beautiful Citites

1. Urban Geography • Spatial development of towns/cities • Variations between cities • Variations within cities

2. Urbanism • Way of life • Attitudes/values • Patterns of behavior

3. “Oldest” City: • Jericho, Israel • Dates back to 10,000 BC – or earlier! • Went through several periods of destruction • Many cities in Middle East, China, Andes, Mexico, also quite old—depends on latest findings

4. Oldest Continuously Inhabited City Damascus, Syria (8,000-10,000 BC)

5. Architecture and Place

6. European Urban History • Greeks (750 – 490 BC) • Romans (~100 BC – 600 AD) • Medieval Cities (450 – 1300 AD) • Mercantile Cities (1400 – present) • Colonial Cities (1498-1850) • Transportation Cities (1800 – present) • Modernism (1950 – present)

7. Ancient Greece, 750 to 490 BC Athens

8. The Roman Empire (~100 BC to 600 AD)

9. Classical Architecture from the Greeks and Romans Parthenon Oracle at Delphi Arches And Columns

10. The Forum (Rome)

11. The Coliseum (Rome)

12. Roman Aqueduct (Segovia, Spain)

13. Roman Bridge (Salamanca, Spain)

14. The Medieval City in Europe (450 to 1300) • Centered on Catholic Church • Defensive /Control structures: walls, turrets • Symbol of power • Cities unable to grow (walled in)

15. Medieval City Layout • Narrow, twisty streets • Buildings close together • Walled city (high pop density) • Boulevard around wall • Poor live • outside city wall • Located on water source • Metes and Bounds • Streets drawn • from point • to point • Not continuous Vienna, Austria

16. Medieval Cities (Castles) Toledo, Spain

17. Tower of London

18. Neuschwanstein, Germany

19. Quebec City? (only walled city in North America Very Old!)

20. Gothic Architecture (Began in 12th Century) • Often used for churches (Catholic) • “Flying Buttresses” • Pointed Arches • Huge Stained Glass Window(s) • Cluster Columns • “Skeletal” looking • Often in shape of cross from bird’s eye view

21. Notre Dame (Paris)

22. Westminster Abbey (London)

23. Mercantile (Trade) Cities(1400’s-1600’s) • Port cities / Major Route Cities (coastal / on river) • Reflective of exploration interests • Many medieval cities / city-states grew due to… • TRADE! • Venice, Genoa, Pisa • Antwerp, Rotterdam, Amsterdam • Marseilles, Paris, Seville • London, Lisbon, Hamburg, Many others • Development of centralized trade centers in city • Radial street pattern • Baroque Architecture

24. Radial Patterned CitiesParis Arc de Triomphe

25. Paris

26. Baroque Architecture • Crazy! Obnoxious! • Straight lines become curved • HIGHLY ornamented • Ornate carvings, sculptures, entryways • Oftencolorful Baroque church near Moscow Baroque Monastery in Ecuador

27. Venice, Italy

28. Seville, Spain

29. St. Peter’s Cathedral, Vatican City

30. Antwerp, Belgium

31. Colonial City • A city founded / claimed beyond the existing borders of a colonial power for Three Reasons: • Colonization = Land • Commercial = Trade (often a port) • Specific resource: coffee, gold, cacao, sugar, etc. • Administrative = Political Americas, Asia, Africa—usually founded on coast (ocean)

32. Oldest Colonial City in the Americas Santo Domingo,Dominican Republic

33. Hong Kong New Flag Old Flag Owned by the United Kingdom (now China) until 1997

34. Boston

35. Transportation City(later evolved into Industrial City: ~1800 on) • Most Major American Cities • Industrial Revolution: • Steel • Steam engine • Canals • Railroads • (Power) Loom • Cities all over the world evolved into transportation / industrial cities—even if they were established for other reasons

37. Illinois and Michigan Canal Erie Canal • Canals acted like highways • Created direct shipping • routes with major cities • - NYC with Great Lakes • - Chicago with Gulf of Mexico

38. U.S. Railroads and Canals1870

39. Chicago = Transportation

40. Grid Pattern Radial Pattern(U.S.) (Europe)

41. Washington D.C.Both GridANDRadial Pattern!

42. Modernism • Reflection of: • Automobile-based society • Industrialization • Increased Urban / Suburban Population • * Appears in all parts of the world

43. Modernist Architecture • “Function over Form” = Functionalism • Simple, less adornment • Rejection of past • Local: Horizontal Orientation (more land, fewer people) • Urban: Vertical Orientation (less land, more people) Tampa, FL

44. Cleveland, Ohio Modernist Not Modernist

45. Communist Architecture • Square-shaped • No adornments • Functional • Extremely modernist

46. Modernist Homes • Horizontally Oriented • Unadorned • Squarish • Frank Lloyd Wright-esque • More suburban than urban

47. Suburbanization • Modernist / Function over form • City conveniences without the city • Began after WWII (mass production, cars) • Automobile dependent (shopping, banking, school, etc.) • Led to the decline of the city • Loss of “neighborhood” / community • Loss of private ownership (i.e. “Mom and Pop shop”) to corporate chains

48. Conflict: Urban Sprawl vs. the Environment • Encroachment into Wilderness • - Animal conflicts • Plants conflicts • Environmental Impacts • Water Pollution / Depletion • Overwatering of land (Las Vegas grass ban) • Golf courses: chemicals • Depletion of aquifers • Wetland / natural habitat destruction • Smog / Pollutants from vehicle emissions • Lack of exercise (car)

49. The American City (Models) • Three Major Models • Sector Model • Concentric Ring Model • Multiple Nuclei Model • Three Major Districts in a City • CBD (Central Business District) • Warehouse (Industrial) District • Residential Districts

50. Sector Model • Sectors / population built along transportation lines (rail, river, road) Detroit: Population along railways CBD