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Introduction-to-Complex-Genes

Genes can be more complex than simple one-to-one relationships. Complex genes defy Mendelian inheritance patterns. This presentation explores multigene families, overlapping genes, genes-within-genes, and transposable elements

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Introduction-to-Complex-Genes

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  1. Introduction to Complex Genes Genes can be more complex than simple one-to-one relationships. Complex genes defy Mendelian inheritance patterns. This presentation explores multigene families, overlapping genes, genes-within-genes, and transposable elements.

  2. Multigene Families: Increasing Gene Dosage Gene Duplication Example: rDNA Genes Creates multigene families to boost gene copy number. About 400 copies in humans on multiple chromosomes. Function Supports high transcription needed for rapid protein synthesis.

  3. Overlapping Genes: Efficiency in Compact Genomes Reading Frames Common in Viruses Example: Bacteriophage φX174 Different proteins from same DNA sequence in varying frames. Maximizes genetic information in limited genome sizes. Gene B lies entirely within Gene A but in a shifted frame.

  4. Genes-Within-Genes: Introns Hosting Functional Genes Genes Inside Introns Example: NF1 Gene Introns may host other functional genes. Contains three intronic microRNA genes regulated independently. Independent Regulation Host and nested genes have separate expression control.

  5. Transposable Elements: Jumping Genes and Genome Evolution Definition DNA sequences that can move around the genome. Discovery Barbara McClintock first found them in corn, winning a Nobel Prize. Types Genome Impact About 45% of human DNA consists of transposable elements.

  6. Example: Hox Genes - Orchestrating Development Body Plan Regulation Chromosome Clusters Four clusters mirror body axis expression patterns. Mutation Effects Can cause body part misplacements like fly legs on the head.

  7. Complex Gene Interactions: Regulatory Networks Transcription Factors 2 Proteins regulating multiple gene expressions. Epistasis 1 One gene affects expression of another. Example: lac Operon Operates gene expression control in E. coli bacteria. 3

  8. Conclusion: The Dynamic World of Complex Genes Layered Control Biological Impact Complex genes add advanced regulatory mechanisms. Shape development, adaptation, and disease processes. Research Frontiers New gene complexities still emerging in science.

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