1. The Meaning of Life Lecture 1: Tolstoy’s Confession

2. What is the Meaning of Life? • You will hear how some philosophers answer this question • You will better understand the question (hopefully!) • You will become enlightened with the answer…

3. …Which you will write about in the exam! • All readings and lectures for this section are related to 1 question in the exam • You should be able to guess the main question • Note that you will have to discuss the material from the lectures and readings in your answer

4. Leo Tolstoy • Or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy • Famous Russian author • War and Peace, Anna Karenina etc. • Anarchist, Pacifist, Christian • Loved, respected, healthy, very wealthy, famous, politically influential

5. Tolstoy’s Confession • When middle-aged, and successful on all accounts, he became plagued by “foolish, simple, and childish” questions • Qns that would lead him to question the purpose of his life and life in general

6. Tolstoy’s Questions • E.g. “Why. Well, and then? • Qn: Why write this book this? Ans: For fame. Qn: But why should I want fame? Etc. • He realised they were important qns about the meaningfulness of his actions and even of his life • Questions that he thought unanswerable • Questions that paralysed him • “I ought to know why I should do that. So long as I did not know why, I could not do anything. I could not live.”

7. Trapped Between Death and Meaninglessness • Life seems “a mean, stupid trick” played on us by a mocking observer • He had it all, but it was all meaningless • “there was nothing in life and never would be.” • “Sooner or later there would come diseases and death… and there would be nothing left but stench and worms.” • “All my affairs, no matter what they might be, would sooner or later be forgotten”

8. Infuriated ..Beast “Eastern Story”

9. Tolstoy’s Moral of the Story • The problem of the meaning of life is that… • Life is meaningless! • And then you die! • What a bummer! • Note that life is meaningless because we all die and nothing is left of us

10. Get Over it! • Some say: “You cannot understand the meaning of life, do not think, live!” • But Tolstoy saw every event as bringing him closer to inevitable death • (Including licking honey off leaves and going to parties!)

11. On Loving Family • “they are also human beings” • “they must either live in the lie or see the terrible truth… [a]nd the truth is death” • So, “[w]hy should I love them[?]”

12. On Loving Authorship • Looking at life through the mirror of art was once pleasurable • But knowing that there was no meaning of life made the mirror “useless, superfluous, ridiculous and painful” • Art cannot help us to escape death

13. Will Science Help? • “I know… all which science wants to know…, but there is no answer to the question about the meaning of my life” • “What will come of my life?” • “Nothing” • “Why does everything that exists exist…?” • “Because it exists” • “You are a temporal, accidental conglomeration of particles”

14. No • Tolstoy: What is the meaning of my life? • Science: “You are an accidentally cohering globule of something. The globule is fermenting. This fermentation the globule calls its life.” • Science: “[But] the globule falls to pieces, and all fermentation and all questions will come to an end.”

15. Tolstoy had 4 Options… • Of people’s attitudes towards the meaning of life problem: • 1) living in ignorance of the problem • 2) admitting the problem and trying to maximise their pleasure • 3) admitting it and committing suicide • 4) admitting it and continuing to live aimlessly

16. …Until He Hung with the Masses (Normal People) • Who didn’t fit his classificatory scheme • 1) They knew the problem well • 2) Their lives were full of suffering, not pleasure • 3) Killing themselves is taboo • 4) They can explain why they perform every act

17. Science vs Religion 2 • “Rational knowledge” AKA science “did not give any meaning to life” • We are just fermenting globules • “the meaning which… all humanity… ascribed to life was based on… false knowledge” AKA faith in religion • “creation in six days, devils and angels, and all that I could not accept so long as I had not lost my senses”

18. Science vs Religion 3 • Problem: • Faith demands that reason/rationality be abandoned to gain meaning • (the meaning of life) • But we only need meaning if we have exercised reason/rationality • (asked what it’s all about)

