genetictechnologypresentation

1. Applications of genetic technology

2. content list Selective breeding 2. Interbreeding 3. Hybridization (cross breeding) 4. Test cross 5. DNA extraction 6. Restriction enzymes 7. Gel electrophoresis 8. Recombinant DNA 9. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 10. Genetic engineering 11. Transformation 12. Plant transformation 13. Animal transformation 14. Transgenic animals

4. Genetic technology

5. Applications of Genetic Technology Genetically modified mice that can grow a human ear! Genetically modified cats that glow in the dark!

6. Applications of Genetic Technology • Genetic technology applications range from extremely unusual to very basic Selective breeding: only allowing organisms with specific traits to reproduce

7. Applications of Genetic Technology Interbreeding: Breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain these characteristics

8. Applications of Genetic Technology Hybridization (cross breeding): bringing together two different individual organisms to create a combination of the best traits of both organisms Labradoodle Liger Cama

9. Genetic Technology Techniques Test Cross • Basic tool using a punnett square to identify the genotype of an unknown parent by creating a cross with a homozygous recessive parent • This will determine if the unknown organism’s genotype is homozygous or heterozygous for a dominant trait

10. Genetic Technology Techniques • To access DNA for any tests or processes in genetic technology the DNA must be extracted from cells. DNA Extraction: taking DNA out of the nucleus of a cell STEP 1: Break apart the plasma membrane and nuclear membrane STEP 2: Separate DNA from cell debris by adding a substance that attracts the DNA molecules

11. Genetic Technology Techniques • Once DNA has been extracted scientists then have to isolate the gene that they want to work with. Restriction Enzymes: special enzymes used to cut DNA at specific locations in the DNA strand Restriction enzymes are used to isolate a specific gene on the DNA strand for research

12. Genetic Technology Techniques Restriction Enzymes • The enzymes cleave or digest (cut) DNA into smaller pieces • The enzymes look for specific locations in the DNA sequence • Most of the recognition sequences are palindromes,meaning they can be read the same way backwards and forwards • The enzyme will cut at a specific point within the sequence

13. Genetic Technology Techniques • Many times a staggered cut is made • This produces “sticky ends” that can readily combine with other cut pieces of DNA • When cuts are made at the same place on both DNA strands it results in “blunt ends”

14. Genetic Technology Techniques • Despite the fact that 99.9% of the DNA between all humans is identical, there are subtle differences that allow us to distinguish the difference between the DNA of different individuals • Following DNA extraction, a DNA sample that has been collected can be sorted and mapped through a process called Gel Electrophoresis (aka: DNA fingerprinting)

15. Genetic Technology Techniques Gel Electrophoresis: method used to separate DNA pieces according to their size to compare strands of DNA STEP 1: Cut DNA into pieces using restriction enzymes STEP 2: Put DNA fragments into wells in a gel and shock with an electric current to start movement of DNA through the gel STEP 3: Smaller DNA pieces travel farther through the gel until all DNA fragments are sorted according to size

16. Genetic Technology Techniques

17. Genetic Technology Techniques • Gel electrophoresis can be used to identify someone by making comparisons between known and unknown samples of DNA • Examples: crime suspect or victim identification, paternity identification,

18. Genetic Technology Techniques Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): making copies of a particular gene that has been cut (by restriction enzymes) out of the original DNA • The main purpose of PCR is to make additional copies of a DNA sample that you may only have a small supply of

19. Genetic Technology Techniques Genetic Engineering: making changes in the DNA of living organisms

20. Genetic Technology Techniques • Genetic Engineering is also known as recombinant DNA • Recombinant DNA: making new DNA by cutting out a gene of interest from one DNA strand and pasting it into the new strand to create an organism with DNA from different sources

21. Genetic Technology Techniques Recombinant DNA • Isolate the gene of interest (ex. human insulin) • Isolate bacterial plasmid (a small circular piece of DNA) • Cut both types of DNA with the SAME restriction enzyme • You will get matching sticky ends

22. Genetic Technology Techniques • Mix the two types of DNA (gene splicing) • Add the enzyme DNA ligase to permanently bond the pieces • Insert the plasmid into a host bacterial cell

23. Genetic Technology Techniques 7. Transformation: the new cell takes the DNA from the outside source and incorporates it into its own DNA

24. Genetic Technology Techniques • Plant Transformation Techniques Agrobacterium cells naturally insert the DNA gene of interest into the plant cell being studied Plasmids with the gene of interest are placed onto small metal particles and then shot into the nucleus of a plant cell

26. Tools for Genetic Technology • Animal Transformation Techniques DNA is injected into the nucleus of an egg cell or zygote. As the embryo grows the new DNA will be reproduced in each cell.

27. Genetic Technology Techniques Transgenic Organisms: organisms that contain genes from multiple organisms • Most transgenic organisms are created to study the effect of specific genes or create a product that would improve society

28. Transgenic Applications • Spider Silk- a product created by combining the gene for making silk from a spider and milk production in a goat. The goat produces milk with the silk in it to be harvested for medical suture materials and bullet-proof vests. • Golden Rice- a rice product that is made by combining the gene for vitamin A with rice plants to create rice grains rich in vitamin A that would improve health and vision in poor countries.

29. Genetic Technology Techniques • To understand where and how to isolate genes for recombinant DNA requires knowledge of the DNA sequence for each organism that is being transformed and the source of the gene being inserted. • A genome is the complete sequence of DNA for an organism

30. Biotechnology Biotechnology: the application of genetic technology techniques to create a product Genetically modified foods Biodegradable Plastics Transgenic Organisms Biofuels

31. Biotechnology Cloning: creating genetically identical individuals