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Hungarys contribution to African peacekeeping operations lessons learned

The aim of this study is to present the contribution of the Hungarian Defence Forces in peacekeeping operations in Africa. Hungary has started its involvement in peacekeeping activities in 1989, from the time of “transition” period. According to the executives of the UN, the performance of the Hungarian soldiers has been outstanding in every regard. However these<br>kinds of activities were mostly unknown and still less well-known for the home public. At that time these kinds of operations brought a so called “new wave” inside into military philosophy and mentality. Thereafter we have learned how to run peacekeeping operations, together with how to adapt it into multicultural environment which were totally unconventional for us in that<br>time. As a result of these missions new modes of actions and technical terms were adopted within the Hungarian Defence Forces. Therefore to prepare for new missions we use lots of experiences from past operations although there are still useful observations from previous missions which could be well used for the preparation. Forasmuch in the past few years a new phase of peacekeeping operations has been started. In these missions beyond the UN other organizations are also playing keyholes like Africa Union, European Union, NATO, and regional organizations in Africa (SADC, ECOWAS etc).

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Hungarys contribution to African peacekeeping operations lessons learned

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  1. Hungary’s contribution to African peacekeeping operations: lessons learned 07. 06. 2013. LT. COL JÁNOS BESENYŐ (PhD)

  2. SHORT HISTORY • Area before the changes in 1989 • Orientation towards the UN, possibilities • Namibia • Area after the changes in 1989 • Take part in UN missions: Angola, Mozambique, Liberia, Rwanda • Certification of Hungarian officers, NCO’s • Changing in our alliance system (EU, NATO), reduce our participation in UN missions, increase our role in NATO, EU missions

  3. ANGOLA • United Nations ANGOLA Verification Mission (UNAVEM-II) - Between June 1991 and February 1995 • Mandate: • Compliance with peace treaty • Cease Fire Supervision • Supervision of Angolan police • Election monitoring and results authentication • Mediation between the opposing parties • Number of participants: 42 people

  4. ANGOLA • United Nations ANGOLA Verification Mission (UNAVEM-II) -1995 between February and June 1997 • Mandate: • Enforcement of The Lusaka Agreement • Cease Fire Supervision • Assisting the construction of government administration • Transformation of UNITA armed group to political party • Dismantling and disarmament of the armed groups and the civilian population - DDR programs • Number of participants: around 20 people

  5. ANGOLA • United Nations Observer Missions in ANGOLA (MONUA) Between June 30th 1997 and February 26th 1999 • Mandate: • Control of the state government's reconstruction • To support and monitor the UNITA departments merge into the new government, the police forces, and the civilian life • Provisions of the ceasefire agreement, monitoring, enforcement • Weapons gathering and destruction • Ensure the human rights of the population, development of the civil society, support and develop the operation of a variety of non-governmental organizations • Support the work of humanitarian organizations to coordinate aid for the ones needed • Number of participants: 26 people

  6. MOZAMBIQUE • United Nations Operations in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) - December 1992 to December 1994 • Mandate: • Enforcement, monitoring the ceasefire signed by the government and RENAMO • Monitoring and support the withdrawal of foreign troops • Disarmament and weapon collection of various armed groups • Ensure the operation of United Nations and other international organizations • To help rebuild the infrastructure • Participation in the conduct of elections • Coordination of humanitarian activities, refugees • Number of participants: 50 people

  7. LIBERIA • The United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) between September 1993 and September 1997 • Mandate: • Enforcement of Cotonou agreement • Supervision of cease fire + ECOWAS support • Participation of the disarmament and demobilization process • Border police duties, elimination of smuggling • ECOMOG support, explosive ordnance disposal activities • Facilitate the work of the UN and other humanitarian organizations • Arranging and conducting the elections • Number participants: Colonel Laszlo Forgacs, military advisor

