and minimizing this value would reduce the cost of energy (COE). Designing and optimizing HSES necessitates the choice of the suitable combination of energy components and establish the optimum control strategy to manage the system that would be reliable and economical over the system life time. Over sizing the system would result high initial cost, while small size system could result in energy. This paper presents the design of an optimized HSES consisting of PV, WT, battery bank and DG as a backup for supplying electricity to water desalination unit (DU) in a remote area; NRC-Farm, Noubarya, Egypt. The system has been simulated and optimized using iHOGA software. The main target is to minimize the NPC of the system. It could be observed that the objective of the surveyed papers was selecting the optimum configuration realizing minimum NPC. In most these studies, the size of battery bank represented a high percentage of total NPC and in the same time the excess energy presented a high percentage of the total generated energy. Hence, in this paper four different load profiles are suggested to optimize the direct utilization of the energy generated from the optimum renewable system achieved for the load profile in the above-mentioned case study. This load management target is to match the demand pattern with the power generation profiles in order to increase the utilization of the renewable generated energy that directly supplies load rather than storing a large part in the batteries or waste it as excess energy which realizes lower NPC and COE. 2. Methodology and Case Study The objective of this study is to design and simulate HSES for remote area in Egypt using iHOGA software to determine the optimal sizing and control strategy for the system. The software package performs the simulation for a number of configurations, ranks the results according to NPC to reach the optimum system that covers the load taking into consideration the system constraints. The input data for the optimization are weather data of the selected location, selected system components cost and technical parameters. All the financial parameters such as interest rate and inflation rate in addition to installation and operation costs are also included. The proposed system configuration is PV panels, WT, batteries, DG, inverter and charge regulator which is applied for a case study with DU as the suggested load. The system is installed in NRC-farm in Noubarya. Figure 1 shows the configuration considered in this study. Figure 1: The system configuration 2.1 Case study location The selected location is the National Research Centre (NRC) farm in Noubarya, Egyptian remote area that is located between 30u00b040'0'' N and 30u00b04'0'' E. The average temperature is about 14u00b0 for winter and 28u00b0C for summer. Noubarya site is a new reclaimed area situated west of the Nile Delta. NRC farm; about 120 km from Cairo, is an example of a typical agriculture application with low household consumption. Around this farm there are a number of relatively new cultivated farms that belong to different local and foreign investors. The farm is considered as a research pilot plant (of about 155 Acres) for agriculture, animal and fish production as shown in figure 2. The farm area suffers from frequent shortage of electrical energy because of instability of low voltage grid power in the area. Figure 2: Main Parts of NRC Nobareya Farm 2.2 Load profile (base case) In this case study, the generated power from HSES supplies a reverse osmosis desalination unit (DU) with electricity. The DU is required to desalinate about (60-65 m3/day) of water to cover the farm daily needs. The power required for the DU is the summation of the high-pressure pump, the feed pump and the distribution pump rated powers where the high-pressure pump (5 HP) is about 3,728 watts and the distribution pump 1,000 watts. This is in addition to a feed pump which is 1,870 watts; in case of feeding rate is 7 m3/h. In the case study DU is required to produce about (60-65 m3/day) of desalinated water thus it must be fed by 110 m3 of brackish water per day. In base case load profile, the high-pressure pump, the distribution pump and feed pump work simultaneously, so the peak requirement load is about 6.6 kW continuously from 00:00 to 16:00 and the average estimation of daily energy consumption is 105.6 kWh as shows in figure 3. Figure 3: DU base case load profile (base case) 2.3 Resource input data The input climatic data for the proposed site are obtained from NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy [15]. Table 1 represents the monthly average of solar radiation and wind speed data for the selected area. Table 1: Noubarya solar and wind data [15] MonthtSolar radiation kWh/m2tWind speed m/s Jant2.92t3.8 Febt3.78t4.1 Mart5.10t4.1 Aprt6.40t3.9 Mayt7.40t3.9 Junt8.13t3.8 Jult7.92t3.8 Augt7.24t3.8 Sept5.93t3.8 Octt4.38t3.7 Novt3.22t3.6 Dect2.69t3.8 Averaget5.43t3.8 2.4 System description The system includes PV, WT, inverter, batteries