19. Tolstoy’s Mistake • He was asking: • “What is the extra-temporal, extra-causal, extra-spatial meaning of my life?” • I.e. “What… indestructible essence will come from my… destructible life?” • I.e. “What meaning has my finite existence in this infinite world?” • But gave an answer to the question: • “What is the temporal, causal, spatial meaning of my life?” • To which, science answered: “none”

20. The Flaw of Reason • Rational knowledge only says that the real question of the meaning of life cannot be meaningfully answered • It gives the answer: Life = Life • because it cannot reconcile the finite with the infinite (our lives with greater meaning) • So rational knowledge leads to the limited “What is the temporal, causal, spatial meaning of my life?” question • Which is not what we are really asking!

21. Faith’s Virtue • Despite being “irrational and monstrous”, faith provides answers that always reconcile the finite with the infinite • Qn: “What is the meaning which is not destroyed by death?” • Ans: “The union with infinite God, paradise.”

22. Tolstoy’s Argument • The finite must be reconciled with the infinite to give meaning to our lives • Reason cannot do this • Faith can • Therefore, we should use faith to answer the question: “what is the meaning of life”

23. Tolstoy’s Position • We need faith to avoid the catch 22 of meaninglessness vs death/suicide • He needed faith to become un-paralysed by the problem of the meaning of life • Faith is the power of life that allows all people to live • He thinks that we should have faith & live “According to God’s law”

24. Summary of Tolstoy • If you think about it, life is absurd – we live a meaningless life and then we die! • Only faith can properly answer the question of the meaning of life • By reconciling the finite & infinite • Despite being irrational, faith in religion is the only way to know the meaning of life • We must know the meaning of life to go on living

25. Take Home Lessons • Everyone with big ears should grow a beard to hide them • Life is like a well with a dragon at the bottom and mice harassing you while you lick honey of leaves • Well, sort of… • Do the rational thing here – abandon your rationality!

26. The Meaning of Life Lecture 2: Taylor’s Subjective Meaning in Life

27. This Time: Richard Taylor • More on meaninglessness • An account of how to find meaning in your life • Brief summary: • the meaning of life is to live in accordance with your nature • for humans, that is to use our will – to make plans and follow them through

28. Richard Taylor • Maybe we can better understand this tricky qn (what is the meaning of life) if we consider what a meaningless existence would be • It’s rude to examine real people so…

29. The Myth of Sisyphus • Sisyphus made a deal with the Gods and then went back on it • They punished him by giving him a meaningless chore to do for eternity • Nothing ever comes of Sisyphus’ labours • His existence is meaningless • Nothing comes of it

30. A New Myth of Sisyphus • The Gods changed Sisyphus’ desires so all he wants is to roll rocks • He now gets exactly what he wants for all eternity • Sounds great! • But, this doesn’t make his existence any more meaningful • Nothing comes of it

31. Taylor on Meaningfulness • Meaninglessness is endless pointlessness • Meaningfulness is activity with a point, a result, a significant culmination • So, which of these best represents all life as we know it? • This includes plants and animals

32. Is Animal Life Objectively Meaningful? • Glow worms, cicadas and the meaningless cycle of life • The only point of any living thing’s life is just life itself

33. Is Human Life Objectively Meaningful? • Humans also perpetuate the meaningless cycle of life • We have goals and plans, but are they ultimately for anything other than surviving & reproducing? • Even when our achievements create lasting results • how long will they persist? • and will it prevent our children from merely surviving and reproducing?

34. “Whatever!!! My Life is Objectively Meaningful!!!” • Sorry buddy – that’s just absurd! • You need to consider the dramatic difference between: • Your (internal) perception of the significance of your life, and • The objective (external) perception of the significance of your life

35. Our Significance from the Inside • We think that all events in the universe are only significant if they are likely to affect us • I.e. The universe revolves around us • We are all like this to some extent, but some people don’t realise that this is the same for other people!

