L 1 History of Computer

1. History of Computer Dr Anita Choudhary Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science anitach312@gmail.com

2. History of Computer • The repetitive process of computation leads to people becoming bored in computing such as navigational table, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs. People were doing these things everyday and this is the reason why people invented computers, that is to aid in numerous computation required everyday.

3. Computer • “computer”, originally, from the Latin, by the mid-1980s it meant “someone who computes.” • A computer is "a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data" as Webster's Dictionary defines it. • The Techencyclopedia (2003) defines computer as “a general purpose machine that processes data according to a set of instructions that are stored internally either temporarily or permanently.”

4. Computing Aid that people invented

5. The Abacus • The earliest known calculating device is probably the ABACUS. It dates back at least to 1100 BCE • The first computing aid that were used to help them in their computation.

6. The Napier’s Bone • In 1617, Napier published a deceptively simple invention he called "numbering rods" – known today as Napier‘s bones.  • An abacus created by John Napier for calculation of products and quotients of numbers that was based on Arab mathematics and lattice multiplication used by Fibonacci writing in the Liber Abaci.

7. The Slide Rule • The circular (1632) and rectangular (1620) slide rules were invented by an Episcopalian minister and mathematician William Oughtred. • Used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for "scientific" functions such as multiplication, division, roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but it was not normally used for addition or subtraction.

8. The Calculating Clock/ SchickardCalculator • Consisted of a six-digit machine that could add or subtract. • Wilhelm Schickard developed it on 1623 in Tübingen, Württemberg

9. The Pascaline • The first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its dials. • It was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644

10. The Step Reckoner • The first calculator that could perform all four arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. • It was invented by German mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed 1694

11. First mechanical computer : The Difference Engine • By 1822 the English mathematician Charles Babbage who is considered as Father of the Computer was proposing a steam driven calculating machine and it’s size of a room. • An automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.

12. The Hollerith's Tabulating Machine • the electro-mechanical tabulator, punched card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890U.S. census. • On the tabulator's desk to the right is a press-like device which would bring an array of pins into contact with a punch card.

13. Vacuum Tube (1906) • The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest.

14. Turing Machine (1943) • British mathematician Alan Turing developed a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and write.

15. The Mark I • Thefirst large-scale automatic digital computer in the USA by Howard H. Aiken, built at IBM and shipped to Harvard in February 1944. • This computer could handle all four arithmetic operations and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric function.

16. Gates and Transistor • 1903 Nikola Tesla patented electrical logic circuits called "gates" or "switches" in 1903. • 1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947. Transistor using gates

17. Integrated Circuit • The integrated circuit was first a concept by British radar engineer Geoffrey Dummer on May 7, 1952. • The IC is a package containing silicon with many circuits, logic gates, pathways, transistors, and other components working together to perform a specific function or series of functions. Integrated circuits are the building blocks of computer hardware.

18. Integrated CircuitTypes • SSI (small-scale integration) - 1 to 10 transistors and 1 to 12 logic gates. • MSI (medium-scale integration) - 10 to 500 transistors and 13 to 99 logic gates. • LSI (large-scale integration) - 500 to 20,000 transistors and 100 to 9,999 logic gates. • VLSI (very-large-scale integration) - 20,000 to 1,000,000 transistors and 10,000 to 99,999 logic gates. • ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) - over 1,000,000 transistors and 100,000 logic gates.

19. Chip • In 1960, a new type of transistor was demonstrated: the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor. • By 1964, integrated circuits based on MOS transistors boasted higher densities and lower manufacturing costs than those of the bipolar competition. • Revolution began in 1971 with Intel’s 4-bit 4004 and was immediately and logically followed by the company’s 8-bit 8008 chip.

20. The  Programmed Data Processor (PDP-12) • A 12 bit machine introduced in 1969. Applications included applied psychology, chemistry, patient monitoring, and industrial testing.

21. First large-scale digital computer • The first large-scale digital computer of this kind appeared in 1944 at Harvard University, built by mathematician Howard Aiken (1900–1973). Sponsored by IBM, it was variously known as the Harvard Mark I or the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). • It stored and processed numbers using "clickety-clack" electromagnetic relays (it took time for a relay to flip from "off" to "on" or from 0 to 1) • Vacuum tubes were pioneered by a more visible computer that appeared in 1946: the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC). • It contained nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes. • ENIAC is generally recognized as the world's first fully electronic, general-purpose, digital computer

22. First large-scale digital computer contd… • In the 1950s when moths, attracted by the glowing lights of vacuum tubes, flew inside machines like the ENIAC, caused a short circuit, and brought work to a juddering halt. • They consumed enormous amounts of power: the ENIAC used about 2000 times as much electricity as a modern laptop.

23. The Apple I (1976) •  an 8-bitmotherboard-only personal computer • They were designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak

24. The IBM Personal Computer • The original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform.

25. The Personal Computer • any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user, with no intervening computer operator.

26. Netbooks • A branch of subnotebooks, a rapidly evolvingcategory of small, lightweight, and inexpensive laptop computers suited for general computing and accessing Web-based applications; they are often marketed as "companion devices", i.e., to augment a user's other computer access.

28. Thank You