and DG. The different PV panels that are used in the simulation to select the suitable size are mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline, in the range of (100-280) Wp/panel. The panel initial cost for these sizes is in the range of (143-455) $ and O&M cost of each panel (1.43-4.55) $/yr. The lifespan of panels is considered to be 25 years. These values are obtained from iHOGA database. The WT types are Bornay and Hummer which have a power range of (3-30) kW and its hub is considered to be between (15-18) m height. The initial cost of WT is between (9,821-44,200)$, the replacement cost is (7800-33800) $ and O&M cost (196-884) $/yr. The lifetime of Bornay and Hummer are assumed to be 15 and years respectively. In addition to the renewable energy generators, a backup DG of (3-4) kVA and battery bank (180-3360) Ah range with 80% depth of discharge are used. The system also comprises an inverter which is scaled according to the maximum peak load. The inverter type is ACME: 8000VA CARG. 2.5 Control strategies 2.5.1. The load following strategy: The case study system includes 2 main sources of renewable energy, diesel generator and batteries, for the load following strategy when the generated power from the hybrid energy sources isnu2019t enough to cover the whole load; the battery covers the rest of the demand. If the battery bank canu2019t cover the whole rest of the demand, the DG will operate to cover the rest of the load. In this strategy, the priority is to meet the load at any given time. 2.5.2. The cycle charging strategy: The Cycle charging strategy depends on different situations, If the total energy by PV and WT is greater than the load energy, in this situation the excess energy charges the battery bank and battery set on the charge condition. When SOC (State of charge) reaches the maximum value, the control unit set off the charging process. Whereas if total generated energy by PV and WT is lower than the load energy, it is covered by the battery bank system. In such case controller sets the batteries on the discharging condition. If the battery charge drops to its minimum SOC, the controller unit set off discharging process and the turn DG on to cover the load that the batteries canu2019t cover. In this case, it will be as it is better to run the DG at its rated power to reach higher efficiency of fuel consumption. DG will serve the load and the extra power will be used to charge the batteries to the maximum SOC. There is an option u201ctry bothu201d which allows examining both strategies to select the optimal one for the given system constrains. This option is applied in the current study as both load following and cycle charging strategies are applied in each simulation run and the strategy giving the better performance is chosen for the case understudy. 2.6 Optimization objective function The main target of the suggested system design is to reach the optimum solution of a HSES in terms of economical and technical conditions subject to the operational strategies and physical constraints. In this method, the possible optimum system configuration is the one that satisfies the user-defined constraints in accordance with the objective function. The mono-objective function is to minimize NPC which consists of; initial cost, replacement cost, maintenance and running cost of system components like PV, WT, DG, batteries, converter and etc [11] [13] [16]. Objective function: Where Tc is the total capital cost of different component and Tr is the total replacement cost and TO&M is the total cost of operation and maintenance in $. There are many constrains that are considered to ensure that the generated electricity would cover the load such as u201cThe Minimum renewable Fraction (75%), Levelized Cost of Energy (5 $/kWh), the maximum percentage of annual unmet load which is defined to be 5%. 3. Results and Discussion The simulation and optimization of the system for the above-mentioned objective function is performed under the following constrains: minimum renewable fraction 75%, levelized cost of energy 5 $/kWh, the maximum percentage of annual unmet load 5%. In this study the system control strategy uses both cycle charging and load following defining the suitable control strategy during the optimization process. The simulated optimization results (for base case load) are shown in figure 4. Figure 4: Results of NPC as a function of generations Figure 3 exhibits the evaluated optimum NPC and CO2 emission as a function of number of generations. The optimization results for HSES (base case) indicated a minimum NPC of 162,034 $, COE of 0.17 $/kWh and 1.3% of unmet load from total required load. The optimum configuration of HSES consists of 53 parallel series of PV panels each 4 modules with nominal power of 100Wp, 24 batteries connected in series each of 1340Ah, 1 wind turbine of 14.7 kW at 14m/s, inverter of 8kVA and AC Diesel generator of 3kVA. The monthly average generated power is illustrated in figure 5, while the annual distribution