36. Our Significance from the Outside • All of us are completely insignificant to 99.99999999 etc.% of what exists • How big are we? (Not very big) • How long do we live compared to the universe? (Not very long) • When heat death kills the universe, our plans would seem beyond insignificant to anything left to observe

37. “It is not surprising, then, that men invent ways of denying it” • Religious beliefs centre around a departure from this meaningless cycle • Going to heaven • Becoming enlightened, etc. • This would be nice! But which, if any, is right? • Are there any good reasons to believe in one over another?

38. What Does ‘What is the Meaning of Life?’ Mean? 1 • What does ‘life’ mean? (Not interesting) • To us, it means not being dead or lifeless • To a God, it means amusement or experiment • To a plant, it doesn’t mean anything • What is the purpose for life (objective meaning/significance)? • Various religious purposes - e.g. heaven • Continuing the cycle of life - e.g. glow worm • There is no purpose for life • Taylor: But, if there is a purpose for life, then life is meaningless!!

39. Taylor: A Purpose for Life (Objective Meaning) Makes it Meaningless • If life had an ultimate purpose, then you could achieve it • Then, for the rest of the time you would lead a boring meaningless life • E.g. Sisyphus’ Temple

40. What Do We Want ‘What is the Meaning of Life?’ to Mean? • So, if Taylor is right, an objective meaning of life leads to either: • Fulfilling it and then being bored • Not fulfilling it • Both end in meaninglessness! • Taylor: Since an objective meaning of life would be bad, the best way to understand the MoL question is taking it to ask: • ‘How can we make our lives subjectively meaningful?’

41. Taylor’s Answer: • Simply understand that the MoL is to live in the manner in which it is our nature to live • The glow worm does what is in it’s nature • For humans, then, the meaning of life is living as we will to live • Making plans and seeing them through • Dissatisfied with this? • Remember, if there were a purpose for life, then life would be boring or meaningless! • So, the best MoL we can hope for comes from within us

42. Taylor’s Position on tMoL • So, the meaning of life comes from within us – living in accordance with our will is how we can achieve meaning in our lives • Our plans are the only significant thing we have – only the pursuit of them brings (subjective) meaning to our lives • These plans are absurdly insignificant from the outside, but not so from the inside – thank goodness! • Without the subjective importance of our own plans, our lives might truly be meaningless

43. Summary of Taylor • The MoL is the same for all life • The meaning of life is to live in accordance with your nature • For humans, that is to use our will – to make plans and follow them through • Life may seem absurd but we should make plans and take them very seriously (don’t consider their significance from the outside) • So, the meaning each of our lives have for us, is very significant for us (thank goodness!)

44. The Meaning of Life Lecture 3: Schlick’s Meaning in Play

45. This Time: Moritz Schilck • Plans and goals are a curse • The meaning of life is to do things for themselves (not for some future purpose) • E.g. Living fully in the moment, like when children play

46. We, the Seekers • Some have not yet asked themselves if life has a meaning • Others have given up the search after finding no meaning in their own life • But, we are the “seekers”, still looking for an answer

47. Meaning in Goals/Purpose? • Some “believe… that [meaning] continues to be found where a person has reached his [or her] goals” • “Once the goal is reached, however, after the first flush of triumph has passed away, there follows inevitably a mood of desolation.” • “A void remains…” which only “the painful emergence of new longings” can fill

48. Why Our Goals are Not Enough • The view that meaning can be found where a person has fulfilled their goals/purposes makes our lives only a dull and painful voyage from one ‘satisfaction’ to the next… until we die! • “In truth, we shall never find an ultimate meaning in existence, if we view it only under the aspect of purpose”

49. Why the Hurry? • Stop someone in a rush on Lambton Quay at 9am • Ask them why they are rushing? • Keep asking them questions until you find their ultimate purpose • Schlick: if they are honest, it will be “maintenance of life” • But why is that important?

50. Why Maintain Life? • If all purposes lead to the ultimate purpose of preserving life, then we would hope that life has some value • But, where is the value in mere existence? • “The core and ultimate value of life can lie only in such states as exist for their own sake and carry their satisfaction [in] themselves”