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WOMEN AND THE CHURCH IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA

WOMEN AND THE CHURCH IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA. HOW IMPORTANT WAS THE CHURCH? INSTRUMENT OF THE STATE JUSTIFIED THE CONQUEST DEFINED INAPPROPRIATE INDIGENOUS CULTURE: POLYGAMY, CULT WORSHIP, SHAMANS, MATRIARCHY REAL PATRONATO-PRIVILEGE GIVEN BY THE POPE TO SPANISH KINGS TO NAME BISHOPS

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WOMEN AND THE CHURCH IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA

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  1. WOMEN AND THE CHURCH IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA • HOW IMPORTANT WAS THE CHURCH? • INSTRUMENT OF THE STATE • JUSTIFIED THE CONQUEST • DEFINED INAPPROPRIATE INDIGENOUS CULTURE: POLYGAMY, CULT WORSHIP, SHAMANS, MATRIARCHY • REAL PATRONATO-PRIVILEGE GIVEN BY THE POPE TO SPANISH KINGS TO NAME BISHOPS • INQUISITION • SOCIAL WELFARE: HOSPITALS, ORPHANAGES, SCHOOLS, PRISONS, CHARITIES, KEEPER OF VITAL STATISTICS

  2. THE CHURCH AS AN INSTRUMENT OF FAMILY CONTROL • ONLY INSTITUTION AUTHORIZED TO PERFORM MARRIAGES • DEFINED APPROPRIATE SEXUALITY • HEARD CONFESSIONS OF ALL • MEDIATED IN FAMILY DISPUTES • REINFORCED STATE DESIRES TO USE MARRIAGE TO DEFINE PROPERTY AND STATUS • ONLY INSTITUTION CAPABLE OF MODERATING SLAVERY

  3. COUNCIL OF TRENT 1543-1563 • DEFINED MARRIAGE AS A SACRAMENT • MARRIAGE INDISSOLUABLE • NO ONE COULD MARRY AGAINST HIS/HER OWN WILL • COURT OF LAST RESORT FOR CHILDREN, ESPECIALLY WOMEN, FORCED TO MARRY AGAINST THEIR WISHES • ROLE OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

  4. WOMEN AND THE CATHOLIC IDEAL • VIRGINITY HIGHEST VALUE • MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL PROPRIETY ONLY VIABLE ALTERNATIVE, SEX ONLY FOR PROCREATION, ANTIABORTION • FEMALE SUBORDINATION TO MEN • WOMEN’S RESPONSE TO THIS IDEOLOGY: SOR JUANA DE LA CRUZ, SANTA ROSA DE LIMA, CONVENTS OF PERU, LIFE INSIDE CONVENTS

  5. SOR JUANA DE LA CRUZ, 1648-1695

  6. SANTA ROSA DE LIMA (1586-1617)

  7. CONVENTS IN BRAZIL • FUNCTION: EDUCATION, ALTERNATIVE TO CHILDBEARING, CONTEMPLATION, PLACE OF STATUS • CLASS STRUCTURE • PROFESSANTS-VOWS, DOWRY, PURITY OF RACE, BLACK VEIL (FULL DOWRY), WHITE VEIL (HALF-DOWRY • WOMEN SENT THERE: UNMARRIED WOMEN, WIVES OF TRAVELLING HUSBANDS, WIDOWS, ELDERLY—NON OF THESE WOMEN TAKE THE VEIL • YOUNG GIRLS SENT FOR EDUCATION AND REFUGE: ORPHANS, DEFLOWERED GIRLS, ILLEGITIMATE GIRLS, NON-WHITE WOMEN SEEING RELIGIOUS PROFESSION, PUPILS (EDUCANDAS)

  8. CONVENTS CON’T • SECULAR FUNCTION OF CONVENTS • IDENTIFY WEALTHY MEMBERS OF SOCIETY • KEEP ESTATES FROM BEING DIVIDED BY PARTIBLE INHERITANCE • KEEP FAMILIES FROM HAVING DAUGHTERS MARRY BENEATH THEIR STATUS • SERVE AS BANKER AND REAL ESTATE AGENT FOR SOCIETY

  9. HISTORY OF CONVENTS • PRIOR TO 1677 FOR BRAZIL AND 1540 FOR MEXICO (NEW SPAIN), CONVENTS WERE PROHIBITED • CROWN WANTED WHITE WOMEN TO MARRY • WOMEN WERE SENT BACK TO PORTUGAL TO PROFESS • SALVADOR DE BAHIA GOT FIRST CONVENT FOR FIGHTING THE DUTCH OCCUPATION OF THE LATE 16TH, EARLY 17TH CENTURY

  10. WHO WENT INTO CONVENTS? • FIRST CONVENT (POOR CLARES) HAD ONLY 100 PLACES, HELD MOSTLY BY DAUGHTERS OF MUNICIPAL COUNCILMEN • BETWEEN 1677 AND 1800 77% OF FEMALE OFFSPRING OF MOST PROMINENT FAMILIES OF BAHIA PROFESSED, ONLY 14% MARRIED • CONVENTS LOCATED MOSTLY IN LARGE CITIES

  11. WHAT HAPPENED TO WOMEN WHO DIDN’T JOIN CONVENTS? • ROLE OF THIRD ORDERS, FRANCISCANS, ETC. • BEATAS • RELIGIOSITY WITHIN THE HOME

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