of the generated energy is shown in figure 6. Figure 5: Total annual power Figure 6: Annual distribution of energy From figure 6, it is observed that all the demanded energy is almost satisfied by the HSES along the year expect for 495.8 kWh/yr of unmet load which is less than 1.5% of total load with CO2 emissions of 11,950 kg/yr. It could be also observed that the energy charging batteries is 10,768 kWh/yr which is about 21% from total generated power and the excess energy is 8,278 (kWh/yr) which is about 16%. The total generated energy is about 50,800 (kWh/yr) while the total load that is directly supplied by energy sources is 28,386 (kWh/yr) so the utilization of the energy sources is about 55.9 %. Hence, we can define the energy sources utilization as the percentage of the generated energy that directly covers the load while the rest of the generated energy are directed to charge batteries or wasted as: excess energy, losses due to efficiency of battery charging & discharging, charge regulator and inverter. As the inverter efficiency is 98% and battery charger efficiency is 95%, the main part of looses is due to battery charging and discharging efficiency which is 85%. Considering the charging and discharging energy which is 20,407 kWh/yr, the energy looses in this case is about 3000 kWh. The cost of different components for the simulated HSES is shown in table 2. Table 2: Component costs of the optimized HSES Cost elementtInitial cost ($)tPercentage % PV panels costt37,282t23% WT costt27,246t16.8% DG costt21,667t13.3% Battery bank costt36,940t22.8% Inverter costt10,952t6.7% DG fuel costt16,687t10.3% Charge reg. cost &AUXt11,256t6.4% The results in the above table exhibits that items of major costs are PV panels and battery bank which is about 23% and 22.8% from total NPC. The high cost of the battery bank indicates that the power generation profile doesnu2019t match the load pattern so thereu2019s a high need to store the generated energy to cover the load when generated energy isnu2019t available. 3.1 Energy management The main goal of HESE is to cover the DU load while minimizing the NPC and consequently the cost of water desalination. This could be achieved though the optimization of the system configuration. From the simulation results of the base case, it is obvious that there is high amount of generated energy that didn't match the load profile at some periods so it is used to charge batteries. Hence, the values of energy charging the batteries and excess energy are very high in some months as shown in figures 7 and 8. To improve the system performance, the configuration should be further modified through managing the load pattern. Thus, Different load patterns were suggested and simulated, of which the following four patterns represented the most promising cases to increasing the direct utilization of the generated energy rather than storing a large part in the batteries or waste it as excess energy to reach lower NPC and COE. Figure 7: Monthly average energy charging battery Figure 8: Monthly average excess energy Managing the load profile could reduce these values through matching the load pattern with the power generation profiles. In this situation, the number and cost of energy storage batteries will be decreased and consequently the total NPC. Considering the hourly simulation results data for the highest months of excess energy and energy charging battery amounts, four different load profiles are suggested to be simulated seeking more utilization of the site resources as shown in figure 9. Figure 9: The suggested load profiles As exhibited in the above figure, the suggested load profile (1) is scheduled as all pumps are switched on from 05:00 to 21:00 continuously requiring 6600 kWh. The suggested load profile (2) is scheduled as the feed pump is working from 00:00 to 08:00 while the high-pressure and distribution pumps are running from 08:00 to 16:00. From 16:00 to 24:00 all pumps work simultaneously as shown in figure 8. This pattern is scheduled to fit high power period that is generated from the PV panel in the middle of the day and also the wind power at the night which is the period of high wind speed. Load profile (3) is scheduled running the feed pump from 00:00 to 06:00 and from 22:00 to 24:00 while high-pressure and distribution pumps begin to work simultaneously; along with the feed pump, from 08:00 to 16:00. The feed pump is switched off from 06:00 to 08:00 and 16:00 to 22:00 while the high-pressure pump and the distribution pump continues operational. In the suggested load profile (4) the feed pump is scheduled to run from 00:00 to 04:00 and from 20:00 to 24:00 and from 04:00 to 08:00 while the high pressure and distribution pumps start working while the feed pump is switched off. From 08:00 to 16:00 all the pumps are working simultaneously. This profile is suggested to fit high power period that is generated from the PV modules and wind turbine to increase the utilization of energy that is otherwise wasted as excess