  8. UGANDA-RUANDA • The United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR) between June 1993 to September 1994 • Mandate: • Border mission • Observation Hutu-Tutsi armed groups • Reducing smuggling, and arms trafficking • Prevent hostilities • Confidence-building activities • Conclusion and participation of the Arusha Peace Agreement • Number of participants: 4 people

  9. WESTERN-SAHARA • United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) from 1991 to the present day • Mandate: • Ceasefire monitoring, demonstration of the presence of the United Nations, • Registering ceasefire violations between Moroccan forces and the Polisario Front • Monitoring number of armed groups, dislocation and any changes • Positioning mines, grenades and other explosives, inform the parties of the coordinates • Developing and maintaining good relations between the opposing parties • Number of participants: 6 people as a change quota - 83 people

  10. CONGO • The EU's Operation ARTEMIS between June 7 2003 to September 12 2003 • Mandate: • Accordance with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484, and the EU BT 2003/432/CFSP no. resolution • Ituri province (Bunia) providing stability with a limited military operation, secure airport • Support of MONUC's activities • Perform security tasks (resolving conflict of Hema-Lendu) • Humanitarian activities, protection of refugees from Bunia • Number of participants: 1Staff Officer (Operations Headquarters in Paris)

  11. SUDAN-DARFUR • EU Support Operation to AMIS between June 2005 and December 2007 • Mandate: • Opearate and support AMIS II operation (taking into account the African "ownership") • Training African soldiers / specialized training • Organization and arrangement of tactical and strategic transport • Logistical support, consultation - Advisory Group • Police assistance • Participation in humanitarian programs • Number of participants: 2 persons

  12. CONGO • EU Security Sector Reform Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from June 2005 to November 2012 • Mandate: • The support of Congolese government • To promote safety and cooperation for the countries of the African Great Lakes region • Administrative and financial support for the military reform - Defence Sector transformation • Cooperation of EUPOL Congo RD Mission • Humanitarian activities • Number of participants: 8 staff officer (Kinshasa and Bukavu)

  13. CONGO • The EU Military Mission in Congo (EUFOR RD Congo) from July 2006 to November 2006 • Mandate: • Accordance with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1671. ensure and help to organize the Congolese elections • Support of MONUC's activities • The support of Congolese and Gabonese government • Performance of safety functions • humanitarian Activities • Number of participants: 3 Staff Officer (Potsdam - Operations Command)

  14. CHAD • The EU's Chad / Central African Peace Operations (EUFOR CHAD / RCA) from March 2008 to March 2009 • Mandate: • Guaranteeing regional security, cooperation with - the United Nations, Chad, the Central African Republic and Sudan government bodies • Continue patrols activity • Protection of the civilian population and residents of refugee camps, ensuring the homecoming • The delivery of humanitarian relief supplies • Ensure the safety of international civilians • Number of participants: 4 people (Paris)

  15. SOMALI • EU NAVFOR Atalanta/EU Naval Operation in the Somali Republic from December 2008 - • Mandate: • Support for EU common defense and security policy • The fight against pirates, securing trade routes, defense of "civilian" ships • Escorting WFP and other humanitarian convoys • Support for AMISOM operations • Oversee the fishing in Somalian rivers • Number of participants: 3 people

  16. SOMALI • EU Training Mission Somaliafrom April 2010. • Mandate: • Participation in th implementation of the Djibouti Agreement • Support for the Transitional Government and government agencies • Support Uganda - regional stability • Facilitate the operation of AMISOM • Somali government soldier training, preparation according to the UN Security Council Resolution 1872. • Number of participants: 7 people

  17. LIBYA • EUFOR LIBYA from april 2011 till 10 November 2011 • Mandate: • contribute to the safe movement and evacuation of displaced persons, • support, with specific capabilities, the humanitarian agencies in their activities. • Planning and conduct of the operation shall be carried out in close cooperation and complementarity with the OCHA, which is coordinating the overall humanitarian response, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, and other actors • Number of participants: 2 people (medical)

