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Prejudice and Stereotyping

Prejudice and Stereotyping. Important Definitions. Ethnocentrism Stereotypes Prejudice and Racism Ethnic and Other Prejudices Allport (1954) Discrimination Clark & Clark, 1953; Beuf, 1977. Ethnocentrism (Wade and Tavris, 1999).

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Prejudice and Stereotyping

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  1. Prejudice and Stereotyping

  2. Important Definitions • Ethnocentrism • Stereotypes • Prejudice and Racism • Ethnic and Other Prejudices • Allport (1954) • Discrimination • Clark & Clark, 1953; Beuf, 1977

  3. Ethnocentrism(Wade and Tavris, 1999) • The belief that one’s own cultural or ethnic group is superior to all others Examples: Chinese word for China = Center of the World Navajo term for selves = “The People” Manifested in beliefs that 1 sex, ethnicity, religion, school, community, country, SES, etc. is better than another

  4. Definition: summary impression of a group of people in which a person believes that all members of a group share a common trait or traits Distortions Created by Stereotypes Accentuation of group differences Production of selective perception Underestimation of within group differences Stereotypes(Wade and Tavris 2000)

  5. Prejudice & Racism • “Prejudice and racism describe ways in which people devalue, disadvantage, demean, and in general, unfairly treat others.” (In Prejudice and Racism; Jones, 1997)

  6. Ethnic Prejudice • “Ethnic prejudice is an antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalization. It may be felt or expressed. It may be directed toward a group as a whole or toward an individual because he is a member of that group.” • (In The Nature of Prejudice; Allport 1954)

  7. Allport Revisited • Two important elements in his definition of prejudice: • Prejudice is a negative attitude • Prejudice puts the object of prejudice at an unjust disadvantage (i.e., prejudice is negative, unjust, and a source of disadvantage for its targets) • Note: Prejudice is not just about ethnicity e.g. sexism, homophobia, ableism, religionism, classism, geographicism, adultism, etc.

  8. Sources of Prejudice • Socialization: passed from caregivers to children • Social Benefits: often brings support from others who share the same prejudice that may result in loss of support if not maintained • Economic Benefits & Justification of Discrimination: arises when people are in direct competition for jobs

  9. Discrimination • “Discrimination consists of negative behavior toward a person based on negative attitudes one holds toward the group to which the person belongs, or,positive behavior toward a person based on positive attributes one holds toward the group to which that person belongs.” (In Prejudice and Racism; Jones, 1997)

  10. 1944 Clark, M. Changes in primary mental abilities with age 1946 The Northside Child Development Center in Harlem Clark & Clark, 1953 Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka 1977 Beuf, A. Biting Off the Bracelet: Red Children in White America Beauty is the Beast Social Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination

  11. Reducing Prejudice • Education, self-esteem, and religious/spiritual conversion (prob. w/ Dutch Reform Church & Apartheid) • Contact hypothesis (prob. w/cliques) • Law (Title IX, Affirmative Action, Prop. 187, English Only) • Working toward a common goal

  12. Effective Strategies for Reducing Prejudice & Conflict • Both sides must cooperate for a common goal • Both sides must have equal status & standing • Both sides must believe they have the moral, legal, and economic support of authorities • Both sides must have opportunities to work and socialize together formally & informally (Amir, 1994; Brewer, 1986; Kohn, 1992; Stephan & Brigham, 1985; Stephan & Stephan, 1992)

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