energy or stored in the batteries. The simulated optimization results of base case and the suggested four load profiles are exhibited in table 3-4. Table 3: Costs results of the suggested load profiles ($) Case no.tNPC ($)tCOE ($/kWh)tPV cost ($)tWT cost ($)tBattery cost ($) Base case Profile 1t162,034 138,249t0.17 0.15t37,282 34,545t27,246 27,246t36,940 21,274 Profile 2t149,266t0.16t31,808t27,246t28,692 Profile 3t137,694t0.15t30,440t27,246t18,444 Profile 4t137,011t0.15t30,440t27,246t18,451 Table 4: Results of the suggested load profiles Case no.tNPC ($)tCharge battery (kWh/year)tExcess energy (kWh/year) Base case Profile 1t162,034 138,249t10,768 6,231t8,278 6,312 Profile 2t149,266t8,768t4,544 Profile 3t137,694t5,294t3,590 Profile 4t137,011t5,241t3,665 The summarized results in the above tables showed that load profile 4 has the lowest NPC and COE (137,011$ u2013 0.15 $/kWh) among different suggested patterns and the minimum battery charging energy (5,241 kWh/yr) as well. The suggested load profiles also exhibit the effect of decreasing of the energy charging battery on the NPC as illustrated in figure 10. Figure 10: Effect of suggested load profiles on NPC, battery cost and energy battery charging It is clear from figure 9 that the lowest battery charging energy is that of load profile 4 (5,241 kWh) which is the case of lowest NPC configuration (137,011 $). Table 5 exhibits the energy utilization, battery charging energy and energy loss as a percentage of the total energy. It also exhibits battery cost as a percentage of the total energy system costs. Table 5: Load profiles results (Percentages) Case no.tUtilizationtenergy charging battery tEnergy losstBattery cost Base case Profile 1t55% 66%t27% 16%t22% 18%t22.8% 15.4% Profile 2t65%t22%t13%t19.2% Profile 3t73%t13%t14%t13.4% Profile 4t73%t13%t14%t13.4% The above tables showed that NPC cost is reduced with the decrease in excess energy and battery charging energy. The utilization of the location resources is increased through fitting the peaks of load demand with the periods of high power generation which lead to the reduction of energy components (generation & storage) sizes. All this parameters lead to decreasing the NPC. Tables 5 and 6 presented the summary of the optimization results of the base case and the four suggested profiles that represent the best of load managing profile trials. It is obvious that profile 4 has the best results; among the presented cases, improving the following significant parameters: u2022tNPC has decreased by 15.4% u2022tBattery charging energy has decreased by 51.3% u2022tThe cost of batteries has decreased by 50% u2022tThe cost of energy has decreased by 11.7%. u2022tThe excess energy has decreased by 55.7%. u2022tThe utilization of the energy sources is increased by 18% Conclusion: The objective of this study is to select the HSES components that are most suitable to supply energy required for a desalination unit in remote area in Egypt, minimizing the NPC and consequently the cost of desalinated water. This is achieved though optimizing the system configuration and managing the load to reach the best possible scenario. The system is simulated and optimized using "iHOGA" package to reach the optimal reliable system. The optimization results for HSES which is considered as the base case are: NPC is 162,034 $, COE 0.17 $/kWh and the unmet load (energy shortage) is 1.3% of the total required energy, while the renewable fraction is about 75%. The simulation results of this optimum configuration showed high values of battery charging energy (which means higher battery bank capacity) and excess energy which represented 21% and 16% respectively, while the total load directly supplied by energy sources was only 55% of total generated energy. This indicates that the load profile does not match the renewably generated energy; hence, different load scenarios were investigated. The simulation results of the best reached load pattern; referred to as "load profile 4" are as follows: u2022tMaximizing direct use of renewable generated energy causing reduction in system component sizes. The results showed that "load profile 4" has the lowest NPC and COE values (137,011 $ & 0.15$/kWh) and in the same time minimum battery charging energy (5,241 kWh/yr), which suggests that NPC and COE are directly proportional to battery charging energy. u2022tManaging load pattern to reach the best fitted profile has decreased NPC by 15.4 %, charging energy battery by 51.3%, the cost of batteries by 50 %, COE by 11.7% and the excess energy by 55.7% while the utilization of the energy sources is increased by 18%, compared to the base case configuration. u2022tTaking environmental impacts of CO2 into consideration will decrease the cost of system generated energy.

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How Firefighting Pumps Work: Key Features and Functions Explained

How Firefighting Pumps Work: Key Features and Functions Explained

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