Approaches to Counseling

1. Approaches to Counseling

2. Introduction Counselling is to assist individuals in • Learning about themselves • Learning about environment around them • Relationship of individual to environment • Conscious effort to help in learning about Role and responsibilities • Not always remedial • understanding the behaviour pattern • Undesirable pattern and change in behaviour • Emotional and interpersonal adjustment

3. Need of guidance and counselling • Need for Personal adjustment • Problems of adjustment is universal So What is adjustment? In biology • Adaptation In psychology • how an individual manages living by his/her wisdom Young and adults determination of psychological and social identity

4. Eg Frustration • It prevent (a plan or action) from progressing • succeeding, or being fulfilled. prevent (someone) from doing or achieving something • cause (someone) to feel dissatisfied or unfulfilled • Inferiority

5. Need of guidance and counselling • Personal adjustment in crucial situation • Elementary level students are in developmental stage i.e. physical, social emotional and personality • Need of a referee/ critical friend • High school level students need guidance on relationship, skills behavioural aspects and values • At dropout situations of schooling period • At college level Adult learners need support in problems like crime, offence and drugs 

6. How teaching is different from counselling???? Approaches to counselling Need of a theory “A system composed of empirical data derived from observation and/or experimentation, and of their interpretation ” Counselling is based on a theory A theory becomes an approach when it is practiced for problem solving

7. Approaches Approaches to counselling • Humanistic approach – Self- Actualization – Person centered • Behaviouristic approach • Psychoanalyticapproach

8. Humanistic counseling • Humanistic counseling theories hold that people have within themselves all the resources they need to live healthy and functional lives, and that problems occur as a result of restricted or unavailable problem-solving resources.

9. Cognitive counseling • Cognitive counseling theories hold that people experience psychological and emotional difficulties when their thinking is out of sync with reality.

10. Behavioral counseling • Behavioral counseling theories hold that people engage in problematic thinking and behavior when their environment supports it. When an environment reinforces or encourages these problems, they will continue to occur.

11. Psychoanalytic counseling • Psychoanalytic counseling theories hold that psychological problems result from the present-day influence of unconscious psychological drives or motivations stemming from past relationships and experiences.

12. Constructionist counseling • Constructionist counseling theories hold that knowledge is merely an invented or “constructed” understanding of actual events in the world.

13. Systemic counseling • Systemic counseling theories hold that thinking, feeling and behavior are largely shaped by pressures exerted on people by the social systems within which they live.