  18. MALI • EU Training Mission MALI - Mid-October 2012 - 27 European countries, • Headquarters in Bamako, but number of training places in the country side. • 15 months, 12.3 million Euros, almost 500 people (providing training and mission security staff) • Mandate: • Restore constitutional and democratic order in Mali through the implementation of a credible and consensual road map which foresees free, transparent and fair elections in 2013 and a framework for negotiations with armed groups rejecting terrorism • Re-establish the state’s authority throughout the country and redeploy it effectively in a context of peace and reconciliation between communities while respecting the rule of law and human rights • Neutralize organized crime and terrorist threats • Number of participants: 10 people (one main connector, 3 medic and 6 sniper trainer in Koulikoro)

  19. EUFOR Libya Líbia, 2 persons EUFOR CHAD Csád, 4 persons MINURSO Nyugat-Szahara,90 persons EU Support Operation to AMIS Szudán – Darfur, 2 persons EUTM MALI Mali,10 persons UNOMIL Libéria , 1 person EUNAVFOR Szomália, 3 persons EUFOR ARTEMIS Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság,1 person EUTM Somalia Uganda, 15 persons , EUSEC Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság,10 persons UNOMUR Uganda – Ruanda, 4 persons EUFOR RD CONGO Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság, 3 persons UNAVEM-II, UNAVEM-III, MONUA Angola, 88 persons ONUMOZ Mozambik, 51 persons Total: 284 persons

  20. LESSONS LEARNED • experiences and the new methods gained during the operations - change the attitude of the Hungarian Defence Forces and on long-term flexibly transformed its training system • English language skills development • Language Courses- Arabic, French- "intermediary" languages ​​(Swahili, Hausa, Zulu) • Africa Knowledge / processing experience, utilization • IT Training • Preparation: knowledge of state, culture and habits, religion

  21. BIOGRAPHY • János Besenyő: Western Sahara, PublikonPublishers, Pécs, 2009, 197 p, ISBN: 978-963-88332-0-4, http://mek.oszk.hu/12900/12953/12953.pdf • JánosBesenyő: The first military operation between European Union and African Union. The European advisors role in Darfur – AARMS (MiklósZrínyi National Defence University), Volume 6, Issue 4. 2007, pp. 771-784. https://figshare.com/articles/The_first_military_operation_between_European_Union_and_African_Union_The_European_advisors_role_in_Darfur/7015367 • János Besenyő: HungarianlogisticsspecialistworkingforUN’s Western Sahara mission – AARMS (Miklós Zrínyi National Defence University), Volume 7, Issue 1. 2008, pp. 155-156, https://figshare.com/articles/Hungarian_logistics_specialist_working_for_UN_s_Western_Sahara_mission/7015301 • János Besenyő: HungarianPeacekeepers in Africa and a HungarianPerspectiveonthe UN MissioninMozambique - Romanian Military Thinking, Military theory and Sciente Journal of RomanianArmedForces General Staff, 2011/2, April - June, pp. 174-183. https://figshare.com/articles/Hungarian_Peacekeepers_in_Africa_and_a_Hungarian_Perspective_on_the_UN_Mission_in_Mozambique/7108646 • János Besenyő: The European Union mission in Mali - Hungary'sinvolvement in themission - Contemporary Military Challanges/SodobniVojaskiIzzivi (ISSN: 1580-1993), November 2013: pp. 25-37. http://www.slovenskavojska.si/fileadmin/slovenska_vojska/pdf/vojaski_izzivi/svi_15_3.pdf • János Besenyő: The participation of Hungariansoldiers in UN peacekeepingoperations in Angola - Proelium–Revistacientifica da academiaMilitar (Portugal), Serie VII, no. 9, pp. 121-137. (2015), https://figshare.com/articles/The_participation_of_Hungarian_soldiers_in_UN_peacekeeping_operations_in_Angola/7016585

  22. QUESTIONS? THANK YOU FOR YOUR HONORIFIC ATTENTION!

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